@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Comparative Study on Characterization of Malaysian Palm Oil Mill Effluent<#LINE#>Ibrahim@AliHuddin,Dahlan@Irvan,NordinAdlan@Mohd,Dasti@ArezooFereidonian<#LINE#>1-5<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJCS-2012-082.pdf<#LINE#>School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campuss, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, MALAYSIA @ School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campuss, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, MALAYSIA<#LINE#>6/4/2012<#LINE#>24/9/2012<#LINE#> The characteristic study on palm oil mill effluent (POME) was analyzed and compared with Malaysians previous studies. Since a long time, necessary and vital information for a proper POME treatment plant design and monitoring purposed will be provided by the characterization of POME. The POME is obtained from  palm oil mill of, Malpom Industries Sdn. Bhd, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang. Raw samples were collected and analyzed for ten parameters. The average values of parameters obtained are such as  BOD (10,197mg/L), COD (50,500mg/L), total solid (31,533mg/L), suspended solids (4,007mg/L), oil and grease (15,800mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (613mg/L), pH (5.32), temperature (54C), volatile suspended solid (3,657mg/L) and dissolve oxygen (0.47mg/L). The results indicated that the COD and TS parameters of POME from Malpom Industries Sdn. Bhd, Nibong Tebal was within the ranges as compared with previous studies, while BOD, suspended solid, total nitrogen and temperature values were considered low compared with previous studies but the values of pH, oil & grease were otherwise higher. <#LINE#> @ @ M.P.O.B. Malaysian Palm Oil Board. A summary on the performance of the Malysian oil palm industry. http://econ.mpob.gov.my / economy / Performance-130109.htm (2008) @No $ @ @ Wu T.Y., Mohammad A.W., Jahim J.Md., Anuar N.Pollution control technologies for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through end-of-pipe processes, Journal of Environmental Management91, 1467-1490 (2010) @No $ @ @ Igwe J.C. and Onyegbado C.C. A Review of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Water TreatmentGlobal Journal of Environmental Research, 1(2), 54-62 (2007) @No $ @ @ Ahmad A.L., Ismail S., Bhatia S. Water recycling from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane technologyDesalination, 157, 87-95 (2003) @No $ @ @ Hwang T.K., Ong S.M., Seow C.C., Tan H.K., Chemical composition of palm oil mill effluents, The Planter, 54, 643-648 (1978) @No $ @ @ Phaik E.P., Wei-Jin Yong and Mei F.C., Palm oil Mill Effluent (POME) Characteristic in High Crop Season and the Applicability of High-Rate Anaerobic Bioreactors for the Treatment of POME, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49, 11732-11740 (2010) @No $ @ @ Laws of Malaysia - Environmental Quality Act and Regulations 1974, 4th ed. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, MDC Sdn. Bhd. 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Bull.71, 34-35 (2004) @No $ @ @ Zinatizadeh A.A.L., Mohamed A.R., Abdullah A.Z., Mashitah M.D., Hasnain Isa M., Najafpour G.D., Process Modelling and Analysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment in an up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Fixed Film Bioreactor Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Water Res., 40, 3193-3208 (2006) @No $ @ @ Wu T.Y., Mohammad A.W., Jahim J.Md., Anuar N., Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment and bioresources recovery using ultrafiltration membrane: Effect of pressure on membrane fouling, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 35, 309–317 (2007) @No $ @ @ Vijayaraghavan K., Ahmad D. and Abdul Aziz M.E., Aerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent, Journal of Environmental Management,82, 24-31 (2007) @No $ @ @ Wood B.J., Pilai K.R. and Rajaratnam J.A., Palam oil mill effluent disposal on land, Agri. 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<#LINE#>Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenol in Micellar Medium<#LINE#>Nirja@Gupta,Prachi@Parmar,Ajai@Pillai<#LINE#>6-10<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJCS-2012-112.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Chemistry, Govt. V.Y.T. Autonomous College Durg, Chhattisgarh, INDIA<#LINE#>4/5/2012<#LINE#>26/5/2012<#LINE#> A simple and sensitive spectrophotometeric method for the determination of Phenol based on its oxidation by N-bromophthalimide (NBP) is proposed. The resulting bromoderivative of phenol oxidizes leucocrystal violet to crystal violet in aqueous medium, the absorbance of which is measured at 595 nm. The colour intensifies with the addition of surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 0.02 – 0.22 µg mL-1   of phenol. The molar absorbtivity of the dye is found to be 3.13 x 10 l mol-1 cm-1 and sandell’s sensitivity as calculated from the slope is found to be 3x10-4 µg cm-2 The method has been successfully applied for the determination of phenol in coke oven effluents and the result obtained, compares well with other reported methods.<#LINE#> @ @ James J. Schauer, Michael J. Kleeman, Glen R.C., Bernd R.T.  Simoneit,  Environ. Sci. Technol.,35, 1716-1728 ( 2001) @No $ @ @ James W. Moore, Ramamoorthy S., Organic Chemicals in Natural Waters: Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment, (Springer Verlag  NewYork), (1984) @No $ @ @ Marcelo F. Pistonesi, María Susana Di Nezio, María Eugenia Centurión, Miriam E. Palomeque, Adriana G. Lista, Beatriz S. 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Fernández, Enzymatic reverse FIA method for total phenols determination in urine samples, Talanta, 71, 1520 (2007) @No $ @ @ Renato Baciocchi, Marina Attinà, Giusy Lombardi, Maria Rosaria Boni, Fast determination of phenols in contaminated soils, Journal of Chromatography A,911, 135-141(2001) @No $ @ @ Wei Cao, Xuemin Mu, Jinghe Yang, Wenbo Shi, Yongcun Zheng, Flow injection–chemiluminescence determination of phenol using potassium permanganate and formaldehyde system, Spectrochimica Acta A,66, 58 (2007) @No $ @ @ Qing Xiang Zhou, Jun Ping Xiao, Cun Ling Ye, Xin Ming Wang, Enhancement of Sensitivity for Determination of Phenols in Environmental Water Samples by Single-drop Liquid Phase Microextraction Using Ionic Liquid prior to HPLC, Chinese Chemical Letters, 17, 1073 (2006) @No $ @ @ Lida Fotouhi, Mahsa Ganjavi and Davood Nematollah, Electrochemical Study of Iodide in the Presence of Phenol and o-Cresol: Application to the Catalytic Determination of Phenol and o-Cresol,  Sensors,4, 170-180 (2004) @No $ @ @ Fiamegos Y.C., Stalikas C.D., Pilidis G.A., Karayannis M.I.,  Synthesis and analytical applications of 4-aminopyrazolone derivatives as chromogenic agents for the spectrophotometric determination of phenols, Analytica Chimica Acta, 403, 315 (2000) @No $ @ @ Sally N. Jabrou, Extraction of Phenol from Industrial Water Using Different Solvents, Res. J. Chem. Sci.,2(4), 1-12(2012) @No $ @ @ Pawar M.J., Nimbalkar V.B., Res. J. Chem. Sci.,  Synthesis and phenol degradation activity of Zn and Cr doped TiO2 Nanoparticles, 2(1), 32-37 (2012) @No $ @ @ Vedula Ravi Kiran, Balomajumder Chandrajit, Simultaneous Adsorptive Removal of Cyanide and Phenol from Industrial Wastewater: Optimization of Process Parameters, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(4), 30-39 (2011) @No $ @ @ Karim D. Khalaf, Berween A. 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<#LINE#>Thermal Degradation Analysis of Melamine-Aniline-Formaldehyde Terpolymeric Ligand<#LINE#>K.P.@Dharkar,A.K.@Khamborkar,A.B.@Kalambe<#LINE#>11-16<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJCS-2012-135.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur– 01, MS, INDIA @ Department of Statistics, Sydenham College, Mumbai –20, MS, INDIA<#LINE#>31/5/2012<#LINE#>11/6/2012<#LINE#> Terpolymeric ligand MAF has been synthesized by the condensation of melamine (M) and aniline (A) with formaldehyde (F) in the presence of an acid catalyst in 1:2:4 molar proportions of the reacting monomers. The characterization of terpolymeric ligand has been done on basis of elemental analysis, IR and HNMR. Thermal decomposition curve shows single decomposition step (305-530 C). Thermal activation energy (E) calculated by Sharp-Wentworth (21.10 KJ/mole) method and Freeman-Carroll (21.46 KJ/mole) method are in good agreement. Freeman - Carroll and Sharp -Wentworth methods have been applied for the calculation of kinetic parameters while the data from the Freeman - Carroll methods have been used to determine various thermodynamic parameters. <#LINE#> @ @ Singru R.N., Zade A.B. and Gurnule W.B., Synthesis, characterization, and thermal degradation studies of copolymer resin derived from -cresol, melamine, and formaldehyde, J. Appl. Poly. Sci.,9(2) 859–868 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ghosh Pranab, Das Tapan and Das Moumita, Evaluation of poly (acrylates) and their copolymer as viscosity modifiers, Res.J.Chem.Sci., 1(3), 18-25 (2011) @No $ @ @ Masram D.T., Thermal degradation study of salicylic acid, diaminonaphthalene and formaldehyde terpolymer, E-J Chem., 6(3), 830-834 (2009) @No $ @ @ Das A.P., Lenka S. and Nayak P.L., Synthetic resins: I. Preparation and characterization of resins from substituted benzoic acid–formaldehyde, J Appl. Polym. 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C., Spectrometric identification of organic compounds, IInd Ed., John Wiley: New York (1967) @No $ @ @ Chaudhary Rakhi and Shelly, Synthesis, spectral and pharmacological study of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) coordination complexes, Res.J.Chem.Sc., 1(5), 1-5(2011) @No $ @ @ Coats A.W. and Redfen J.P., Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric data, Nature 201, 68-69 (1964) @No $ @ @ Ozawa T.J., Critical investigation of methods for kinetics analysis of thermoanalytical data, J. Thermal Anal., 7, 601-617 (1975) @No $ @ @ Gupta R.H., Zade A.B. and Gurnule W.B., Synthesis and characterization of terpolymers derived from 2-hydroxyacetophenone, melamine, and formaldehyde, J. Appl Poly. Sci.,109(5), 3315–3320 (2008) @No $ @ @ Jacobs P. W. M., Tompkin F. C., Chemistry of solids state, E.G Garner Publication, London (1955) @No 
<#LINE#>Accumulation of Chromium in Certain plant Species Growing on Mine Dump from Byrapur, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>L.@Ch,Reddy@raSekhar,K.V.Ramana@Reddy,K.Humane@Sumedh,B.@Damodaram@<#LINE#>17-20<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJCS-2012-148.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geology, Loyola Degree College, Pulivendla-516390, Kadapa District, AP, INDIA Department of Chemistry, Loyola Degree College, Pulivendla-516390, Kadapa District, AP, INDIA P.G. Department of Geology, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Law College Square, Nagpur-40001, MS, INDIA <#LINE#>11/6/2012<#LINE#>23/11/2012<#LINE#> In Byrapur Chromite mining area of Hassan District, the plant species, such as Hyptis suaveolenes and Cassia siamea have been growing in chromite mine tailing dumps. The chromium content in the dump soil and in the leaves and stems of the sampled plants was determined and compared with samples collected from non-mineralized zone. Generally the chromium content in the plants growing on the dumps was higher than the samples from non-mineralized zone. Accumulation of chromium in the plant species and in their organs varies e.g. the Cr content is higher in leaves than in stems. In the non-mineralized zone, the chromium content was high in Cassia siamea whereas higher accumulation and distribution of chromium is observed in Hyptis suaveolens from the mining dump site. The study reveals that the mechanism of Chromium tolerance involved in Cassia siamea is possibly different from that of Hyptis suaveolens. The plants can ideally be used as the possible application in agricultural reconnaissance surveys, reclamation and revegetation of adversely affected mining environment and also for phytoremediation. <#LINE#> @ @ Prasad M.N.V., Phytoremediation of metals in the environment for sustainable development, Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. Part B, 70, 71-98 (2004) @No $ @ @ Carlisle D., Berry E.L., Kaplan I.R. and Waterson, J.R. (Eds), Mineral exploration: Biological systems and organic matter, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, Hew Jersey, 465(1986) @No $ @ @ Brooks R.R., Dunn C.E. and Hall G.E.M., (Eds).Biological systems in Mineral Exploration and Ellis Horwood Limited, Hemel Hempstead, U.K, 538 (1995) @No $ @ @ Baidyananda M., Deomurari M. P. and Goswam, J. N., Pb207/ Pb206 ages of zircons from the Nuggihalli schist belt Dharwar craton, Southern India, Geol. Survey India. Spec. Pub 57, 131-150 (2003) @No $ @ @ Radhakrishna B.P., Achut Psnfiy S. and Prabhakar K.T., Mineral Resources of Karnataka, 182 (1973) @No $ @ @ Tapan P., Prabal Kumar M., Dipankar D. and Sachinath Mitra, Oxidation character of chlorite from Byrapur chromite deposit, India– A57 Fe Mossbauer evaluation. Bull. Mater. Sci, 16, 229-237 (1993) @No $ @ @ Damodaram K.T. and Soma Sekhar B., Chromo chlorite ((Kotschubeite) from the Nuggihalli schist belt, Clays and clay Minerals, 24, 31-35, (1976) @No $ @ @ Laphan D.M., Structural and chemical variation in chromium chlorite, Am. Miner, 43, 921-956 (1958) @No $ @ @ Brooks R.R., Biological methods of prospecting for minerals. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 322, (1983) @No $ @ @ Dunn C.E., Hall G.E.M. and Seagel R., Applied biogeochemical prospecting in forested terrain, Ottawa, Canada, Association of Exploration Geochemists, 197(1993) @No $ @ @ Baker A.J.M., McGrath S.P., Reeves R.D. and Smith J.A.C., Metal hyper accumulator plants: A review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils. In Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and Water (eds) Terry,N. and Banuelos, G., Lewis Publishers Florida,  85-107 (2000) @No $ @ @ Foy C.D., Chaney R.L. and White M.C., The physiology of metal toxicity in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol, 29, 511-566 (1978) @No $ @ @ Kabat-Pendias A., Trace Elements in Soil and Plants. Third Edition. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton. Florida, 432 (2001) @No $ @ @ Thornton I., Geochemistry applied to agriculture. In: Thornton, I (Ed) Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, London, 231-266 (1983) @No $ @ @ Brooks R.R., Geobotany and biogeochemistry in mineral exploration. Harper and Row, New York, 290 (1972) @No $ @ @ Tiagi Y.D., Geobotany and biogeochemistry in mineral prospecting. Presidential address, Bot.Sce. Proc. 77th Ind. Sci. Cong. Cochin, 1-26 (1990) @No $ @ @ Kovaleveskii A.L., Biogeochemical exploration for mineral deposits, Amerind Publ Co. Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 136, (1979) @No $ @ @ Prasad E.A.V. and Vijayasaradhi D., Biogeochemistry of chromium and vanadium from mineralized zones of Kondapalli and Putrela, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 26, 133-136 (1985) @No $ @ @ Nagaraju A. and Prasad K.S.S., Biogeochemical patterns associated with mica pegmatite of Nellore mica belt, Andhra Pradesh, Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 55, 655-661 (2000) @No 
<#LINE#>Surface Protection of Carbon Steel by Butanesulphonic Acid–Zinc Ion System<#LINE#>AnbarasiC.@Mary,Rajendran@Susai<#LINE#>21-26<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJCS-2012-173.pdf<#LINE#>PG Department of Chemistry, Jayaraj Annapackiam College for Women, Periyakulam-625601, INDIA  @ Corrosion Research Centre, PG and Research Department of Chemistry, GTN Arts College, Dindigul-624005, INDIA<#LINE#>13/7/2012<#LINE#>6/8/2012<#LINE#> Inhibition of corrosion of carbon steel in dam water by the sodium salt of butanesulphonic acid (SBS) in combination with Zinc ion (Zn2+) has been studied using weight-loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. Results of weight loss method indicated that inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with increasing inhibitor concentration. A synergistic effect exists between SBS and Zn2+. Polarization study reveals that SBS-Zn2+ system functions as a mixed type inhibitor. These observations have been supported by surface morphology studies using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) studies carried out on the carbon steel samples in the absence and presence of inhibitor. <#LINE#> @ @ Vendrame Z.B. and Gonclaves R.S., Electrochemical evidence of the inhibitory action of Propargyl alcohol on the electro-oxidation of nickel in sulfuric acid, J. Braz.Chem.Soc., 9, 441-448 (1998) @No $ @ @ Melloo L.D. and Gonclaves R.S., Electrochemical Investigation of ascorbic acid adsorption on low- carbon steel in 0.50 M NaSO solutions, Corros. Sci.,43, 457-470 (2001) @No $ @ @ Lucho A.M., Gonclaves R.S. and Azambuja D.S., Electrochemical studies of Propargyl alcohol as corrosion inhibitor for nickel, copper, and copper/nickel 955/45) alloy, Corros. Sci., 44, 467-479 (2002) @No $ @ @ Oliver W.X. and Gonclaves R.S., Electrochemical evidence of the protection efficiency of Furfural on the corrosion process of low carbon steel in ethanolic medium, J. Braz. Chem. Soc.,3, 92-94 (1992) @No $ @ @ Obot I.B., Obi-Egbedi N.O. and Umoren S.A., Adsorption Characteristics and Corrosion Inhibitive Properties of Clotrimazole for Aluminium Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid, Int. J. electrochem. Sci., 4, 863-877 (2009) @No $ @ @ Vracar L.M. and Drazic D.M., Adsorption and corrosion inhibitive properties of some Organic molecules on iron electrode in sulfuric acid, Corros. Sci., 44, 1669-1680 (2002) @No $ @ @ Prakash Rajesh Kumar Singh D. and Ranju Kumar, Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 20% HCl by some Organic compounds, In. J. chem. Technol,. 13, 555-560 (2006) @No $ @ @ Aliev T.A., Influence of salts of Alkyl phenol Sulphonic acid on the corrosion of ST3 steel in HCl- Kerosene systems, Mat. Sci., 44, 69-74 (2008) @No $ @ @ Wranglen G., Synergistic effect of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid and Zn2+ Introduction to Corrosion and protection of Metals (Chapman & Hall, London) 236 (1985) @No $ @ @ Mars G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, TATA McGrawHill publishing company Limited, New Delhi, Third edition, 171(2006) @No $ @ @ Umamathi T., Arockia selvi J., Agnesia Kanimozhi S., Rajendran S. and JohnAmalraj A., Effect of NaPO on the corrosion inhibition of EDTA-Zn2+ system for Carbon steel in aqueous solution, In. J.Chem.Technol., 15, 560-565 (2008) @No $ @ @ Rajendran S., Shanmugapriya S., Rajalakshmi T. and Amalraj A.J., Corrosion inhibition by an aqueous extract of rhizome powder, Corrosion, 61, 685-692 (2005) @No $ @ @ Anuradha K., Vimala R., Narayanasamy B., Arockia Selvi J. and Susai Rajendran, Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in low chloride media by an aqueous extract of hibiscus rosa-sinensis linn, Chem. Engg. Comm., 195, 352-366 (2008) @No $ @ @ Noreen Anthony., Benita Sherine H. and Rajendran S., Investigation of the inhibitive effect of Carboxymethyl cellulose- Zn2+ system on the corrosion of carbon steel in neutral chloride solution, The Arabian J. Sci. Engg.,35, 41-53 (2009) @No $ @ @ Manivannan M. and Rajendran S, Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon steel by Succinic acid – Zn2+ system, Res. J. Chem. Sci.,1(8), 42-48 (2011) @No $ @ @ Grosser F.N. and R.S. Gonclaves R.S., Electrochemical evidence of caffeine adsorption on zinc surface in ethanol, Corros. Sci.,50, 2934 -2938 (2008) @No $ @ @ S. Martinez S. and Mansfeld-Hukovic M., A nonlinear kinetic model introduced for the corrosion inhibitive properties of some organic inhibitors, J. Appl. Electrochem., 33, 1137 -1142 (2003) @No $ @ @ Ashish Kumar Singh and Quraishi M.A., Investigation of the effect of disulfiram on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution, Corros. Sci.,53, 1288-297 (2011) @No $ @ @ Wang B., Du M., Zhang J. and Gao C.J., Electrochemical and surface analysis studies on corrosion inhibition of Q235 steel by imidazoline derivative against COcorrosion, Corros. Sci.,53, 353-361 (2011) @No $ @ @ Mary Anbarasi C., Susai Rajendran, Vijaya N., Manivannan M. and Shanthi T., Corrosion Inhibition by an Ion Pair Reagent-Zn2+ System, The Open Corrosion Journal, 5, 1-7 (2012) @No 
<#LINE#>Recovery of Nickel and Oil from Spent Nickel Hydrogenation Catalyst<#LINE#>D.J.@Garole,A.D.@Sawant<#LINE#>27-30<#LINE#>6.ISCA-RJCS-2012-184.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Organic Chemistry, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425 001, INDIA @ The Institute of Science, 15, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai-400 032, INDIA<#LINE#>1/8/2012<#LINE#>28/8/2012<#LINE#> Many industries make extensive use of hydrogenation nickel catalyst for conversion of fats into oil which creates large amount of spent catalysts containing environmentally hazardous and economically valuable metals. In the present study, a simple recovery process for nickel and oil from spent hydrogenation catalyst using hydrochloric acid leaching was described. Simultaneous recovery of nickel and oil varies with acid concentration, time, temperature and solid-liquid ratio. Under the optimum condition of leaching Viz. 4 N hydrochloric acid, 90C temperature, 1.10 gm/ml solid liquid ratio and 2 hrs reaction time, it was possible to recover 98.5% nickel along with 99.8% oil. Purification of this recovered leaching liquor was performed by adjusting pH of leach liquor containing nickel, iron, aluminium and calcium to 5.5 with sodium carbonate followed by addition of hydrogen peroxide for removal of iron and aluminium. Then ammonium oxalate was added, followed by dilute ammonia solution to neutralize the acid which precipitates calcium oxalate. To this resulting solution, required quantity of sodium carbonate was added to recover nickel as nickel carbonate which was found to be 99% pure. <#LINE#> @ @ Oza R. and Patel S., Recovery of nickel from spent Ni/Alcatalysts using acid leaching, chelation and ultrasonication, Res. J. Recent. Sci., 1(ISC-2011) , 434-443 (2012) @No $ @ @ Garole D.J., Garole V.J. and Dalal D.S., Recovery of Metal Value from Electroplating Sludge, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 2(3), 61-63 (2012) @No $ @ @ Garole D.J. and Sawant A.D., Simultaneous recovery of nickel and aluminium from spent nickel catalyst. Green Pages9(30) (2005) ,  http://www.eco-web.com/edi/050623.html&#x5.96;ã• @No $ @ @ Elemike E.E., Oviawe A.P. and Otuokere I.E., Potentiation of the Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Benzylimino-2, 3-Dimethyl-1-Phenylpyrazal-5-One by Metal Chelation, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(8), 6-11 (2011) @No $ @ @ Fasiulla K.R., Reddy V., Keshavayya J., Moinuddin Khan M.H., Anitha and Rao V., Synthesis, Structural Investigations and Antifungal Studies on Symmetrically Substituted Metal (II) Octa-1- (3-chlorophenyl) Methanimine Phthalocyanine, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(9), 29-36 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kumar H., Rani R. and Kumar S. R., Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxide Nanoparticles by Reverse Micelle Method and its Antimicrobial Activity, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(9), 42-48 (2011) @No $ @ @ Gupta Y.K., Agarwal S.C., Madnawat S.P. and Ram N., Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Transition Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 2(4), 68-71 (2012) @No $ @ @ Chaudhary R. and Shelly, Synthesis, Spectral and Pharmacological Study of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) Coordination Complexes, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(5), 1-5 (2011) @No $ @ @ Marafi M. and Stanislaus A., Spent hydroprocessing catalyst management: A review: Part II. Advances in metal recovery and safe disposal methods, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 53(1-2), 1-26 (2008) @No $ @ @ Al-Mansi N.M. and Monem N.M.A., Recovery of nickel oxide from spent catalyst, Waste Manage., 22(1), 85-90 (2002) @No $ @ @ Ivascanu S.T. and Roman O., Nickel recovery from spent catalysts. I Solvation process, Bul. Inst. Politeh. Iasi, Sect.II, 2(21), 47 (1975) @No $ @ @ Chandhary A.J., Donaldson J.D., Boddington S.C. and Grimes S.M., Heavy metals in the environment. Part II: a hydrochloric acid leaching process for the recovery of nickel value from a spent catalyst, Hydrometallurgy, 34(2), 137-150 (1993) @No $ @ @ Lee J.Y., Rao S.V., Kumar B.N., Kang D.J. and Reddy B.R., Nickel recovery from spent Raneynickel catalyst through dilute sulfuric acid leaching and soda ash precipitation, J. Hazard. Mater., 176(1-3), 1122-1125 (2010) @No $ @ @ Lima T.S.D, Campos P.C. and Afonso J.C., Metals recovery from spent hydrotreatment catalysts in a fluoride-bearing medium, Hydrometallurgy, 80(3), 211-219 (2005) @No $ @ @ Idris J., Musa M., Yin C.Y. and Hamid K.H.K., Recovery of nickel from spent catalyst from palm oil hydrogenation process using acidic solutions, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16(2), 251-255 (2010) @No $ @ @ Kolosnitsyn V.S., Kosternova S.P., Yapryntseva O.A., Ivashchenko A.A. and Alekseev S.V., Recovery of nickel with sulfuric acid solutions from spent catalysts for steam conversion of methane, Russian J. Appl. Chem., 79, 539-543 (2006) @No $ @ @ Mulak W., Miazga B. and Szymczycha A., Kinetics of nickel leaching from spent catalyst in sulphuric acid solution, Int. J. Miner. Process., 77(4), 231-235 (2005) @No $ @ @ Nazemi M.K., Rashchi F. and Mostoufi N., A new approach for identifying the rate controlling step applied to the leaching of nickel from spent catalyst, Int. J. Miner. Process., 100(1-2), 21-26 (2011) @No $ @ @ Abdel-Aal E.A. and Rashad M.M., Kinetic study on the leaching of spent nickel oxide catalyst with sulfuric acid, Hydrometallurgy, 74(3-4), 189-194 (2004) @No $ @ @ Alex P., Mukherjee T.K. and Sundaresan M., Leaching behaviour of nickel in aqueous chlorine solutions and its application in the recovery of nickel from a spent catalyst, Hydrometallurgy, 34(2), 239-253 (1993) @No $ @ @ Santhiya D. and Ting Y.P., Use of adapted Aspergillus Niger in the bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst, J. Biotechnol., 121(1), 62-74 (2006) @No $ @ @ Bosio V., Viera M. and Donati E., Integrated bacterial process for the treatment of a spent nickel catalyst, J. Hazard. Mater., 154(1-3), 804-810 (2008) @No $ @ @ Case A., Garretson G., Wiewiorowski E., Ten years of catalyst recycling: a step to the future, in: Presented at the 3rd International Symposiums on Recycling of Metals, Point Clear, AL, USA, 12-15 (1995) @No $ @ @ Angelidis T.N., Tourasanidis T., Marinou E., Stalidis G.A., Selective dissolution of critical metals from diesel and naptha spent hydrodesulphurization catalysts, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 13(3-4), 269-282 (1995) @No 
<#LINE#>a-Glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of semi-ethanolic extracts of Bridellia ferruginea benth. and Ceiba pentandra L. Gaerth from Benin<#LINE#>Bothon@FifaT.D.,Debiton@Eric,Yedomonhan@Hounnakpon,Avlessi@Félicien,Teulade@Jean-Claude,Sohounhloue@DominiqueC.K.<#LINE#>31-36<#LINE#>7.ISCA-RJCS-2012-189.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi/Université  d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, BENIN @ Laboratoire de chimie organique, UMR INSERM 990, Faculté de Pharmacie rue Montalembert, Clermont- Ferrand, FRANCE @ Herbier National, Département de Botanique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, BENIN<#LINE#>7/8/2012<#LINE#>11/8/2012<#LINE#> The use of plant extracts in the treatment of human disease requires a definition of optimal conditions. This study objective is to evaluate the inhibition capacity of -glucosidase activity of Bridelia ferruginea benth bark and Ceiba pentandra L. Gaerthroot semi-ethanolicextracts compared to acarbose. Their antioxidant activity were also tested by three techniques: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity(ORAC). Results indicated that these extracts have antioxidant property and -Glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.4 ± 0.04 µg / mL  for B. ferruginea and 51 ± 0.7 µg / mL for C. pentandra) higher than the reference compound acarbose (IC50 = 726 ± 15 mg / mL). Bridelia ferruginea extract was  the most active of the two. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the extracts was done by fluorometric assay: Resazurin reduction test onhuman fibroblast primary culture have showed a very low toxicity. Bridelia ferruginea and Ceiba pentandra The semi-ethanolic extracts could therefore constitute a credible alternative to replace the expensive synthetic drugs in the treatment of diabetes. <#LINE#> @ @ Shrabana C., Tuhin K. B., Tapan S., Begum R., Liaquat A., Khan A. K., Nilufer N., Mosihuzzaman M. and Biswapati M., Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in chronic type 2 diabetic model in Long-Evans rats and evaluation of insulin secretagogue property of its fractions on isolated islets, J. Ethnopharmacol., 97,117-122 (2005) @No $ @ @ Abayomi S., Felicitas C. and Kurt H., Plantes médicinales et médecine traditionnelle d'Afrique, Académie Suisse des sciences naturelles Paris Karthala, 1, 378 (2010) @No $ @ @ Fontbonne A., Favier F. and Papoz L., Le diabète de type 2 dans le monde, analyse d’une épidémie, Flammarion(2003) @No $ @ @ Salah Z., Christian B. and Kaoual M, Approche épidémiologique du diabète en milieux urbain et rural dans la région de Tlemcen (Ouest algérien), Cah. Etude Rech. Francoph./Santé,17(1),(2007) @No $ @ @ World Health Organization: Who launches the first global strategy on traditional medicine, Press release,38, Geneva (2002) @No $ @ @ Ambe G. A. and Malaisse F., Diversité des plantes médicinales et ethnotaxonomie en pays malinke de Côte d'Ivoire, Rev. Méd. Pharm.Afr.,14, 121-130 (2000) @No $ @ @ Akoègninou A., Van der Burg W. J. and Van der Maesen L. J. G., Flore analytique du Bénin Many line drawings, XXII, 1034 Hardcover (2006) @No $ @ @ Addae-Mensah I. and Munenge R.W., Quercetin-3-neohesperidoside (Ruti) and other flavonoids as the active hypoglycaemic agents of Bridelia Ferruginea, Fitoterapia, 4, 359-362 (1989) @No $ @ @ Onunkwo G. C., Akah P. A. and Udeala O. K., Studies on Bridelia ferruginea Leaves Stability and Hypoglycaemic Actions of the Leaf Extract Tablets, Phytother. Res.,10,418-420 (1996) @No $ @ @ Ladeji O., Omekarah I. and Solomon M., Hypoglycemic properties of aqueous bark extract of Ceiba pentandra in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, J. Ethnopharmacol.,84, 139-142 (2003) @No $ @ @ Dzeufiet P. D., Dieudonné Y. O., Léonard T., Emmanuel A. A., Théophile D., Sokeng D. S. and Pierre K., Antidiabetic Effect Of Ceiba Pentandra extract on StreptozoTocin-Induced Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetic (Niddm), Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med.,4, 47-54 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kalu F. N., OguguaV. N., Ujowundu C.O. and Chinekeokwu C. R. K., Chemical Composition and Acute Toxicity Studies on the Aqueous Extract of Combretum dolichopentalum Leaf in Swiss Albino Mice, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(8), 72-75 (2011) @No $ @ @ Rattanachitthawat S., Suwannalert P., Riengrojpitak S., Chaiyasut C. and Pantuwatana S., Phenolic content and antioxidant activities in red unpolished Thai rice prevents oxidative stress in rats, J. Med. Plant Res.,4, 796-801 (2010) @No $ @ @ Djeridane A., Yousfi M., Nadjemi B., Boutassouna D., Stocker P. and Vidal N., Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plant extracts containing phenolic compounds, Food Chem.,97, 654-660 (2006) @No $ @ @ Khady B., Emmanuel T., Jacqueline D., Ndiaga C., Philippe T., Étude comparative des composés phénoliques, du pouvoir antioxydant de différentes variétés de sorgho sénégalais et des enzymes amylolytiques de leur malt, Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.,14, 131-139 (2010) @No $ @ @ Tiwari, A. K., Swapna, M., Ayesha, S. B., Zehra, A., Agawane, S. B. and Madhusudana, K, Identification of proglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity in antioxidant rich fraction of some common food grains International, Food Res. J., 18, 915-923 (2011) @No $ @ @ Djandé A., Kiendrébéogo M., Compaoré M., Kaboré L., Nacoulma G. O., Aycard J-P. and Saba A., Antioxidant Potentialities of 4-Acyl isochroman-1,3-Diones, Res. J Chem. Sci., 1(5), 88-90(2011) @No $ @ @ Piljac-egarac J., Stipevi T. and Belšak A., Antioxidant properties and phenolic content of different floral origin honeys, J. Apiprod. Apimed. Sci., 1, 43 – 50 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ou B., Maureen H.W., and Ronald L. P., Development and Validation of an Improved Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Assay Using Fluorescein as the Fluorescent Probe, J. Agric. Food Chem.49, 4619-4626 (2001) @No $ @ @ Mathieu S., Éric D., Bettina A., Michelle P. and Pascale M., Synthesis and antiproliferative activities of indolin-2-one derivatives bearing amino acid moieties, Eur. J. Med. Chem..,41, 709–716 (2006) @No $ @ @ Stuart A. R., Gulve E. A. and Wang, M., Chemistry and biochemistry of type 2 diabetes, Chem. Rev.104, 1255–1282 (2004) @No $ @ @ Youn J.Y., Park H.Y. and Cho K.H., Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Commelina communis L. inhibition of a-glucosidase, Diabetes Res. Clin.,66S, S149-S155 (2004) @No $ @ @ Shinde J.T., Taldone M., Barletta N., Kunaparaju B., Hu S., Kumar J.P., and Zito S.W., -Glucosidase inhibitory activity of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels seed kernel in vitro and in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, Carbohydr. Res.,343, 1278-1281 (2008) @No $ @ @ Liu R. H., and Finley J., Potential cell culture models for antioxidant research, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 53, 4311–4314 (2005) @No $ @ @ Hsieh P-C., Guan-Jhong H., Yu-Ling H.O., Yaw-Huei L., Shyh-Shyun H., Ying-Chen C., Mu-Chuan T. and Yuan-Shiun C., Activities of antioxidants, -Glucosidase inhibitors and aldose reductase inhibitors of the aqueous extracts of four Flemingia species in Taiwan, Bot. Stud., 51, 293-302 (2010) @No $ @ @Jung M., Park M., Chul H.L., Kang Y., Seok-Kang E. and Ki-Kim S., Antidiabetic agents from medicinal plants, Curr. Med. Chem.,13, 1–16 (2006) @No $ @ @ Apostolidis E., Young-In K. and Kalidas S., Potential of cranberry-based herbal synergies for diabetes and hypertension management, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 15,433-441(2006) @No $ @ @ Kim M. H., Sung-Hoon J., Hae-Dong J., Mee S. L. and Young-In K., Antioxidant activity and -glucosidase inhibitory potential of onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 19, 159-164 (2010) @No $ @ @ Huang D., Boxin O., and Ronald L. P., The Chemistry behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays, J. Agric. Food Chem.,53, 1841–1856 (2005) @No $ @ @ Sadhu S. K., Okuyama E., Fujumoto H. and Ishibashi M., Seperartion of leucas, aspara amedicinal plant of Bangladesh, guided by prostaglandin inhibitory and antioxidant activities, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 51, 595-598 (2003) @No $ @ @ Benzie I.F.F. and Szeto Y.T., Total Antioxidant Capacity of Teas by the Ferric Reducing / Antioxidant Power Assay, J. Agric. Food Chem.,47, 633-636 (1999) @No $ @ @ Jokhadze M., Eristavi L., Kutchukhidze J., Chariot A., Angenot L., Tits M., Jansen O., and Frédérich M., In vitro cytotoxicity of some medicinal plants from Georgian Amaryllidaceae, Phytother. Res.,21(7), 622-624 (2007) @No $ @ @ Rashid M. A., Gustafson K. R., Cardellina J.H. and Boyd M. R., A New Podophyllotoxin Derivative from Bridelia ferruginea, Nat. Prod. Lett.,14, 285-292 (2000) @No $ @ @ Castro M.A., Miguel del Corral J.M., Gordaliza M., Gómez-Zurita M.A., García P.A. and San Feliciano A., Chemoinduction of cytotoxic selectivity in Podophyllotoxin-related lignans, Phytochem. Rev.,2, 219–233 (2003) @No 
<#LINE#>Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal studies on natural Polymers modified with 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid<#LINE#>Chandran@Ambily@ran,@KuriakoseSunny,Tessymol@Mathew<#LINE#>37-45<#LINE#>8.ISCA-RJCS-2012-199.pdf<#LINE#>Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, St. Thomas College, Pala-686574, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, INDIA @ Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, St. George College, Aruvithura-686122, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, INDIA<#LINE#>22/8/2012<#LINE#>26/10/2012<#LINE#> In the present work, 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid, a chromophoric system with push-pull electron modulation was synthesized and incorporated onto biopolymers such as lignin, starch and cellulose through esterification by DCC Coupling. The products were characterized by UV-visible, fluorescence, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic methods. The unmodified natural polymers and the coupled products were subjected to thermal analysis by TG-DTA studies. The results of the studies show that incorporation of the chromophoric system onto the polymeric core enhanced the thermal stability of the chromophoric system and core materials. The thermal data obtained were analysed and compared.<#LINE#> @ @ http//crop.scijournals. org/cgi/content (2012) @No $ @ @ Boudet A.M., A New View of Lignifications, Trends in Plant Science, , 67-71(1998) @No $ @ @ El-Wakil N.A., Use of lignin strengthenedwith modifiedwheat gluten in biodegradablecomposites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,113 (2), 793–801 (2009) @No $ @ @ Klumpers J. Scalbert A. and Janin G., Ellagitannins in European Oak Wood: Polymerization during Wood Ageing, Phytochemistry,36, 1249-1252 (1994) @No $ @ @ Chang L.J., Reactive Blending of Biodegradable Polymers:  PLA and Starch, . Polym. Environ., 8, 33 (2000) @No $ @ @ Adler E., Wood Sci. Technol., 14241 (1980) @No $ @ @ Chakar F.S. and Ragauska A.J., Ind. Crops Prod, 20,131 (2004) @No $ @ @ Jiang J., Greenwood B., Phillips J. and Becker E., Appita. 45(1) 19 (1992) @No $ @ @ Justin Shey, Kevin M., Rosalind Y., Wong Kay S., Gregorski A., Artur P., Klamczynski J. and William J., The azidation of starch, Carbohydrate Polymers 65, 529–534 (2006) @No $ @ @ Forssell A., Hamunen K.,  Autio K. and Poutanen,  Starch/starke., 47, 371 (1995) @No $ @ @ Kohler S. and Heinze T., Cellulose, 14, 489, (2007) @No $ @ @ Hasani M.M. and Westman G., New Coupling Reagents for Homogeneous Esterification of Cellulose, Cellulose, 13, 347–356 (2007) @No $ @ @ Hussain M.A., Liebert T. and Heinze T., First Report on a New Esterification Method for Cellulose, Polym News, 29(1), 14–17 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ciacco G.T., Liebert T., Frollini E. and Heinze T., Application of the solvent dimethylsulfoxide/tetra butylammonium fluoride trihydrate as reaction medium for the homogeneous acylation of sisalcellulose, Cellulose, 10, 125–132 (2003) @No $ @ @ Hasani M.M. and Westman G., New coupling reagents for homogeneous esterification of cellulose, Cellulose, 13, 347–356 (2007) @No $ @ @ Hussain M.A., Liebert T. and Heinze T., First report on a new esterification method for cellulose, Polym News,29(1), 14–17 (2004) @No $ @ @ William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, Macmillan, (1975) @No $ @ @ John R. Dyer, Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, Phi Learning, (2009) @No $ @ @ Kadla J.F., Satoshi K., Gilbert R.D. and Venditti R.A., Lignin-based carbon fibers, Chemical properties and Usage of Lignin, 121-137 (2002) @No $ @ @ Ralph J., Lundquist K., Brunow G., Lu F., Kim H., Schatz P.F., Marita J.M., Hatfield R.D., Ralph S.A., Christensen J.H. and Boerjan W.,  Lignins: natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hydroxy phenyl propanoids, Phytochem. Rev., , 29-60 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ambily Chandran, Sunny Kuriakose and Tessymol Mathew, Preparation, Characterisation and Light Fastening Studies of Biopolymer Modified 2-(5-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidin)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl) @No 
<#LINE#>Improved Preconcentration of Triazines from Aqueous Samples in a Supported Liquid Membrane with Electric Field<#LINE#>J.@Amador-Hernández ,M.@Velázquezzquez-Manzanares,R.@Enríquez-Rosado,C.@Cisneros-Cisneros<#LINE#>46-52<#LINE#>9.ISCA-RJCS-2012-201.pdf<#LINE#>Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, MÉXICO @ Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad del Mar, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 70902 Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, MÉXICO @ Instituto de Hidrología, Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, 69 000 Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, MÉXICO<#LINE#>24/8/2012<#LINE#>29/8/2012<#LINE#> In the present work, an electric field was attached to a home-made supported liquid membrane cell to enhance the efficiency of the extraction; the analytical manifold consisted of a flow injection-UV-Vis spectrophotometry system. A homologous series of herbicides (atrazine, ametryn, and atraton) was used as target analytes. The solvent 1,2-DCE was found to be a promising supporting liquid in the membrane, even without the imposition of the electric field. Under the optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 16.1 for ametryn, of 10.0 for atrazine and of 7.7 for atraton were obtained, with a sampling rate of 3.3 samples h-1.<#LINE#> @ @ Parihar S.S., Kumar A., Kumar A., Gupta R.N., Pathak M., Shrivastav A. and Pandey A.C., Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Underground Water in and Around Gwalior City, MP, India., Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(6), 62-65 (2012) @No $ @ @ Murhekar G.H., Trace Metals Contamination of Surface Water Samples in and Around Akot City in Maharashtra, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(7), 5-9 (2012) @No $ @ @ Vaishnav V., Daga K., Chandra S. and Lal M., Adsorption Studies of Zn (II) ions from Wastewater using Calotropis procera as an Adsorbent, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(ISC-2011) @No $ @ @ , 160-165 (2012) @No $ @ @ 4.Kushwah R.K., Malik S. and Singh Archana, Water Quality Assessment of Raw Sewage and Final Treated Water with Special Reference to Waste Water Treatment Plant Bhopal, MP, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(ISC-2011), 185-190 (2012) @No $ @ @ Choudhary R., Heavy Metal Analysis of Water of Kaliasote Dam of Bhopal, MP, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(ISC-2011) @No $ @ @ , 352-353 (2012) @No $ @ @ Jamaluddin A.M. and Reazul H.M., A Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Chromium in Environmental Samples using Bis (salicylaldehyde) Orthophenylenediamine, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(1), 46-59 (2011) @No $ @ @ Syed S.P.S., Study of the Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution by using Solid Agricultural Waste, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(1), 88-104 (2011) @No $ @ @ Amador-Hernández J., Velázquez-Manzanares M. and Márquez-Reyes J.M, Determination of Hexazinone in Environmental Samples by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry-Partial Least Squares Regression, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(8), 36-41 (2011) @No $ @ @ Mirzaie M., Rezaei B.G., Barzegar L., Mehreshtiagh M., Saboury A.A. and Rezaei B.Z., Thermal investigation of the interaction between Phenyl Dithiocarbamate and mushroom tyrosinase, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 2(3), 68-70 (2012) @No $ @ @ Pankaj M. and Kumar P.M., Characterization and Pesticidal Studies of some new Dibutyltin (IV) Derivatives of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, Res. J. Chem. Sci., 2(4), 61-63 (2012) @No $ @ @ LeBaron H.M., McFarland J.E. and Burnside O.C., The Triazine Herbicides, 50 years Revolutionizing Agriculture, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003) @No $ @ @ US EPA, Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Atrazine, Case No. 0062, Washington (2003) @No $ @ @  Stevens J.T. and Sumner D.D., Herbicides In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Hayes W.J. and Laws E.R. (eds.), vol. 3, Academic Press, 1317-1408 (1991) @No $ @ @ US EPA, Atrazine Science Reevaluation: Potential Health Impacts, EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0759-0003, Washington (2009) @No $ @ @ Jiang H., Adams C.D. and Koffskey W., Determination of Chloro-s-Triazines including Didealkylatrazine using Solid-Phase Extraction coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A.,1064, 219-226 (2005) @No $ @ @ Wang Y., You J., Ren R., Xiao Y., Gao S., Zhang H. and Yu A., Determination of Triazines in Honey by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A., 1217, 4241-4246 (2010) @No $ @ @ Khrolenko M., Dygiel P. and Wieczorek P., Combination of Supported Liquid Membrane and Solid-Phase Extraction for Sample Pretreatment of Triazine Herbicides in Juice prior to Capillary Electrophoresis Determination, J. Chromatogr. A.,975, 219-227 (2002) @No $ @ @ Koel M. and Kaljurand M., Application of the Principles of Green Chemistry in Analytical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem.,78, 1993–2002 (2006) @No $ @ @ Audunsson G., Aqueous/Aqueous Extraction by means of a Liquid Membrane for Sample Cleanup and Preconcentration of Amines in a Flow System, Anal. Chem.,58, 2714-2723 (1986) @No $ @ @ Chimuka L., Megersa N., Norberg J., Mathiasson L. and Jönsson J.A., Incomplete Trapping in Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction with a Stagnant Acceptor for Weak Bases, Anal. Chem., 70, 3906 –3911 (1998) @No $ @ @ Velázquez-Manzanares M., Amador-Hernández J., Cisneros-Cisneros C. and Heredia-Lezama K.A., Triazine Herbicides Transfer at the Water/1,2-Dichloroethane, ECS J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, F218-F222 (2008) @No $ @ @ Megersa N. and Jönsson J.A., Trace Enrichment and Sample Preparation of Alkylthio-s-Triazine Herbicides in Environmental Waters using a Supported Liquid Membrane Technique in Combination with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Analyst, 123, 225-231(1998) @No $ @ @ Megersa N., Solomon T. and Jönsson J.A., Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction for Sample Work-up and Preconcentration of Methoxy-s-Triazine Herbicides in a Flow System, J. Chromatogr. A.,830, 203-210 (1999) @No $ @ @ Knutsson M., Nilvé G., Mathiasson L. and Jönsson J.A., Supported Liquid Membranes for Sampling and Sample Preparation of Pesticides in Water, J. Chromatogr. A.,754, 197-205 (1996) @No $ @ @ Kulikova L., Petrichenko O., Serga V. and Jansone A., Back Extraction of Platinum Metals from Liquid Membranes in an Electric Field, J. Appl. Electrochem.,34, 103-109 (2004) @No $ @ @ Mason T.J., Practical Sonochemistry, User´s Guide to Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ellis Horwood (1991) @No $ @ @ Jönsson J.A. and Mathiasson L., Membrane-based Techniques for Sample Enrichment, J. Chromatogr. A., 902, 205-225 (2000) @No $ @ @ Jönsson J.A. and Mathiasson L., Liquid Membrane Extraction in Analytical Sample Preparation: Principles, Trends Anal. Chem., 18, 318-325 (1999) @No $ @ @ Trocewicz J., Determination of Herbicides in Surface Water by Means of a Supported Liquid Membrane Technique and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A., 725, 121-127 (1996) @No $ @ @ Chimuka L., Mathiasson L. and Jönsson J.A., Role of Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients in Extraction of Ionisable Organic Compounds in a Supported Liquid Membrane with a Stagnant Acceptor, Anal. Chim. Acta,416, 77-86 (2000) @No 
<#LINE#>Treatment of Waste Water Streams by Surfactant Micelles Using Semi-Equilibrium Dialysis (SED) Technique<#LINE#>Mahmoud@FatenZ.<#LINE#>53-56<#LINE#>10.ISCA-RJCS-2012-202.pdf<#LINE#> Chemistry department, University College for Girls, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EGYPT <#LINE#>27/8/2012<#LINE#>13/9/2012<#LINE#> separate molecular and ionic impurities from aqueous streams. In the recent communication, semi-equilibrium dialysis (SED) technique is used to separate 1-, 2- Naphthols (1-, 2- Naph.OH), 1-, 2- Naphthoic acids (1-, 2- Naph.A) and 1-, 2- Naphthyl acetic acid (1-, 2- Naph.A.A) from aqueous streams by aqueous surfactant solution (Cetyl pyridinium chloride CPC). The solubilisation equilibrium constant K in case of polar solutes are related to the mole fraction of organic in micelles (org) by the relation: 1(orgbX, is the value of the solubilisation constant as orgapproach zero. From the obtained results of the solubilisation constants K for the recent organic pollutants, one can concludes that inserting a phenyl ring as well as other groups to the parent compound  (benzene) accompanied by increasing the solubilisation constantK. The activity coefficients of both organic pollutant and surfactant were also calculated. <#LINE#> @ @ Rosen Milton J., Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, John Wiely & Sons Inc. (1978) @No $ @ @ Moroi Y. and Matuura R., J. Colloid and Interface Science,125(2), 456-462 (1988) @No $ @ @ Mahmoud F.Z., Christian S.D., Tucker E.E., Taha A.A. and  Scamehorn J.F., J. Phys. Chem. 93, 5903-5306 (1989) @No $ @ @ Hiro U., Christian S.D., Tucker E.E. and Scamehorn J.F., J. Phys. Chem, 97, 10868-10871 (1993) @No $ @ @ Mahmoud, .Z. and Youssef M.I., J. Chinese Society 49, 527-537 (2002) @No $ @ @ Higazy W.S., Mahmoud F.Z., Taha A.A. and Christian S.D., J. of Sol. Chem., 17(3), 191-202 (1988) @No $ @ @ Higazy W.S. and Mahmoud F.Z., Polish J. Chem., 73, 1555-1562 (1999) @No $ @ @ Christian S.D., Smith G.A., Tucker E.E. and Scamehorn J.F., Langmiur, 1, 564-567 (1985) @No $ @ @ Tuncay M., Christian S.D., Smith G.A., Tucker E.E., Taylor R.W. and Scamehorn J.F., Langmuir, 10, 4688-4692 (1994) @No $ @ @ Dunn R.O., Scamehorn J.F. and Christian S.D., Colloids Surf., 35, 49-56 (1989) @No $ @ @ Saaski J.K., Burnett S.L., Christian S.D., Tucker E.E. and Scamehorn J.F., Langmiur, , 363-369 (1989) @No $ @ @ Bhat S.N., Smith G.A., Tucker E.E., Christian S.D., Scamehorn J.F. and Smith W., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26,1217-1222 (1987) @No $ @ @ Christian S.D., Tucker E.E., Scamehorn J.F. and Uchiyama H., Colloid and Polymer Science272, 1-10 (1994) @No $ @ @ Smith G.A., Tucker E.E., Christian S.D. and Scamehorn J.F., J. Sol. Chem., 15, 519-523 (1986) @No $ @ @ Lee B.H., Christian S.D., Tucker E.E. and Scamehorn J.F., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 360-365 (1991) @No $ @ @ Hildebrand J.H. and Scott R.L., Regular Solutions, (1962) @No $ @ @ Bolden P.L., Hoskins J.C. and King A.D., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 91, 454-463 (1983) @No $ @ @ Smith G.A., Tucker E.E., Christian S.D. and Scamehorn J.F., Langmiur, , 598-599 (1987) @No 
<#LINE#>Kinetics and Mechanism of the Ring Opening of 3-carboethoxycoumarin by Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrazine<#LINE#>Ewais@HassanA.,Asiri@AbdullaM.,Iqbal@M.I.IsmailSalemA.Hameed,Abdel-Khalek@AhmedA.<#LINE#>57-64<#LINE#>11.ISCA-RJCS-2012-203.pdf<#LINE#>Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box.80203, Jeddah 21413, SAUDI ARABIA @ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, EGYPTE<#LINE#>28/8/2012<#LINE#>3/9/2012<#LINE#> The kinetics of the ring opening of 3-carboethoxycoumarin (I) by sodium hydroxide and hydrazine have been studied spectrophotometrically over the 20 – 40 C range.The reaction rate  of 3-carboethoxy coumarin (I) with sodium hydroxide is more than it is reaction with hydrazine. The reaction is first order with respect to both [I] and [OH] or [Hyd]. A possible mechanism and derived rate law for these reactions are proposed. The effects of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, a cationic surfactant) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, an anionic surfactant), on the reaction rate have been studied. CTAB accelerates the rate of reaction while SDS inhibits. Enthalpies and entropies of activation for these reactions have been calculated. <#LINE#> @ @ Lowenthal J. and Birnbaum H., Vitamin K and Coumarin Anticoagulants: Dependence of Anticoagulant Effect on Inhibition of Vitamin K Transport, Science, 11, 181-183 (1969) @No $ @ @ Kostova I., Grigorov P., Balkansky S. and Stefanova T., Synthesis,Characterization and Cytotoxicity of New Ho(III) and Er(III) Complexes,  Indian J. of Biotechnology, 10, 387-391 (2011) @No $ @ @ Bryantseva G.,  Sokolova I.V., Tsyrenzhapova A. B.,  Selivanov N. I., Khilya V.P. and Garazd Y.L., Fluorescent Characteristics of Coumarin Photosensitizers,  J.  Appl.  Spectrosc., 75, 700-705 (2008) @No $ @ @ Monga P.K., Sharma D. and Dubey A., Comparative Study of Microwave and Conventional Synthesis and Pharmacological activity of Coumarins: A Review, J. Chem. and Pharm. Res., , 822-850 (2012) @No $ @ @ Cottigli F., Loy G., Garau D., Floris C., Caus M., Pompei R., and Bonsignore L., Antimicrobial Evaluation of Coumarins and Flavonoids From the Stems of Daphne Gnidium L, Phytomedicine, , 302-305 (2001) @No $ @ @ Al-Kady A.S., Gaber M.,  Hussein M.M. and Ebeid, E.M., Fluorescence Enhancement of Coumarin Thiourea Derivatives by Hg(2+), Ag(+), and  Silver Nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem.  A, 113, 9474-9484 (2009) @No $ @ @ Fylaktakidou K.C., Hadjipavlou-Litina D.J., Litinas K.E. and Nicolaides D.N., Coumarin Derivatives with Antiinflammatory/Antioxidant Activities,  Curr. Pharm.  Des., 10, 3813-3833 (2004) @No $ @ @ El-Khatib R.M. And Nassr L.A.,Reactivity Trends of the Base Hydrolysis of Coumarin and Thiocoumarin in Binary Aqueous- Methanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc., 7, 643-648 (2007) @No $ @ @ Lippold B.C. and Mielck J. B., Kinetics and Mechanisms of  Lactonization of Coumarinic Acids and Hydrolysis of Coumarins, J. Pharm. Sci.,60, 396–405 (1971) @No $ @ @ Fendler J.H. and Fendler E.J., Micellar and Mac-romolecular Systems, Academic Press, New York, (1975) @No $ @ @ Menger F.M. and Portnoy C.E., Base Hydrolysis of Trichlorotoluene to Benzoic Acid in the Presence and Absence of Micelles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 4698-4703(1967) @No $ @ @ Zagorevskii V., Savelev V., Dudykina N. and Portnova S., Alkaline Hydrolysis of Coumarine by Amine and Hydrazine, Zh. Org. Khim., , 568-572 (1967) @No $ @ @ Mustafa A., Hishmat O., Wassef M., Ebrashi N. and Nawar A., Reaktionen substituierter Cumarine, Furocumarine und Khellinon-styryl-Derivate mit Hydrazin und Phenylhydrazin, Eur. J. Org. Chem.,692, 166-173 (1966) @No $ @ @ Ebrahim I., Awatef E. F, Alkaline Hydrolysis of Coumarin by Phenyl Hydrazine, Al-Azhar Bull. Sci.,, 1173-1178(1998) @No $ @ @ Mattoo B. N, Spectrophotometric Studuies of the Hydrolysis of Coumarin and Dissociation of ciscoumarinic acid, Trans. Faraday Soc., 53, 760-766 (1957) @No $ @ @ Decker H. and Becker P., Ring Openning of Coumarin Deravatives by Sodium Hydroxide, Ber., 55, 375-394 (1922) @No $ @ @ Elderfield R.C, Heterocyclic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, , 207 (1951) @No $ @ @ Mustafa A., Hishmat O. H., Anwar, A.A. and Khalil K. M, Alkaline Hydrolysis of Coumarin by Hydrazine, Ann., 684, 194-198 (1965) @No $ @ @ Sammour A., Marei A. and El-Ashry S, Alkaline Hydrolysis of 3-carboethoxycoumarin by Hydrazine, U.A.R. J. Chem., 13, 281-285 (1970) @No $ @ @ Bargellini G. and Monti L., Preparation of 3-carboethoxycoumarin by Peckmann Reaction, Gazzetta,  45, 90-94 (1915) @No $ @ @ Weaver M.J. and Yee E.L., Activation Parameters for Homogeneous Outer-Sphere Electron-Transfer Reactions. Comparisons between Self-Exchange and Cross Reactions Using Marcus' Theory.  Inorg Chem.,19, 1936-1943 (1980) @No $ @ @ Bunton C.A. and Savelli G., Organic Reactivity in Aqueous Micelles and Similar as Semblies, Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry, vol. 22,  213–309 (1986) @No $ @ @ Al-Awadi N. and Williams A., Reactions of Substituted Phenolate Ions with 4-nitrophenyllaurate Catalysed by Cationic Micelles, J. Org. Chem.,55, 4359-4364 (1999) @No 
<#LINE#>Analysis of Cr in Dumpsite Soil Samples Using AAS and EDXRF Techniques<#LINE#>S.S.@Mohammed,M.A.@Batu,M.B.@Mohammed<#LINE#>65-68<#LINE#>12.ISCA-RJCS-2012-206.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Applied Science, College of Science and Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, NIGERIA <#LINE#>11/9/2012<#LINE#>8/10/2012<#LINE#> In this research, speciation analysis of dumpsite soils from Kurmin Mashi (KM), Narayi (NY) and Tudun Wada (TW) of Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria was carried out. A modified Tessier extraction procedure was employed for the analysis. The concentration of Cr in the samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques. The results revealed that KM dumpsite had the highest amount of Cr. From the ANOVA (P= 0.000  0.05), it was established that there is a significant difference in the total chromium content across the three locations. The results also showed that the metal was distributed between oxides, carbonate and carbonate/organically bound fractions and that acetic acid extracted the highest amount of Cr across the dumpsites. Similarly, the ANOVA (P = 0.020  0.05) indicated a significant difference in the Cr extracted using the three extraction media.<#LINE#> @ @ Onibokun A.G., Adedipe N.O. and Sridlier M.K.C., Affordable Technology and Strategies for waste Management in Africa, Lessons and Experience.  Centre for African Settlement Studies and Development CASSAD, 13, 134 (2000) @No $ @ @ Srivastava K.P. and Singh V. K., Impact of Air-Pollution on pHof soil of Saran, Bihar, India,  Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(4), 9-13 (2012) @No $ @ @ Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H. and Vigil S., Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principle and Management Issue. International Ed. McGram Hill Book Co., Singapore, 825 (1993) @No $ @ @ Kumar S., Singh J., Das S. and Garg M., AAS Estimation of Heavy Metals and Trace elements in Indian Herbal Cosmetic Preparations, Res.J.chem.sci.,2(3), 46-51 (2012) @No $ @ @ Adamu C., Iorfa N.T., Ntonzi Ukwang E.E., Ibe K.A. and Peter N., A Study of the Distribution pattern of Heavy metals in surface soils around Arufu Pb-Zn mine, Northeastern Nigeria, Using Factor Analysis, Res.J.chem.sci.,1(2), 70-80 (2011) @No $ @ @ Bhattacharya T., Chakraborty S., Fadadu B. and Bhattacharya P., Heavy metal concentrations in Street and Leaf Deposited Dust in Anand city, India., Res.J.chem.sci.,1(5), 61-66 (2011) @No $ @ @ Abii T.A., Levels of Heavy Metals (Cr, Pb, Cd) Available for Plants within Abandoned Mechanic Workshops in Umuahia Metropolis, Res.J.chem.sci.,2(2), 79-82 (2012) @No $ @ @ Albores A.F., Perez-Cid B., Gomes E.F. and Lopez E.F., Comparison between Sequential Extraction Procedures and Single Extraction Procedures and for metal Positioning in sewage sludge samples, Analyst, 125, 1353-1357 (2000) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G.E., Okwagi P., Nwajei R.I. and Obi-Iyeke G.E., Analytical Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils, Tomato Leaves and Fruits in the Vicinity of Paint Industry, Nigeria, Res. 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<#LINE#>Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Multiple Photovoltaic Systems<#LINE#>T.@Swrup,A.@Ansari<#LINE#>69-77<#LINE#>13.ISCA-RJCS-2012-209.pdf<#LINE#>* M.Tech. Digital Communication, BUIT, Barkatullah University, Bhopal- 462026, MP, INDIA Department of Chemistry and Environment, BUIT, Barkatullah University, Bhopal- 462026, MP, INDIA<#LINE#>19/9/2012<#LINE#>30/9/2012<#LINE#> The goal of this paper is to find the optimum mechanism for extracting the maximum possible power out of a given set of solar panels. There are many different approaches to this problem. A huge variety of concepts leads to an even larger variety of circuits and mechanisms for operating photovoltaic panels as close as possible to the point of maximum power and efficiency. Some of the concepts are very robust and simple, whereas other approaches require very sophisticated logic devices such as microprocessors combined with high-power high-efficiency switching converters. In this study different approaches to operating a solar panel at or close to its maximum power point are analyzed and their suitability to the environment of a solar system is examined.<#LINE#> @ @ Gow J.A. and Bleijs J.A.M., A modular DC-DC converter and maximum power tracking controller for medium to large scale photovoltaic generating plant, Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE’99, 8 (1999) @No $ @ @ Xiao W., Ozog N. and Dunford W.G., Topology Study of Photovoltaic Interface for Maximum Power Point Tracking, IEEE Tran. on Indu. Ele., 54 (3), 1696-1704 (2007) @No $ @ @ Hohm D. P. and Ropp M. E., Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms, Pro. in Phot.: Res. and App., 11, 47-62 (2003) @No $ @ @ Mandalia H.C., Jain V.K. and Pattanaik B.N., Application of Super-molecules in Solar Energy Conversion- A ReviewRes. J. Chem. 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@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Determination of Residual Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN) in White and Yellow Garri Flour Processed from Cassava (Manihot Esculata Crantz)<#LINE#>O.O.@Emoyan,P.O@Agbaire,B.O.@Peretieo-Clarke<#LINE#>78-80<#LINE#>14.ISCA-RJCS-2012-182.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1 Abraka, NIGERIA<#LINE#>28/7/2012<#LINE#>14/8/2012<#LINE#> Twenty samples of white and yellow garri flour produced from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) that were processed for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours using the combination methods of grating, dewatering, fermentation and frying were analysed for residual hydrocyanic acid concentration using the Spectrophotometeric alkaline Picrate method, (AOAC, 2000). Analysis of results showed that the mean concentration and percentage of HCN concentration lost to processing from 0 to 96 hours in white and yellow garri flour are not significantly different. Therefore, the length of processing time and the combination of grating, dewatering, fermentation and frying methods are responsible for the removal of HCN in both white and yellow garri flour. <#LINE#> @ @ Jansz E.R. and Uluwaduge D.I., Biochemical Aspects of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) with Special Emphasis on Cynogenic Glucosides, A Review, . Nutr. Sci. Coun. Sri Lanka.,25(1), 1-24 (1997) @No $ @ @ Centro International Agricultural Tropical  Cassava Programmed Annual Report, (Cali, Colombia (CIAT)  5-87 (1979) @No $ @ @ Olsen K.M. and Schaal B.A., Evidence on the Origin of Cassava: Phylogeography of Manihot Spp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,96 (10), 5586–91 (1999) @No $ @ @ Odoemelam S.A., Studies on Residual Hydrocyanic Acid in Garri Flour Made from Cassava (Manihot spp.) Pak. 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Ukpong E. and Adesina A.A., Modelling of the Rate Date from the Fermentation of Cassava Slurry, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 9, 1316 (1989) @No $ @ @ O’Brien G.M. and Mbome L., Variation in Cyanogen Content of Cassava during Village Processing in Camerouns, Food Chemistry,44, 131136 (1992) @No $ @ @ Milingi N.V., Assey V.D., Swai A.B.M., Mclaren D.G., Karlen H. and Rosling H.,  Determinants of Cyanide Exposure from Cassava in a known Afflicted Population in Northern Tanzania, Int. J. of food Sci. and Nutri.,44, 137-144 (1993) @No $ @ @ Oboh G. and Oladunmoye M.K., Biochemical Changes in Micro-Fungi Fermented Cassava Flour Produced from Low and medium-Cyanide Variety of Cassava Tubers Nutr. Health, 18(4) 355-367 (2007) @No $ @ @ Gouado I., Mawamba A.D., Ouambo R.S.M., Some I.T. and Félicité T.M., Provitamine A Carotenoid of Dried Fermented Cassava Flour: The Effect of Palm Oil Addition during Processing, Int. Jr. of Food Eng., 4(4), 1556-3758 (2008) @No 
<#LINE#>Dye-Sensitized Solar cell using extract of  Punica Granatum L. Pomegranate (Bedana) as a Natural Sensitizer<#LINE#>Bahadur@KarkiIndra,Jyoti@NakarmiJeevan,PradipKumar@Mandal,Suman@Chatterjee<#LINE#>81-83<#LINE#>15.ISCA-RJCS-2012-191.pdf<#LINE#>Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, NEPAL @ Department of Physics, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, INDIA <#LINE#>8/8/2012<#LINE#>13/8/2012<#LINE#> The extract of Pomegranate (Bedana), Punica Granatum L. was used as a natural sensitizer of a wide band gap semiconductor ZnO based in Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). It is one of the most promising devices for the solar energy conversion due to their low production cost and environmental friendly. ZnO nanorods were fabricated using sol-gel spin coating technique. The synthesis and performance study of ZnO nanorods based DSSC is reported in the present paper.  <#LINE#> @ @ Grätzel M., Photoeletrochemical cells, Nature,414, 338-344 (2001) @No $ @ @ Murakami Iha N.Y., Garcia C.G. and Bignozzi C.A., Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells, NalwaHS(Ed.), Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, American Scientific Publishers (2003) @No $ @ @ Bignozzi C.A, Schoonover J.R. and Scandola F., A supramolecular approach of light-harvesting and sensitization of wide-bandgap semiconductors: Antenna effects and charge separation, Prog. Inorg.Chem.,44, 1-95 (1997) @No $ @ @ Murakami Iha N.Y., Nakano A.K. and Garcia C.G., Fotoquímica Inorgânica na Conversão  de Energia Solar, Anais Assoc Bras Quím.,47, 46-56 (1998) @No $ @ @ Murakami Iha N.Y., Supramolecular Photochemistry and Solar Cells, An Acad. Bras. Cienc.,72, 67-73 (2000) @No $ @ @ Res. J. Chem. Sci.   International Science Congress Association 836.Cherepy N.J., Smestad G.P., Grätzel M. and Zhang J.Z., Ultrafast electron injection: Implications fora photoelectrochemical cell utilizing an anthocyanin dye-sensitized TiO nanocrystalline electrode, J. Phys. Chem. B,101, 9342-9351 (1997) @No $ @ @ Tennakone K, Kumarasinghe A.R., Kumara G.R.R.A., Wijayantha K.G.U. and Sirimanne P.M., Nanoporous TiOphotoanode sensitized with the flower pigment cyanidin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A,108, 193-195 (1997) @No $ @ @ Smestad G.P., Education and solar conversion:Demonstrating electron transfer, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells,55, 157-178 (1998) @No $ @ @ Smestad G.P. and Grätzel M., Demonstrating electron transfer and nanotechnology: A natural dyesensitized nanocrystalline energy converter, J. Chem. Educ.,75, 752-756 (1998) @No $ @ @ Dai Q. and Rabani J., Photosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO films by pomegranate pigments with unusually high efficiency in aqueous medium, Chem. 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