Research Journal of Chemical Vol. 5(10), 28-32, October (201 International Science Congress Association Green Fuel: The Next Generation Eco Ansari Anjum 1 Applied Chemistry Department, UIT, BU, Bhopal 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, UIT, BU, Bhopal Available online at: Received 19th June Abstract The main objective of sustainable feedstock (algal biofuels) as fuels is due to the adverse environmental effects of fossil f its combustion and their limited availability. Microalgal biomass containing high oil content is of great importance for the production of biodiesel. Another challenge in this field is Oil extraction which is easily addressed from the engineering techniques. There are three important steps for the extraction of oil from algae: first extraction, and third supercritical CO fluid extraction. After extraction, due to chemical similarity of crude algae oil with crude fossil fuel oil, the enginee ring challenges associated with algae oil conversion to usable liquid fuels are also similar. From the micro- algae tested in present work, Neochloris Ole as raw materials for bio fuels production, Keywords: Bio fuel; r enewable sources; micro Introduction The importance of algal bio fuels as fuels attracts world over attention due to fulfil demand of ever increasing energy and replacement of fossil fuel as it has limited availability adverse environmental effect. For the replacement of current rate of c onsumption of all transport fuels in the India would require 0.53 billion m per year of bio fuels. Because current industrial sources of biodiesel will never be able to meet this demand; however, biodiesel production from microalgae may be able to fulfil this demand because it is capable of high oil yields in comparatively lesser land area and also consumption of microalgae for biodiesel will have limited impacts on other markets. World Marketed Energy Consumption, 1980 Chemical Sciences _________________________________ ______ (201 5) International Science Congress Association Green Fuel: The Next Generation Eco - Friendly Algal Bio Ansari Anjum , Rajvaidya Rohit and Amlathe Sulbha1* Applied Chemistry Department, UIT, BU, Bhopal - 462026, INDIA Mechanical Engineering Department, UIT, BU, Bhopal - 462026, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me June 2015, revised 7th August 2015, accepted 17th September 2015 The main objective of sustainable feedstock (algal biofuels) as fuels is due to the adverse environmental effects of fossil f their limited availability. Microalgal biomass containing high oil content is of great importance for the production of biodiesel. Another challenge in this field is Oil extraction which is easily addressed from the engineering important steps for the extraction of oil from algae: first - oil press/expeller, second fluid extraction. After extraction, due to chemical similarity of crude algae oil with ring challenges associated with algae oil conversion to usable liquid fuels are also similar. algae tested in present work, Neochloris Ole -abundans and Nannochloropsis species proved to be suitable as raw materials for bio fuels production, due to their high oil content (29.0 and 28.7%) respectively. enewable sources; micro -algae; environmental friendly; economic sustainability The importance of algal bio fuels as fuels attracts world over attention due to fulfil demand of ever increasing energy and replacement of fossil fuel as it has limited availability and adverse environmental effect. For the replacement of current onsumption of all transport fuels in the India would per year of bio fuels. Because current industrial sources of biodiesel will never be able to meet this demand; however, biodiesel production from microalgae may be this demand because it is capable of high oil yields in comparatively lesser land area and also consumption of microalgae for biodiesel will have limited impacts on other Algal bio fuels come under the carbon category. A lgae are photosynthetic in nature which converts sunlight, water and CO into various sugars and lipids Tri Glycols (TAG) and used as an eco renewable and green fuel source for future in India. A study made by the Energy Infor mation Administration (EIA) projects a 50% increase in world energy consumption by 2030, arising political concerns. Another study done by the EIA projects the amount of energy consumed worldwide by fuel type. It is expected that world oil price will remai liquid fuels, are the slowest growing energy source. However, liquid consumption increases at the rate of 1.2% from 2005 2030 2, 3. Figure-1 World Marketed Energy Consumption, 1980 -2030 ______ _______ ISSN 2231-606X Res. J. Chem. Sci. 28 Friendly Algal Bio - Fuel The main objective of sustainable feedstock (algal biofuels) as fuels is due to the adverse environmental effects of fossil f uel, their limited availability. Microalgal biomass containing high oil content is of great importance for the production of biodiesel. Another challenge in this field is Oil extraction which is easily addressed from the engineering oil press/expeller, second -hexane fluid extraction. After extraction, due to chemical similarity of crude algae oil with ring challenges associated with algae oil conversion to usable liquid fuels are also similar. Nannochloropsis species proved to be suitable 28.7%) respectively. environmental friendly; economic sustainability . Algal bio fuels come under the carbon -neutral alternative fuels lgae are photosynthetic in nature which converts into various sugars and lipids Tri -Acyl- Glycols (TAG) and used as an eco -friendly, alternative, renewable and green fuel source for future in India. mation Administration (EIA) projects a 50% increase in world energy consumption by 2030, arising political concerns. Another study done by the EIA projects the amount of energy consumed worldwide by fuel type. It is expected that world oil price will remai n high and liquid fuels, are the slowest growing energy source. However, liquid consumption increases at the rate of 1.2% from 2005 - Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 5(10), 28-32, October (2015) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 29 Material and MethodsAlgal Biodiesel Opportunities in India: India is a rapidly expanding country w.r.t. population and economy. Like many developing and developed countries, economic growth in India also correlated with increased energy consumption. The consequence of this rapid economic growth there is continue increase in air, water, soil, radioactive, noise pollution, deforestation, water shortages and carbon emissions. Country’s carbon emission is due to rapid industrialization, transportation sector growth and the wide-spread use of coal as a fuel. Due to which there is sudden rise in utilization of non-renewable energy sources, which can cause large amount scarcity of these fuels in future. So to prevent such conditions we need for alternative sources of energy. Microalgae seem to be the promising renewable energy sources for India. India’s tropical climate is very much suitable to grow various species of micro-algae, which serves as natural benefit also for the production of algal biodiesel. Because of large-scale biodiesel production and consumption we can lowers India’s dependency on other countries. It also helps to improve air quality in metro cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai etc. and reclaims unusable wastelands, Improve employments and increase the country’s economy for its planned 8-10% annual GDP growth according to 11th five year plan of India 4-8. Process Overview: Three major processes included in the production of algae biodiesel. i. Production of the algae biomass. ii. Algae oil is extracted from the algae biomass. iii. Algae oil is taken through a trans-esterification reaction to yield biodiesel. Figure-2 Comparison of First, Second Generation Bio fuel and Petroleum Fuel Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 5(10), 28-32, October (2015) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 30 Figure-3 A Detailed Process of Biodiesel from AlgaeTable-1 Comparison of Biodiesel from Micro Algal Oil and Diesel Fuel Properties Biodiesel from Microalgal oil Diesel fuel Density Kg/L 0.864 0.838 Viscosity Pa s 5.2 x 10-4 (40 C) 1.9 -4.1 x 10 - 4 (40 C) Flash point C 65-115 75 Solidifying point C -12 -50-10 Cold filter plugging point C -11 -3.0 (-6.7 max) Acid value mg KOH/g .0374 0.5 max Heating value MJ/Kg 41 40-45 HC ratio 1.18 1.18 Experimentation: Three types of samples (Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, Neochloris ole-abundans A, B, C respectively) were taken from different areas. The samples were kept for 8-10 hours for 5 days to induce photo chemical reaction in presence of sunlight. Step-1 Sample Filtrations: These samples are filtered by using whatmann filter paper (42).The filtrate is than collected in 3 different tubes. The following water quality tests have done with all samples separately. pH test: At room temperature (35C): The test is carried out by standard procedure. It has been noted that pH is shifted towards alkaline nature. Table-2 pH Value of Different Species Sample Volume (1 ml sample + 9 ml distilled water) pH value A 10 8.05 B 10 8.13 C 10 8.04 Alkalinity test: The test is carried out by standard procedure(R): The alkalinity was found be 300-600 which is higher than the permissible level. Table-3 Alkalinity of Different Species sample Volume (1 ml sample + 4 ml distilled water) X (ml) Alkalinity (ppm) A 5 2.5 500 B 5 1.5 300 C 5 3.2 640 Hardness test: The test is carried out by standard procedure(R): It has been noted that hardness is found between 3200-3500 which is much higher than the permissible level. Table-4 Hardness of Different Species Sample Volume (1 ml sample + 4 ml distilled water) X (ml) Hardness (ppm) A 5 17 3400 B 5 16 3200 C 5 17.5 3500 Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 5(10), 28-32, October (2015) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 31 Step-2 Extraction with n-hexane: After filtration process, we obtained 2 types of sample solid and liquid from sample A, B and C. Each sample has taken into 2 different tubes one in solid form and another in liquid phase. n-Hexane 7-8 ml approx mixes into these tubes with 3 ml liquid sample and NH and SO 2-3 ml approx. sample kept in tubes for chemical reaction at room temperature for a day. From above procedure it has been observed that liquid sample A and C has oil formation potential, sample B remains unchanged. For solid sample again filtrate the samples A, B and C after some time we observed that sample A and C shows some oil layer and bubbles into the sample. Sample B remains unchanged. So from above observation we can say that sample A and C has oil potential 10-20, 5-8 Trans-esterification- When oil is extracted from algae, vegetable oil is the resulting product called green crude, which is quite similar to crude oil. This green crude cannot blend with crude petroleum due to the presence of large amount of oxygen. Algal biomass would be a poor blend stock because the oxygenated reagents could react with the unsaturated hydrocarbons present in it at high temperatures which are used in different techniques viz. crude distillation and causing polymerization or undesirable reactions. The two important techniques of converting lipids from the extracted algae to bio fuel are trans-esterification and catalytic conversion. In trans-esterification process, methanol and ethanol is substituted for glycerol of the triacylglycerol from the algae extraction. Trans-esterification of algal oil is commonly done with ethanol where sodium ethanolate is used as catalyst. The triglycerides of the algal oil react with ethanol and produce an ester fuel with similar characteristics to diesel. Trans-esterification reactions reported yields of 95% - 98% by weight at 60C. Below this temperature the yield is drastically decreases, while above this temperatures yield becomes between 80% - 90%. Results and Discussion The species can further be utilized for extraction of bio-fuels as they exhibit potential of bio-fuel generation. Calorific Value of Microalgae: The calorific value of algae has been found to be between 3.58 and 5.47 Kcal/g (paine and vadas 1969). Using these values it is possible to estimate the calorific value of algae for a range of algal oil contents as shown in table. For a 20% content in the algae calorific value would be 5.2 Kcal/g [(0.2 x 9.4) + (0.8 X 4.2)]. Using the estimated calorific value and law of conservation of energy it is possible to calculate the total amount of algal biomass (potential calorific value of biomass/calorific value of algae) displayed in table– Algae oil content can be high over 70% with oil levels of 20% - 50% being reasonably common, but it is 10 - 30% when grown under nutrient replete conditions. The NREL study found that in certain species oil yields up to 60% and maximum productivity levels were lower oil contents21-24. Table-5 Calorific Value and Algal Oil Content Comparison of Microalgae Algae oil Content Calorific Value Yield Algae Yield Algal Oil Yield Algal Oil % oil Kcal/g Metric Tons/Hectare/Year US Gallons/Acre/Year Barrels/Acre/Year 10.00% 4.7 401 4667 111 20.00% 5.2 361 8408 200 30.00% 5.8 328 11474 273 40.00% 6.3 301 14032 334 50.00% 6.8 278 16198 386 60.00% 7.3 258 18057 430 70.00% 7.8 241 19669 468 80.00% 8.4 226 21081 502 SWOT Analysis: SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is developed for clearing all the possibilities and threats of this technology. SWOT analysis is a common tool used to plan and understand the 4 major categories involved in any project, business or technology. SWOT analysis originated from a research conducted at Stanford Research Institute (1960-1970). SWOT is used as a part of strategic planning process. The main objective is the massification and use of algal bio fuels over the next 30 years25. Conclusion Micro algal biodiesel is very feasible in nature and also economic than petro diesel. Their production, harvesting and extraction must be optimized. We can improve their algal biology nature through different techniques viz. genetic and metabolic engineering. In present work, Neochloris ole-abundans and Nannochloropsis species Proved to be suitable as raw materials for bio fuels production because they posses high oil content (29.0 and 28.7%, respectively). These are fresh water and marine microalgae, respectively, which enhance the cultivation possibilities and do not compete with food crops. So, we can conclude that microalgae produce bio fuel because of the accumulate lipids in it and their very high photosynthetic yields; about 3-8% of solar energy can be converted to biomass whereas observed yields for terrestrials plants are 0.5%. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 5(10), 28-32, October (2015) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 32 Future Scope: Algal biomass is an important sustainable feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Comparatively other oil producing crops it can produce up to 30 times more oil. Therefore algae can be widely used in future for bio fuel production. It can replace the use of fossil fuel and become an environment friendly and produce new energy sources in future so that alternative method of oil extraction can be used for oil production. The best method for oil extraction from biomass is Chemical Extraction with Soxhlet Extractor with the use of n-Hexane as a solvent. Acknowledgements We are thankful to the Vice Chancellor of Barkatullah University, Director of UIT, Barkatullah University, Bhopal. References 1.www.learner.org, (2015)2.Azapagic A., Sustainability Considerations for Integrated Bio refineries. Tre. In Biotech., 32(1), (2014)3.Carvalho A.P., Meireles L.A. and Malcata F.X., Microalgal reactors: a review of enclosed system designs and performances. Biotech. Progr., 22, 1490-1506 (2006) 4.Chisti Y., Shear sensitivity, In: Flickinger MC, Drew SW, editors. Encyclopedia of bioprocess technology: fermentation, biocatalysis and bio separation, 5, 2379-406 (1999) 5.Sanchez Miron A., Ceron Garcia M.C., Contreras Gomez A., Garcia Camacho F., Molina Grima E. and Chisti, Y., Shear stress tolerance and biochemical characterization of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in quasi steady-state continuous culture in outdoor photo bioreactors. Bioch. Eng. J.16, 287-97 (2003)6.Spolaore P., Joannis-Cassan C., Duran E. and Isambert, A. Commercial applications of microalgae. J. of Biosci. and Bioengi.101(2), 87-96 (2006)7.Terry K.L. and Raymond L.P., System designs for the autotrophic production of microalgae, Enz. and Microbi. Techno,7(10), 474-487 (1985)8.Tredici M.R., Bioreactors, photo. In: Flickinger, M. C., Drew, S. W., editors. Encyclopedia of bioprocess Technology: fermentation, biocatalysis and bioseperation Wiley, 395-419 (1999) 9.www.oilgae.com, (2015)10.Chisti Y., Biodiesel from Microalgae. Biotech. Advan,25, 294-306 (2007)11.Chisti Y., Biodiesel from microalgae beats bio ethanol. Tre. In Biotech, 26:126-131.doi:10.1016/j.tibtech. 2007.12.002.(2008)12.FAO. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin-128 (chapter I- Biological Energy Production) [online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm (1997)13.Garcia Camacho F., Molina Grima E., Sanchez Miron A., Gonzalez Pascual V. and Chisti Y., Carboxymethyl cellulose protects algal cells against hydrodynamic stress. Enz. Mic. Technol.29, 602-610 (2001)14.Garcia Camacho F., Gallardo Rodriguuez J., Sanchez Miron A., Ceron Gracia M.C., Belarbi E.H. and Chisti Y., et al. Biotechnological significance of toxic marine dinoflagellates. Biotech. Adv.25, 176-94 (2007)15.Grobbelaar J.U., Algal nutrition. In: Richmond A, editor. Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell, 97-115 (2004)16.Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th Edition, World Health Organisation (WHO) 2011. ISBN 9789241548151 17.Molina Grima E., Acien Fernandez F.G., Garcia Camacho F. and Chisti Y., Photo bioreactors: light regime, mass transfer and scale up. J. Biotechnol. 70, 231-47 (1999)18.Oligae, Oligae Report Academic Edition. Obtained through the Internet: http://www.oligae.com/, [accessed 10/04/2014] (2010)19.Paine R. and Vadas R., Calorific values of benthic marine algae and their postulated relation to invertebrate food reference. Mari. Biol., 79-86 (1969)20.Pulz O., Photo bioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. App. Microbio. and Biotech.57, 287-293 (2001)21.Mazzuca Sobczuk T., Garcia Camacho F., Molina Grima E. and Chisti Y., Effects of agitation on the microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum and porphyridium cruentum. Biopro. Biosys. Eng.28, 243-50 (2006)22.Mcardle W., Katch F. and Katch V., Exercise physiology th Edition- Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance, Lippinott Williams and Wilkins, (2006)23.Moheimani N.R., Microalgae Culture for Bio fuel Production. Asia Pacific Partnership [Online]. Available: http://www.asiaspecificpartnership.org/pdf/PGTTF/ngf/Wednesday/microalgae%20culture%20project.ppt [Accessed 04/04/2014] (2008)24.Molina Grima E., Microalgae, mass culture methods. In: Flickinger, M.C., Drew, S.W., editors. Encyclopaedia of bioprocess technology: fermentation, biocatalysis and bio separation, , 1743-69 (1999)25.Humphrey A.S., History of the SWOT analysis. Obtained through the Internet: http://rapidbi.wordpress.com/2008 /12/29/history-of-the-swot-analysis/, [accessed 12/4/2014] (2004)