@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Activated carbon prepared from Shea Butter Husk by Box-Behnken response surface methodology<#LINE#>Bernard @Esther,Adulfatai @Jimoh,Muibat Diekola @Yahya,Auta @Manase <#LINE#>1-10<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJCS-2018-057.pdf<#LINE#>Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB-65, Minna, Nigeria@Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB-65, Minna, Nigeria@Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB-65, Minna, Nigeria@Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB-65, Minna, Nigeria<#LINE#>25/10/2018<#LINE#>28/12/2018<#LINE#>Activated carbon was prepared from shea butter husk with Potassium chloride (KCl) used as activating reagent. Box-Behnken design (BBD) tool, a subset of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was use to optimize the preparation parameters. The optimized variables used for activation of char obtained from shea butter husk after carbonization, were activation time, activation temperature and concentration of Potassium chloride (KCl) used. While iodine value was used as responses. The optimum iodine value of 1244.17mg/g was obtained at the best activating conditions of 600 oC, 90 min and 2.0M concentration. A desirability of 0.90 was obtained. The predicted results are in close range with the experimental results. The raw and prepared activated carbon were analyzed with the use FTIR and SEM. This study is important for cost-effective large scale activated carbon preparation for heavy metals treatment with the smallest amount of chemical usage and energy contribution.<#LINE#>Dan S. and Mishra S. (2017).@Box-Behnken Statistical Design to Optimize Preparation of Activated carbon from Limonia acidissima Shell with  Desirability Approach.@J. of Environ Chem. Eng., 5, 588-600.@Yes$Nwabanne J.T. and Igbokwe P.K. (2012).@Application of Response Surface Methodology for Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palmyra Palm Nut.@J. of  New York Sci., 5(9), 18-25.@Yes$Bansal R.C. and Goyal M. (2005).@Activated Carbon Adsorption.@CRC Press, 1st edition, USA, 1-5.@Yes$Bernard E. and Jimoh A. (2013).@Adsorption of Pb, Fe, Cu, and Zn from Industrial Electroplating Wastewater by Orange peel Activated carbon.@Int. J. of Eng and App Sci, 4, 97-104.@Yes$Bae W., Kim J. and Chung J. (2014).@Production of granular activated carbon from food-processing wastes (walnut shells and jujube seeds) and its adsorptive properties.@Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 64(8), 879-886.@Yes$Loredo-Cancino M., Soto-Regalado E., Cerino-C&oacute;rdova F.J., Garc&iacute;a-Reyes R.B., Garc&iacute;a-Le&oacute;n A.M. and Garza-Gonz&aacute;lez M.T. (2013).@Determining optimal conditions to produce activated carbon from barley husks using single or dual optimization.@Journal of environmental management, 125, 117-125.@Yes$Wang X., Li D., Li W., Peng J., Xia H., Zhang L., Guo S. and Chen G. (2013).@Optimization of Mesoporous Activated carbon from Coconut Shells by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid.@Bio Res., 8(4), 6184-6195.@Yes$Lim W.C., Srinivasakannan C. and Balasubramanian N. (2010).@Activation of palm shells by phosphoric acid impregnation for high yielding activated carbon.@Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 88(2), 181-186.@Yes$Foo K.Y. and Hameed B.H. (2011).@Utilization of rice husks as a feedstock for preparation of activated carbon by microwave induced KOH and K2CO3 activation.@Bioresource Technology, 102(20), 9814-9817.@Yes$Kobya M., Demirbas E., Senturk E. and Ince M. (2005).@Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from apricot stone.@Bioresource technology, 96(13), 1518-1521.@Yes$Hassan L.G., Itodo A.U. and Umar U.B. (2010).@Equilibrium study on the biosorption of malachite green from aqueous solution onto thermochemically cracked groundnut shells.@J Chem Pharm Res, 2(3), 656-666.@Yes$Chandra T.C., Mirna M.M., Sunarso J., Sudaryanto Y. and Ismadji S. (2009).@Activated carbon from durian shell: preparation and characterization.@Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 40(4), 457-462.@Yes$Cao Q., Xie K.C., Lv Y.K. and Bao W.R. (2006).@Process effects on activated carbon with large specific surface area from corn cob.@Bioresource Technology, 97(1), 110-115.@Yes$Suzuki R.M., Andrade A.D., Sousa J.C. and Rollemberg M.C. (2007).@Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rice bran.@Bioresource technology, 98(10), 1985-1991.@Yes$Stavropoulos G.G. and Zabaniotou A.A. (2005).@Production and Characterization of Activated carbons from Olive-seed Waste Residue.@Micro Meso Mater., 82, 79-85.@Yes$Prahas D., Kartika Y., Indraswati N. and Ismadji S. (2008).@Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: pore structure and surface chemistry characterization.@Chemical Engineering Journal, 140(1-3), 32-42.@Yes$Hirunpraditkoon S., Srinophakun P., Sombun N. and Moore E.J. (2015).@Synthesis of activated carbon from jatropha seed coat and application to adsorption of iodine and methylene blue.@Chemical Engineering Communications, 202(1), 32-47.@Yes$Baccar R., Bouzid J., Feki M. and Montiel A. (2009).@Preparation of activated carbon from Tunisian olive-waste cakes and its application for adsorption of heavy metal ions.@Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162(2-3), 1522-1529.@Yes$Yahya M.D., Mohammed-Dabo I.A., Ahmed A.S. and Olawale A.S. (2013).@Copper (II) Adsorption by Calcium-alginate Shea Butter Cake.@Civil and Environmental Research, 3(4), 20-38.@Yes$Alander J. (2004).@Shea butter-a multifunctional ingredient for food and cosmetics.@Lipid Technology, 16(9), 202-205.@Yes$Lovett P.N. (2004).@The Shea butter Value Chain Production, Transformation and Marketing in West Africa.@Wath Technical Report no. 2.@Yes$Al-Swaidan H.M. and Ahmad A. (2011).@Synthesis and Characterization of Activated carbon from  Saudi Arabian Dates Tree@Proceedings of the 3rd Inter Confer on Chem, Bio and Environ Eng., 20, 25-31.@Yes$Ali I. (2010).@The quest for active carbon adsorbent substitutes: inexpensive adsorbents for toxic metal ions removal from wastewater.@Separation & Purification Reviews, 39(3-4), 95-171.@Yes$Yahya M.A., Al-Qodah Z. and Ngah C.Z. (2015).@Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: a review.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 218-235.@Yes$Karacan F., Ozden U. and Karacan S. (2007).@Optimization of manufacturing conditions for activated carbon from Turkish lignite by chemical activation using response surface methodology.@Applied Thermal Engineering, 27(7), 1212-1218.@Yes$Pilkington J.L., Preston C. and Gomes R.L. (2014).@Comparison of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) towards efficient extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua.@Industrial crops and products, 58, 15-24.@Yes$Paethanom A. and Yoshikawa K. (2012).@Influence of pyrolysis temperature on rice husk char characteristics and its tar adsorption capability.@Energies, 5(12), 4941-4951.@Yes
<#LINE#>Multivariate analysis and ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in soils contaminated by automobile battery wastes at Kosofe area of Lagos, Nigeria<#LINE#>Ahanotu @C.C.,Oyeyiola @A.O.,Olayinka @K.O. <#LINE#>11-18<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJCS-2018-062.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, Owerri, Nigeria@Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria@Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria<#LINE#>25/11/2018<#LINE#>10/1/2019<#LINE#>This research work studied the multivariate analysis of potentially toxic metals in soils from the vicinity of automobile battery-workshops in Kosofe Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria. Representative soil samples were collected from ten selected locations where charging, refilling, repair and disposal of automobile batteries had been taking place. The samples were digested with aqua regia and analyzed for potentially toxic metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu) using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer under optimized conditions. The physicochemical properties of the soils (pH, %organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and particle size distribution) were determined using standard analytical methods. The original results obtained were then subjected to multivariate analysis using the principal component analysis to identify the correlation between the physicochemical parameters and the pseudo-total concentration of the potentially toxic metals. The ecological risk assessment of the potentially toxic metals was done using Hakanson's proposal. The results of the analysis showed that the soils in the study area were severely contaminated with Pb, Cd and Cu. The results of the principal component analysis showed that PC1 explained 33.06% of the total variance which exhibited a high positive loading on Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu while PC2 explained 26.69% of the total variance which exhibited a high positive loading on Cd, Ni, Cr and Cu. The results of the ecological risk assessment revealed that the soils around the study area were severely contaminated with Pb, Cd and Cu and these could have both natural and anthropogenic sources.<#LINE#>Abdulrahman F.W. and Itodo A.U. (2006).@Canned Fish Poisoning: High Level of Some Toxic Metals.@Medical and Pharm. Sciences, 2(1), 10-14.@Yes$Hardy D.H., Myers J. and Stokes C. (2008).@Heavy Metals in North Carolina Soils; Occurrence and Significance.@N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Agronomic Division. 1-2. available at www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/@Yes$Nwachukwu M.A., Feng H. and Alinnor J. (2011).@Trace Metal Dispersion in Soil from Auto-mechanic Village to Urban Residential Areas in Owerri, Nigeria.@Procedia Environmental Sciences, 4, 310-322.@Yes$Kosolapov D.B., Kuschk P., Vainshtein M.B., Vatsourina A.V., Wiebner A., Kasterner M. and Miller R.A. (2004).@Microbial Processes of Heavy Metal Removal from Carbon Deficient Effluents in Constructed Wetlands.@Engineering Life Science, 4(5), 403-411.@Yes$Adelekan B.A. and Abegunde K.D. (2011).@Heavy metals contamination of soil and groundwater at automobile mechanic villages in Ibadan, Nigeria.@International journal of physical sciences, 6(5), 1045-1058.@Yes$Walkley A. and Black I.A. (1934).@An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and a Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method.@Soil Sciences, 37, 29-38.@No$Gillman G.P. and Sumpter E.A. (1986).@Modification to the compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils.@Aust. J. Soil Res., 24, 61-66.@Yes$American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM D422), (2007).@Standard Test Method for Particle-size Analysis of Soils.@@Yes$Hakanson L.L. (1980).@An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control, a Sedimentological Approach.@Water Research, 14(8), 975-1001. DOI:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8@Yes$Qishlaqi A. and Moore F. (2007).@Statistical Analysis of Accumulation and Sources of Heavy Metals Occurrence in Agricultural Soils of Khoshk River Banks, Shiraz, Iran.@American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 2(5), 565-573.@Yes$Dinev N., Banov M. and Nikova I. (2008).@Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Contaminated Soils.@Gen. Appl. Plant Physiology, Special Issue 34(3-4), 389-396.@Yes$Bodar C.W., Pronk M.E. and Sijm D.T. (2006).@The European Union Risk Assessment on Zinc and Zinc Compounds: The process and the facts.@Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 1(4), 301-319.@Yes$Curtis L.R. and Smith B.W. (2002).@Heavy Metal in Fertilizers: Considerations in Setting Regulations in Oregun.@Oregun Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregun, 10.@Yes$Kaiser H.F. (1960).@The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis.@Edu. Psychol. Meas., 20, 141-151.@Yes$L'Herroux L., Le Roux S., Appriou P. and Martinez J. (1997).@Behaviour of Metals following Intensive Pig Slurry Applications to a Natural Field Treatment Process in Brittany France.@Environ. Pollution, 97, 119-130.@Yes$Chang A.C. and Page A.L. (2000).@Trace Elements Slowly Accumulating, Depleting in Soils.@Carlif. Agr., 54(2), 49-55.@Yes$Nicholson F.A., Smith S.R., Alloway B.J., Smith C.C. and Chambers B.J. (2003).@An Inventory of Heavy Metal Input to Agricultural Soil in England and Wales.@Sci Total Environ, 311(1-3), 205-219.@Yes$Parafilippaki A., Gasparatos D., Haidouti C. and Stavroulakis G. (2007).@Total and Bioavailable Forms of Cu. Zn, Pb and Cr in Agricultural Soils: A Study from the Hydrological Basin of Keritis, Chania, Greece.@Global NEST Journal, 9(3), 201-206.@Yes$Buchman M. (2008).@NOAA Screening Quick Reference Tables, NOAA OR&R Report 08-1 Seattle WA.@Office of Response and Restoration Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 34.@Yes$Holmgren G.G.S., Meyer M.W., Chaney R.L. and Daniels R.B. (1985).@Cadmium Levels in Soils and Crops in the United States.@@Yes
@Short Review Paper
<#LINE#>Review: Ethical consumption of food crops for biofuel production<#LINE#>Priyanka @Pathak <#LINE#>19-21<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJCS-2018-058.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, D.A.V. College, Chandigarh, India<#LINE#>12/11/2018<#LINE#>22/11/2018<#LINE#>Biofuel production is an adequate need which will lessen the emission of harmful effluents into the environment. These will provide better environment than fuels derived from fossil fuels. Economic development is also associated with energy sources available in country. So each country wants to have higher reservoirs of fuels than other. In this scenario each country wants to use new technologies which will help them in expanding their energy resources. Biofuels are alternative source of energy where fossil fuel reserves are not used.<#LINE#>Jain S. and Sharma M.P. (2010).@Stability of biodiesel and its blends: a review.@Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(2), 667-678.@Yes$Gerpen J.V. (2005).@Biodiesel Processing and Production.@Fuel Processing Technology, 86(10), 1097-1107.@Yes$Lee D.H. (2011).@Algal biodiesel economy and competition among bio-fuels.@Bioresource technology, 102(1), 43-49.@Yes$Singh S.P. and Singh D. (2010).@Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review.@Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(1), 200-216.@Yes$Srivastava A. and Prasad R. (2000).@Triglycerides-based diesel fuels.@Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 4(2), 111-133.@Yes$Goswami A.K. and Usmani G.A. (2014).@Characterization of biodiesel obtained from pure soyabean oil and its various blends with petro-diesel.@International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology, 3(9), 16287-16293.@Yes$Thompson P.B. (2012).@The agricultural ethics of biofuels: the food vs. fuel debate.@Agriculture, 2(4), 339-358.@Yes$Tenenbaum D.J. (2008).@Food vs. fuel: diversion of crops could cause more hunger.@Environmental health perspectives, 116(6), A254-A257.@Yes$Cassman G.K. and Liska A.J. (2007).@Food and fuel for all: realistic or foolish?.@Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining: Innovation for a sustainable economy, 1(1), 18-23.@Yes$M&uuml;ller A., Schmidhuber J., Hoogeveen J. and Steduto P. (2008).@Some insights in the effect of growing bio-energy demand on global food security and natural resources.@Water Policy, 10(S1), 83-94.@Yes$Fargione J., Hill J., Tilman D., Polasky S. and Hawthorne P. (2008).@Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt.@Science, 319(5867), 1235-1238.@Yes$Doornbosch R. and Steenblik R. (2007).@Biofuels: Is the cure worse than the disease? Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.@Round Table on Sustainable Development, Paris, France, 4.@Yes$Brown L. (2006).@Exploding US grain demand for automotive fuel threatens world food security and political stability.@Earth Policy Institute, November, 3.@Yes$Kim S. and Dale B.E. (2005).@Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: Bioethanol and biodiesel.@Biomass and Bioenergy, 29(6), 426-439.@Yes$Searchinger T., Heimlich R., Houghton R.A., Dong F., Elobeid A., Fabiosa J. and Yu T.H. (2008).@Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change.@Science, 319(5867), 1238-1240.@Yes$Pols Auke, Spahn Andreas, Thompson Paul B. and Kaplan David M. (2014).@Biofuels: Ethical aspects.@encyclopedia of food and agricultural ethics. Springer Netherlands, 211-217.@Yes$Gomiero T., Paoletti M.G. and Pimentel D. (2010).@Biofuels: efficiency, ethics, and limits to human appropriation of ecosystem services.@Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics, 23(5), 403-434.@Yes$Rabelo S.C., Carrere H., Maciel Filho R. and Costa A.C. (2011).@Production of bioethanol, methane and heat from sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery concept.@Bioresource technology, 102(17), 7887-7895.@Yes$Gao X., Liu Y., Chen Z. and Wu L. (2012).@Rapid screening and cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms.@Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 50, 282-289.@Yes$Sankh S., Thiru M., Saran S. and Rangaswamy V. (2013).@Biodiesel production from a newly isolated Pichia kudriavzevii strain.@Fuel, 106, 690-696.@No$Raja Antony S., Smart Robinson D.S. and Lee Robert Lindon C. (2011).@Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil and its charctaerization.@Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(1), 81-87.@Yes