Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ______________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X   Vol. 2(7), 69-71, July (2012) Res.J.Chem.Sci. International Science Congress Association        
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Short Communication Assesment of Diurnal Variation of Physico Chemical Status of Khanpura Lake, Ajmer, India Tiwari Mamta* and Ranga M.M. *Department of Zoology, Sophia College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, INDIAAvailable online at: 
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Received 6th March 2012, revised 9th March 2012, accepted 15th  March 2012Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the magnitude of diurnal variation of physicochemical parameters of the water of Khanpura lake, Ajmer and to assess its suitability for human being and cattle consumptions. The lake receives domestic waste from Khanpura village and its adjoining areas. People living near the lake use it for irrigation purpose while cattle use water for drinking and bathing. They frequently suffer from water borne disease. The lake water contains high values of TDS, BOD, COD, alkalinity, hardness and chloride which are beyond safe limits indicating severe degradation of water quality. The present investigation reveals a specific pattern in diurnal changes of physicochemical parameters. Several measures are also suggested for the removal of pollutants. The study was carried out in each season and per day at an interval of four hours. A suitable correlation was also established between degradation index and environmental protection cost which may be used as regulating measures for preserving perennial and seasonal wetlands of Ajmer. This paper is an attempt to understand the impact of climate change on water resources and identifies general and specific impacts related to different physicochemical parameters. Keywords: Diurnal variation, physicochemical status, water quality, degradation index. Introduction Ajmer, a centrally located city in the state of Rajasthan, India is thickly populated both in intensity and density. The rapid growing population and economic development are leading to the environmental degradation and climate change in Ajmer because population has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortage, soil erosion, deforestation air and water pollution affects many areas. Small climate change can cause large water resources problems. Increased temperature will impact on agriculture production. Higher temperature reduces the total duration of crop cycle including early flowering. Thus shorter the grain fill period, shorter would be the crop cycle and the lower the yield per unit area. Water is needed in all aspects of life. Higher temperature and decreased precipitation would lead to decreased water supplies and increased water demands. They might causes deterioration in the quality of fresh water bodies, Welch. The most important aspect of climate change is its effect on hydrological cycle and on water management cycle. Pollution of water resources has also led to steady decline in fisheries and affected the irrigated croplands. Regular monitoring of water bodies with required number of parameters viz a viz  the quality of water not only prevents outbreak of diseases and occurrence of other hazards but also checks the water from further deterioration. Several studies have been conducted to understand the physicochemical properties of water reservoir during the last decade. The water of Khanpura Lake is used for drinking of cattle and for irrigation. Due to multifold pressure of urbanization, urban sewage discharge, agricultural practices, construction of housing colonies, a major part of Khanpura lake is greatly affected. Material and Methods The samples were collected from January to December. The overlying water samples were collected using a pre-cleaned plastic buckets and were kept in polythene bottles which were disinfected earlier by soaking it with 2% HNO. BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity were estimated by standard methods Trivedy and Goel. The chemicals used for analysis were all of analytical R. grade. The physicochemical parameters were estimated according to the methods in APHA and Trivedy and Goel. Results and Discussion Diurnal variations in physicochemical were carried out during the present investigation for the analysis samples were collected at the internal of four hours starting from 6a.m. to 2a.m. The temperature of was maximum during summer days ranging between 14C (in the month of March at 2a.m) to 31C (in the month of May at 2 pm) and in the winter days ranging between C (in the month of January at 2a.m.) to 23C (in the month of February at 2p.m.). 
Research Journal of Chemical Sciences __________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X  Vol. 2(7), 69-71, July (2012)   Res.J.Chem.SciInternational Science Congress Association 
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Transparency of water is 45cm to 84cm. In general the transparency values were minimum during monsoon season followed by summer season and winter season. Turbidity range between 19 NTU (in the month of January) to 235 NTU (in the month of August). The pH of lake water is directly proportional to the temperature of water. The increase in pH of water observed from January to June, but during the rainy season the minimum values were noted. In general maximum pH values were noted at 2p.m. and 6pm while minimum values were observed at 2a.m. and 6a.m. The total solids value varied from 280 mg/L (in the months of January at 2 a.m.) to 787 mg/L (in the month of July at 2 p.m.). Similar trends were observed for a total dissolved solid which was ranged between 179 mg/L to 622 mg/L. It also expresses a gradual decrease from September to December and again there was increase from January to attain maximum value in July. Total suspended solids ranged between 90 mg/L to 171 mg/L. It may be concluded that all the sites for proposed area has maximum value of total solids in the month of July. Alkalinity was maximum in summer (691.6 mg/L) and minimum (105.66 mg/L) in winter. The maximum value attains in the month of June. Total hardness ranged between 95 mg/L (in the month of August at 2a.m.) to 407 mg/L (in the month of June at 2 pm). Both calcium and magnesium hardness were shown similar trends by the proposed sites. The dissolved oxygen value is ranged between 3.00 mg/L (in the month of May at 2 pm) to 8.68 mg/L (in the month of December at 6 p.m.). BOD exhibited a range between 80 mg/L to 405 mg/L. Chloride, fluoride sulphate, nitrate were also higher than the standard values. Khanpura Lake receives domestic sewage, industrial discharge and filth apart from rain water flowing into it which influence life with in it. On the basis of pH value, Khanpura Lake may be classified under third category i.e. alkaline water. Decrease in pH in monsoon is possibly due to inflow of rain water, which brings down the level of carbon-dioxide and carbonates. The observation agrees with the trends noted in study conducted in other fresh water bodies, Mathur and Sharma. The transparency of surface areas is an important limiting factor in the development and the distribution of flora and fauna. This aspect has received considerable attention especially it is related to productivity and flow of energy within the community, Reid. In the area of investigation maximum TDS were observed in summer months owing to the loss of water due to heat and concentration of salt present in water. Similar results have also been reported by Paka and Narsing Rao.  Variation in total alkalinity showed significant positive correlation with pH which is consonance to the findings of Sharma8,9 and Abraham10. Hardness observed maximum in summer season and minimum in monsoon season. It is in good agreement with Thorat and Sultana11 and Zambare12. Low values of dissolved oxygen during summer season might be explained on the basis that large amount of dissolved oxygen was utilized during the oxidation of organic matter in summer season. The comparison of BOD with dissolved oxygen in the present study indicated that there is an inverse relationship between both parameters. Similar relationship has also been reported by Das13.  ConclusionIt is clear from the present findings that the aquatic environment of Khanpura Lake has undergone extreme degradation. Proper remedial measures should be taken immediately in order to restore it from further deterioration. There must be an alternative waste disposal system away from this lake and the disposal of solid and liquid waste must be stopped.  AcknowledgementOne of the authors Mamta Tiwari is thankful to P.H.E.D. laboratory Ajmer for its assistance in research work. References 1.Welch P.S., Limnology 4th Ed., Mc. Graw Hill Book Co., New York (1982)  2.Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies, Karad India, (1986)3.APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater APHA, AWWA and WPCF,  Washington D.C. (1989)4.Parashar C.S., Dixit and Shrivastava R., Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Upper Lake of Bhopal, Asian J. xp. Sci,20(2), 297-302 (2006)5.Mathur M., Studies on Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Aerobic Bacteria of two Fresh Water Lakes at Ajmer,Ph.D. Thesis M.D.S. University, Ajmer (1992)6.Reid G.K. and Wood R.D., Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries 2nd Ed. D can Nostrand, Co. New York (1976)7.Paka Swarnalatha and Rao Narsing A., Interrelationship of Physico-Chemical factors of a Pond. J. Environ Biol.18 (1), 67-72 (1992)8.Sharma L.L. and Bhardwaj R. Studies of Some PhysicoChemical Characteristics of Sewage Fertilized Seasonal Pond of Udaipur, Journal of Environ. and Poll.,6(4), 255-260 (1999)9.Sharma R. and Kapoor A., Study of the Water Quality of Lake Water of Patna Bird Sanctuary Etah (UP), Bionotes11(2), 57 (2009)10.Abraham Beena T., Bissibose K.S., Hena T.N. Study of Some Physico-Chemical Parameter and Treatment of Industrial Efflument, Journal of Environ. and Poll.1(2), 213-216 (2002)
Research Journal of Chemical Sciences __________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X  Vol. 2(7), 69-71, July (2012)   Res.J.Chem.SciInternational Science Congress Association 
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11.Thorat S.R. and Sultana Masarrat, Pollution Status of Slim Ali Lake, Aurangabad, MS, Poll. Res. 19(2), 307-309(2000) 12.Zambare S.P. Rajput S.I. and Waghlade G.P., A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water from Right Canal of Hatnur Reservoir of Jalaon, Maharashtra State, Eco. Env. Conc.10(2), 171-173 (2004)13.Das A.K., Limnological Studies of Chaurasiawas lake, Ajmer with Special References to Zooplanktonic Population Dynamics, Ph.D. Thesis M.D.S. University, Ajmer (2001)Table – 1 Diurnal Monthly Variation in Physico-Chemical ParametersTime Jan. Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 
pH 6.00 A.M. 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.9 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.3 
10.00 A.M. 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.9 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.4 
2.00 P.M. 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.8 9.0 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.4 
6.00 P.M. 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.8 9.0 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.4 
10.00 P.M. 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.9 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.3 
2.00 A.M. 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.9 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 
Turbidity  6.00 A.M. 21.0 36.0 41.0 66.0 100.0 141 192 227 206 201 142 54 
10.00 A.M. 26.0 40.0 45.0 70.0 105 145 195 230 210 205 145 60 
2.00 P.M. 27.0 43.0 48.0 75.0 109 150 199 235 214 211 149 65 
6.00 P.M. 25.0 39.0 42.0 70.0 101 146 195 231 209 206 144 61 
10.00 P.M. 23.0 36.0 38.0 61.0 95 136 187 220 201 197 136 59 
2.00 A.M. 19.0 31.0 37.0 58.0 92 132 184 217 200 194 131 56 
Transparency 6.00 A.M. 83.0 81.0 722.0 66.0 63 63 52 51 49 51 59 72 
10.00 A.M. 80.0 78.0 70.0 64.0 60 60 50 48 46 48 56 70 
2.00 P.M. 79.0 76.0 69.0 63.0 68 69 49 46 45 48 55 70 
6.00 P.M. 80.0 78.0 70.0 64.0 60 60 50 48 46 48 56 70 
10.00 P.M. 82.0 79.0 72.0 65.0 62 62 52 49 48 50 57 72 
2.00 A.M. 84.0 72.0 73.0 68.0 63 64 53 51 50 52 61 74 
Dissolved Organic Matter 6.00 A.M. 147.0 196.0 209.0 228.0 264 286 362 362 98 107 129 146 
10.00 A.M. 161.0 203.0 216.0 237.0 276 295 370 378 108 116 142 160 
2.00 P.M. 163.0 205.0 219.0 239.0 278 297 374 380 112 118 145 165 
6.00 P.M. 153.0 201.0 213.0 231.0 272 292 365 372 105 113 140 156 
10.00 P.M. 151.0 200.0 209.0 230.0 270 290 362 368 103 110 136 150 
2.00 A.M. 146.0 195.0 206.0 227.0 263 285 361 361 97 106 128 145 
Fluoride 6.00 A.M. 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 
10.00 A.M. 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 
2.00 P.M. 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 
6.00 P.M. 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 
10.00 P.M. 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 
2.00 A.M. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 
Sulphate 6.00 A.M. 73.0 74.0 82.0 99.0 107 115 104 108 97 83 73.0 72 
10.00 A.M. 82.0 86.0 95.0 101.0 114 120 117 110 104 99 86.0 82 
2.00 P.M. 85.0 89.0 98.0 107.0 118 128 121 115 107 105 89 85 
6.00 P.M. 80.0 83.0 92.0 105.0 114 119 112 112 102 95 84.0 83 
10.00 P.M. 77.0 80.0 86.0 103.0 112 117 106 110 100 91 78 76 
2.00 A.M. 72.0 73.0 80.0 98.0 105 114 102 107 96 82 72 71 
Nitrate 6.00 A.M. 3.3 2.8 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 4.1 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.8 
10.00 A.M. 9.5 2.9 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 4.2 5.0 5.1 4.6 4.2 3.9 
2.00 P.M. 3.5 2.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 4.2 5.0 5.2 4.6 4.2 3.9 
6.00 P.M. 3.4 2.9 1.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 4.1 4.9 5.2 4.5 4.2 3.8 
10.00 P.M. 3.4 2.9 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.9 4.1 4.9 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.8 
2.00 A.M. 3.3 2.8 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 4.1 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.8 
 
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