<#LINE#>Estimation of free fatty acids, iodine value and saponification value of sea oil and its FTIR study<#LINE#>Swaroopa Rani N. @Gupta <#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJCS-2024-018.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Maharashtra India<#LINE#>5/11/2024<#LINE#>25/5/2025<#LINE#>Sea buckthorn oil is red-orange oil derived from sea buckthorn plants. Oil content in seeds of sea buckthorn is on average 7–11 % while oil content of the fruit pulp is around 1.5–3%. Seed oil is characterized by high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids while pulp oil contains monounsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids. Both oils also contain dense amounts of tocopherols, tocotrienols and plant sterols. Present Paper deals with Estimation of Free Fatty acids, Iodine value and Saponification value of Sea Buckthorn Oil and FTIR study of Sea Buckthorn Oil. Fat or oil contains small quantity of free fatty acids. On storing, the free fatty acid contents of the fat or oil increases. The free fatty acid contents are determined by direct titration of fat or oil with standard KOH solution. The acid value is defined as the numbers of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acid present in 1 g of the fat or oil. The iodine value of oil is the number of grams of iodine taken up by 100 g of the oil. It is determined by reacting a known volume of excess solution of iodine monochloride in acetic acid (Wij's solution) with oil and then back titrating unreacted iodine with Sodium thiosulphate solution. Saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of milligrams of Potassium Hydroxide required to hydrolyse (saponify) one gram of oil completely. A known amount of oil is refluxed with excess amount of standard alcoholic potash solution and the unused alkali is titrated against standard acid solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator.<#LINE#>Yang B. and Kallio H.P. (2001).@Fatty acid composition of lipids in sea buckthorn (Hippophaërhamnoides L.) berries of different origins.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(4), 1939–1947.@Yes$Andersson S.C., Olsson M.E., Johansson E., Rumpunen K. (2009).@Carotenoids in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries during ripening and use of pheophytin a as a maturity marker.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry@Yes$Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P, Tahvonen R and Pan R (2002).@Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensis and mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides).@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(10), 3004–3009.@Yes$Yang B, Karlsson RM, Oksman PH, Kallio HP (2001).@Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries: identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(11), 5620–5629.@Yes$Zielińska A and Nowak I (2017).@Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil.@Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1), 95.@Yes$Gâtlan, A. M., & Gutt, G. (2021).@Sea buckthorn in plant based diets. An analytical approach of sea buckthorn fruits composition: Nutritional value, applications, and health benefits.@International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(17), 8986.@Yes$Bal, L. M., Meda, V., Naik, S. N., & Satya, S. (2011).@Sea buckthorn berries: A potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals.@Food research international, 44(7), 1718-1727.@Yes$Koskovac, M., Cupara, S., Kipic, M., Barjaktarevic, A., Milovanovic, O., Kojicic, K., & Markovic, M. (2017). Sea buckthorn oil—A valuable source for cosmeceuticals. Cosmetics, 4(4), 40.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Bath‐Hextall, F. J., Jenkinson, C., Humphreys, R., & Williams, H. C. (2012).@Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema.@The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012(2), CD005205.@Yes <#LINE#>Synthesis, Characterization and Study of electrical properties of novel Azo polymer and Azo poly chelates<#LINE#>Subhash B. @Thakor <#LINE#>7-17<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJCS-2025-010.pdf<#LINE#>Shri PHG Municipal Arts and Science College, Gujarat University, Kalol – 382721, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>27/6/2025<#LINE#>8/9/2025<#LINE#>4,6 Dinitroresorcinol undergo reduction with alcoholic alkali to form a new Azo polymer Poly[Azo(1-napthol)] These Co-ordination polymers Poly azo chelates were prepared with Cu+2, Ni+2, Co+2, Mn+2 and Zn+2 Metal ions. The newly polymer synthesised at scheme-1 shown in Figure-1 were characterized by various spectral techniques. The polychelates reported in this study were coloured solids and practically insoluble in water and in regular organic solvents. We have characterized with elemental analysis, molar magnetic susceptibilities, spectroscopic (IR & Reflactance) data and Thermogravimetric analysis. Nonaqueous conductometric titrations were used to determine the number average molecular weight of the compound. Room temperature conductivity data for ligand and its polychelates indicated that the electrical conductivity of these compounds lie in the semi-conducting range (1.33x10-8 to 8.20x10-11cm-1). The log vs 1/T plots were found to be linear, which also indicated the semiconducting behavior of the ligand and the polychelates in the temperature range studied. The general conduction behaviour of the electrical conductivity ( ) can be described by = 0 exp (-Ea/kT), where 0 is a constant, Ea the activation energy of the conduction process. The magnitude depends on T the absolute temperature and where K is the Boltzman constant. Activation energy (Ea) Az-ligand (Polymer) The Azo polymer (Az),poly[azo(1-napthol)] and poly chelates is derived from the slope of plots with values from 0.60 – 1.78 eV and they are shown to follow this order Az-Cu+2>Az-Mn+2>Az-lig>Az-Co+2>Az-Zn+2>Az-Ni+2.<#LINE#>Bach, H.C. (1966).@Polymerproperties.@Polymer Preprints, 7, 576.@Yes$Bach, H.C. (1969).@Polymer characteristics.@Journal of Polymer Science, 22, 799.@Yes$Kotyarevskii, E.K. (1964).@Polymer studies.@Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 10, 1954.@No$Asquith, R.S. (1977).@Dyeing properties of polymers.@Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 93(4), 114-120.@Yes$Ravve, A., & Fitko, C. (1964).@Polymer synthesis.@Journal of Polymer Science, 2, 1925.@Yes$Berlin, A. A., & Parini, V. P. (1959).@Polymer research.@Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1674.@Yes$Berlin, A.A. (1964).@Polymer advancements.@Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 705.@Yes$Sosin, S.L. (1964).@Polymer studies.@Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 354.@Yes$Blako, N. (1961).@Polymer compositions.@U.S. Patent No. 2, 994, 693.@Yes$Mircea, I. (1975).@Polymer chemistry.@Makromolekul are Chemie, 174, 883. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1975. 02174 0501@Yes$Ryo, O. (1986).@Polymer applications.@Chemical Abstracts, 105, 61189b.@No$Jerca, F. A., Jerca, V.V., & Hoogenboom, R. (2022).@Advances and opportunities in the exciting world of azobenzenes.@Nature Reviews Chemistry, 6, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00334-4@Yes$Dembitsky, V.M., Gloriozova, T.A., & Poroikov, V.V. (2017).@Pharmacological and predicted activities of naturalazo compounds.@Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 7, 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13659-017-0118-5@Yes$Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd. (1966). Polymer compositions. French Patent No.1,436, 140.@undefined@undefined@No$Asquith, R.S. (1977).@Dyeing properties of polymers.@Journal of the Society of Dyersand Colourists, 93(4), 114-120.@Yes$Inukai, Y. (1984).@Polymer science advancements.@Contemporary Topics in Polymer Science, 4, 183.@Yes$Berlin, A.A., & Matviejeva, N.G. (1960).@Polymer chemistry.@Uspekhi Khimii, 29,277.@Yes$Mark, J.E. (Ed.). (2003).@Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology (3rded.).@Wiley Inter science.@Yes$Bhandari, M., Kaur, D.P., & Alam, S. (2023).@Electrically conducting smart biodegradable polymers and their applications.@In Advances in biodegradable polymers (pp. 391-413). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18328-7_17@Yes$Bredas, J. L., & Chance, R. R. (1990).@Conjugated polymeric materials: Opportunities in electronics.@optoelectronics, and molecular electronics. Springer.@Yes$Aldissi, M. (1993).@Intrinsically conducting polymers: An emerging technology.@Kluwer Academic Publishers.@Yes$McBride, J. W., & Lam, L. (2007).@Polymeric materials in power engineering.@In International Conference of Polymeric Materials in Power Engineering (ICPMPE), Bangalore, India, 4-6 October (pp. 9).@Yes$Shea, J. J. (2002).@Conducting polymers, fundamentals and applications (Book Review).@IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 18(3), 60-61. https://doi.org/10.1109/ MEI.2002.1014969@Yes$Shea, J. J. (2004).@Conductive electro active polymers, intelligent materials systems.@2nd ed. (Book Review). IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 20(2), 52. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2004.1287471@Yes$Hannel, S., Fouvry, S., Kapsa, P., & Vincent, L. (2001).@The fretting liding transition as a criterion for electrical contact performance.@Wear, 249(9), 761-770.@Yes$Hjelm, J., Handel, R. W., Hagfeldt, A., Constable, E. C., House croft, C. E., & Forster, R. J. (2005).@Conducting metallopolymers: The roles of molecular architecture and redox matching.@Inorganic Chemistry, 44(4),@Yes$Apitz, D., Bertram, R. P., Benter, N., Sommer-Larsen, P., Johansen, P. M., & Buse, K. (2006).@Investigation of holographic storage in conjugated polymers.@Chem Phys Chem, 7(2), 468-476.@Yes$Nalwa, H. S. (1997).@Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers (Vols. 1-4).@John Wiley & Sons.@Yes$Chandrasekhar, P. (1999).@Conducting polymers, fundamentals and applications.@Kluwer Academic Publishers.@Yes$Obadhun, J., Oparah, E. N., Agho, O. B., & Okheh, Q. (2020).@Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties of polyaniline encapsulated azo dye.@International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 7(7), 229-236.@Yes$Kaynak, A. (1998).@Electromagnetic shielding and conductivity of polypyrrole composites.@Materials Research Bulletin, 33(8), 1309-1320. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0025-5408(98)00107-5@Yes$Batten, S. R., & Robson, R. (1998).@Interpenetrating metal-organic frameworks.@Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 37(11), 1460-1494.@Yes$Yaghi, O. M., O@Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials.@Nature, 423(6941), 705-714.@Yes$Kitagawa, S., Kitaura, R., & Noro, S. I. (2004).@Functional porous coordination polymers. Angewandte Chemie International Edition.@43(18), 2334-2375. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/anie.200300610@Yes$Kitagawa, S., & Uemura, K. (2005).@Dynamicporous coordination polymers.@Chemical Society Reviews, 34(2), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1039/B313997C@Yes$Roesky, H.W., & Andruh, M. (2003).@Coordination polymers with nitrogen-donorligands.@Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 236(1-2), 91-119. https://doi.org /10.1016/S0010-8545(02) 00210-8@Yes$Janiak, C. (2003).@Engineering coordination polymers towards applications.@Dalton Transactions, (14), 2781-2804. https://doi.org/10.1039/B305705B@Yes$Patel, N.H., Patel, K.N., & Patel, M.N. (2002).@Synthesis and characterization of coordination polymers.@Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, 32(10), 1879-1894. https://doi.org/10.1081/SIM-120016470@Yes$Selvaraj, V. (2021).@An overview on recently developed techniques, mechanisms and intermediates involved in the advanced azodyedegradation for industrial applications.@Journal of Molecular Structure, 1224, 129195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129195@Yes$Kumar, A. (2023).@Role of conducting polymersin corrosion protection.@World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 17(2), 045-047. https://doi.org/ 10.30574/ wjarr. 2023.17.2. 0245@Yes$Dam, S. (2024).@Engineering gas sensors with conducting polymers.@Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 401, 134987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.134987@Yes$Ahmed, H. (2023).@Conducting polymers-based sensors: An overview.@Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34(12), 987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10234-5@Yes$Ali, Y. (2018).@Biomedical applications of aromatic azo compounds.@Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 18(18), 1548-1558. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955751866 6180604083017@Yes$Moulton, B., & Zaworotko, M. J. (2001).@From molecules to crystal engineering: Supramolecular isomerism and polymorphism in net works olids.@Chemical Reviews, 101(6), 1629-1658. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9900432@Yes$Zhang, G. Q., Yang, G. Q., & Ma, J. S. (2006).@Two-dimensional coordination polymers.@Crystal Growth & Design, 6(2), 357-360. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg0503246@Yes$Ghosh, A. K., Ghoshal, D., Ribas, J., Mostafa, G., & Chaudhuri, N. R. (2006).@Coordination polymers with varying dimensionality.@Crystal Growth & Design, 6(1), 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg0502080@Yes$Zang, S. Q., Su, Y., Li, Y. Z., Zhu, H. Z., & Meng, Q. J. (2006).@Novel coordination polymers with luminescent properties.@Inorganic Chemistry, 45(7), 2972-2978. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/ic0517067@Yes$Xu, Y., Yuan, D., Wu, B., Han, L., Wu, M., Jiang, F., & Hong, M. (2006).@Coordination polymers with mixed ligands.@Crystal Growth & Design, 6(5), 1168-1174. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/cg050624y@Yes$Kaliyappan T. & Kannan P. (2000).@Co-ordination polymers.@Progress in Polymer Science, 25(3), 343-370. https://doi.org /10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00008-6@Yes$Kitagawa S., Kitaura R., & Noro S.I. (2004).@Functional porous coordination polymers.@Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43(18), 2334-2375. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200300610@Yes$Mitra R. P., & Chatterjee, S. K. (1963).@Polymer studies.@Indian Journal of Chemistry, 1, 62.@Yes$Desousa, G. A. (1978).@Polymer chemistry.@Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 16(10), 2671-2686. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170161013@Yes$ASTM (1981). Annual book of standards, D.C. resistance or conductivity of insulating materials D527, part 39. American Society for Testing and Materials.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Apitz, D., Bertram, R.P., Benter, N., Sommer-Larsen, P., Johansen, P.M., & Buse, K. (2007).@Holographic storage in conjugated polymers.@Chem Phys Chem, 9(5), 768-775. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200600672@Yes$Knudson, E., Helf, E., Quan, X., & Smith, S.D. (1993).@Polymer properties. Macromolecules.@26(10), 2698-2703. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00062a026@Yes$Khattab, A. F., Mahamood, S. F., & Shahab, Y. A. N. (2008).@Optical properties of polymers.@Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 10(6), 1463-1467.@Yes$Parekh, H. M., Panchal, P. K., & Patel, M. N. (2006).@Thermal studies of coordination polymers.@Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 86(3), 803-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-006-7631-7@Yes$Charles, R. G., Freiser, H., Friedel, R., Hilliard, L. E., & Johnston, R. D. (1958).@Infrared absorption spectra of metal chelates derived from 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, and 4-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline.@Spectrochimica Acta, 8(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ 0371-1951(58)80001-7@Yes$Hathway, B. J., & Tomlinson, A. A. G. (1970).@Coordination chemistry of metal complexes.@Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 5(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8545(00)80099-2@Yes$Pancholi, H. B., & Patel, M. M. (1996).@Polymeric Schiff base complexes.@Journal of Polymer Materials, 13, 261-267.@Yes$Papplardo, R. (1960).@Spectroscopic studies of polymers.@The Journal of Chemical Physics, 33(2), 613-614. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1731193@Yes$Lewis, J., & Wilkins, R. S. (1960).@Modern coordination chemistry.@NewYork: Inter science Publishers.@Yes$Nikolav, A. V., Logvinenko, V. A., & Mychina, L. T. (1969).@Thermal analysis of polymers.@In Thermal Analysis (Vol. 2, pp. 779). Academic Press.@Yes$El-Manakhly, K. A. (1998).@Electrical and magnetic properties of some anthraquinone omicron-carboxylicphenyl hydrazone metal complexes.@Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 75, 315.@Yes$Aswar, A. S., & Munshi, K .N. (1995). Studies on electrical properties of semiconducting chelate polymers. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 72, 883.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Katon, J.E. (1968). Organicsemiconductingpolymers. MarcelDekker,Inc.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Patel, M. N., Patel, P. P., & Upadhyaya, H. D. (1991).@Electrical, thermal, magnetic, and spectral properties of polymeric Schiff base complexes derived from bis (salycyladehyde) sulphone and benzidine.@Indian Journal of Chemistry, 30A, 813.@Yes$Bhadra, S., & Khastgir, D. (2007).@Degradation and stability of polyaniline. Polymer Degradation and Stability.@92(10), 1824-1832. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.002@Yes$Massi, M., Al bonetti, C., Facchini, M., Cavallini, M., & Biscarini, F. (2006).@Toward molecular electronics: Organic thin films.@Advanced Materials, 18(20), 2739-2742. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600614@Yes$Marques A. T., Silva J. A., Silva M. R., Beja A. M., Justino, L. L. G., & Sobral, A. J. F. N. (2008).@Structural studies of coordination polymers.@Journal of Chemical Crystallography, 38(4), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10870-007-9308-9@Yes <#LINE#>A Study of the Degradation of an Organic Acid Induced by a Photocatalytic Cement-TiO2-W Nanocomposite<#LINE#>Aniedi E. @Nyong,Clement O. @Obadimu,Joseph @Alexander,Wisdom @George,Godwin J. @Udo,Joachim J. @Awaka-Ama <#LINE#>18-23<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJCS-2025-018.pdf<#LINE#>Akwa Ibom State University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Materials Chemistry Unit, P.M.B 1167, Post Code 532111, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria@Akwa Ibom State University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Materials Chemistry Unit, P.M.B 1167, Post Code 532111, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria@Akwa Ibom State University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Materials Chemistry Unit, P.M.B 1167, Post Code 532111, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria@Akwa Ibom State University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Materials Chemistry Unit, P.M.B 1167, Post Code 532111, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria@Akwa Ibom State University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Materials Chemistry Unit, P.M.B 1167, Post Code 532111, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria@Akwa Ibom State University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Materials Chemistry Unit, P.M.B 1167, Post Code 532111, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria<#LINE#>27/9/2025<#LINE#>30/11/2025<#LINE#>The preparation of the cement nanocomposites involved the physical dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles doped with 1-3 wt. % of tungsten (W) within the cement matrix prior to hydration. From the SEM evaluation, the nanoparticles were in the size range of 18 ± 1.25 nm. These cement nanocomposites were used in inducing the photodegradation of stearic acid, on interaction with UV light rated at 8 W, through absorbance and water contact angle measurements. The percent phodegradation efficiency depended on the amount of the nanoparticles incorporated into the cement nanocomposites. In the absorbance studies, the maximum percent photodegradation efficiency of 91 percent was calculated for the cement-6.67wt.% TiO2-W nanocomposite after exposure to UV light for 2 hours. Lower percentages of the photodegradation efficiency, based on the measured water contact angles, were calculated. A maximum of 84.77% was noted after 6 hours of exposure of the coated cement-6.7wt.% TiO2-W nanocomposite and at this instant, the contact angle was 18.29°±3.96°. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was used in evaluating the velocity constants of the photodegradation of the stearic acid. The velocity constants from this model ranged from 0.80–1.36hr-1 for the various cement-TiO2-W nanocomposite used in the experimentations.<#LINE#>Wu Y., Dong L., Shu X., Yang Y., She W. & Ran Q. (2022).@A review on recent advances in the fabrication and evaluation of superhydrophobic concrete.@Compos B Eng., 237, 109867.@Yes$Huhtamäki T., Tian X., Korhonen J. T. & Ras R. H. A. (2018).@Surface-wetting characterization using contact-angle measurements.@Nat. Protoc., 3, 1521–1538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0003-z.@Yes$Nyong A., Peter I., Awaka-Ama J. & Udoh G. (2021).@Self-Cleaning Materials: Review of Recent Progress and Innovations.@Researchers Journal of Science and Technology, 1(1),64-71.@Yes$Marmur A., Volpe C. D., Siboni S., Amirfazli A. & Drelich J. W. (2017).@Contact angles and wet ability: towards common and accurate terminology.@Surf Innov., 5(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1680/jsuin.17.00002.@Yes$Drelich J. W. (2019).@Contact angles: From past mistakes to new developments through liquid-solid adhesion measurements.@Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 267, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.02.002.@Yes$Reevahan J., Chandrasekaran M., Joseph B. G., Durairaj R. B. & Mageshwaran G. (2018).@Superhydrophobic surfaces: A review on fundamentals, applications, and challenges.@J. Coat. Technol. Res., 15, 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-0011-x.@Yes$Liu W., Wang X., Xiang S., Lian Y. & Tao S. (2024).@Stretchable Superhydrophobic Surfaces: From Basic Fabrication Strategies to Applications.@Processes., 12(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010124.@Yes$Xu Q., Zhang W., Dong C., Sreeprasad T. S. & Xia Z. (2016).@Biomimetic self-cleaning surfaces: synthesis. Mechanism and applications,.@J. R. Soc. Interface., 22, 20160300. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0300.@Yes$Prathapan R., Venkatesan A. G., Nair S. & Nair S. (2014).@A review on@J. Mater. Chem. A., 2, 14773–14797. https://doi.org/10. 1039/C4TA02542C.@Yes$Nyong A. E., Udoh G. J., Awaka-Ama J. J., Effiong J. F., Ekwere I., Obadimu C. & Rohatgi P. (2023).@Cu-32.02% Zn-2.30% Pb alloy surface superhydrophobicity induced by an arachidate layer.@Acad. mater. Sci., 1(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadMatSci6138.@Yes$Nie Y., Ma S., Tian M., Zhang Q., Huang J., Cao M., Li Y., Sun L., Pan J., Wang Y., Bi P., Xu H., Zeng J., Wang& Xia Y. (2021).@Superhydrophobic silane-based surface coatings on metal surface with nanoparticles hybridization to enhance anticorrosion efficiency, wearing resistance and antimicrobial ability.@Surf. Coat. Technol., 410 (126966), 1-11.@Yes$Zhang L., Zhou A. G., Sun B. R., Chen K. S.& Yu H. (2021).@Functional and versatile superhydrophobic coatings via stoichiometric silanization.@Nat. Commun., 12 (982), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21219-y.@Yes$Qian H., Lu C., Huang J., Luo Z., Wang H., Hou Z., Wang C., Li L., Gao Q. & Zhu M. (2024).@Fabrication of a silane-modified superhydrophobic TiO2–PVDF–FEP coating with scale inhibition performance.@Front. Mater. Sci., 18(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11706-024-0707-7.@Yes$Ganesh V. A., Raut H. K. & Nair S. A., Ramakrishna S. (2011).@A review on self-cleaning coatings.@J. Mater. Chem., 21(41), 16304-16322. https://doi.org/10.1039/ C1JM12523K.@Yes$Yamamoto M., Nishikawa N., Mayama H., Nonomura Y., Yokojima S., Nakamura S.& Uchida K. (2015).@Theoretical Explanation of the Lotus Effect: Superhydrophobic Property Changes by Removal of Nanostructures from the Surface of a Lotus Leaf.@Langmuir, 31(26), 7355–7363. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs. langmuir.5b00670.@Yes$Yu C., Sasic S., Liu K., Salameh S., Ras R. H. A. & Ommen J. R. (2020).@Nature–Inspired self–cleaning surfaces: Mechanisms, modelling, and manufacturing.@Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 155, 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cherd.2019. 11.038.@Yes$Nyong A. E., Udoh G., Awaka-Ama J. J., Nsi E. W.& Rohatgi P. K. (2022).@A study of themorphological changes and the growth kinetics of the oxides formed by the high temperature oxidation of Cu-32.02% Zn-2.30% Pb Brass.@Mater. Res., 25, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2021-0173.@Yes$Chakravorty A., Roy S. (2024).@A review of photocatalysis, basic principles, processes, and materials.@Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, 8 (100155), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100155.@Yes$Effiong J. F., Nyong A. E., Boekom E. J.& Simon N. (2023).@Photocatalytic Degradation and Kinetics of Dyes in Textile Effluent Using UV–ZnO-Al System.@Asian J. Appl. Chem., 13 (2), 23-32. http//doi: 10.9734/ajacr/ 2023/v13i2240.@Yes$Effiong J. F., Nyong A. E., Udoh G. & Obadimu C. (2023).@Photocatalytic degradation and kinetics of dyesin textile effluent using UV-TiO2-W system.@J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 14(8), 935-946.@Yes$Effiong J. F., Boekom E. J., Simon N. & Nyong A. E. (2023).@Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on the Kinetics and Photo-degradation of certain Textile Effluent Dye.@Asian J. Appl. Chem., 14(2), 56-64. http//doi: 10.9734/ajacr/ 2023/v14i2264.@Yes$Khlyustova A., Sirotkin N., Kusova T.& Kraev A., Titov V., Agafonov A. (2020).@Doped TiO2: the effect of doping elements on photocatalytic activity.@Mater. Adv., 1(5), 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00171F.@Yes$Pietrzak A., Adamus J. & Langier B. (2016).@Application of Titanium Dioxide in Cement and Concrete Technology.@Key Eng. Mater., 687, 243-249. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.687.243.@Yes$Janus M., Bubacz K., Zatorska J., Kusiak-Nejman E., Czyzewski A. & Morawski A. (2015).@Preliminary studies of photocatalytic activity of gypsum plasters containing TiO2 co-modified with nitrogen and carbon.@Pol. J. Chem. Technol., 17(2), 96-102.https://doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0036.@Yes$Zając K., Janus M. & Morawski A. W. (2019).@Improved Self-Cleaning Properties of Photocatalytic Gypsum Plaster Enriched with Glass Fiber.@Materials (Basel), 12(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030357.@Yes$Swinehart D. F. (1962).@The Beer-Lambert Law.@J. Chem. Educ., 39(7), 333–336. http//doi:10.1021/ED0 39P333.@Yes$Guo Z., Hakkou R., Yang J. &Wang Y. (2021).@Effects of surface heterogeneities on wetting and contact line dynamics as observed with the captive bubble technique.@Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 615 (126041), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126041@Yes$Palencia M. (2017).@Surface free energy of solids by contact angle measurements.@J. sci. technol. appl., 2(17), 84-93. https://doi.jsta.cl/resource?doi=j.jsta.17.2.17.@Yes$Chen D., Xu G., Miao L., Chen L., Nakao S.& Jin P. (2010).@W-doped anatase TiO2 transparent conductive oxide films: Theory and experiment.@J. Appl. Phys., 107,063707-1-063707-4.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3326940.@Yes$Couselo N., García Einschlag F. S, Candal R. J.&Jobbágy M. (2008).@Tungsten-Doped TiO2 vs Pure TiO2 Photocatalysts: Effects on Photobleaching Kinetics and Mechanism.@J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, 1094–1100. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0769781.@Yes$Fujishima A., Rao T. N. & Tryk D. A. (2020).@Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis.@J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev., 1, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-5567(00)00002-2.@Yes$Cho M., Chung H., Choi W. & Yoon J. (2024).@Linear correlation between inactivation of E. coli and OH radical concentration in TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection.@Water Res., 38(4), 1069-1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres. 2003.10.029.@Yes$Vasanth K. K., Porkodi K. & Rocha F. (2008).@Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics – A theoretical study.@Catal. Commun., 9, 82-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom. 2007.05.019.@Yes$Sun N.,Si X., He L., Zhang J. & Sun Y. (2024).@Strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors.@Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 58, 1249-1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.319.@Yes <#LINE#>Study on the Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Oils from Ethiopian Castor Seed (Ricinus communis L.) Varieties and Biodiesel Production<#LINE#>Hillary @Girmay,Legesse @Adane,Meseret @Tesema,Yishak @Worku <#LINE#>24-38<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJCS-2025-023.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Ethiopia@Department of Chemistry, College of Computational and Natural Science, Hawassa University@Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Ethiopia@Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Ethiopia<#LINE#>7/10/2025<#LINE#>20/11/2025<#LINE#>Castor seed is one of the seeds with an untapped potential for its oil for biofuel production. The aim of this study was to compare the yield and physicochemical characteristics of oils produced from two varieties of Ethiopian castor seed varieties (HIRUY and ABARO) and to evaluate the methyl ester profile of these oils for the production of biofuels. Soxhlet and screw press methods were used with a factorial of 2X2 for the evaluation of the oil yield and the physicochemical properties. This finding showed that the oil yield is significantly influenced by the interaction between the variety and the method of extraction. A higher oil yield (56.693%) was obtained from the HIRUY variety by the Soxhlet extraction method and a lower oil yield (42.06%) was obtained from the ABARO variety by the mechanical extraction method. The GC-MS analysis of the biodiesel showed that methyl ricinoleate is produced by the acid and base transesterification method, yielding yields of 89 and 87 per cent biodiesel from HIRUY and ABARO oil, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the biodiesel showed that methyl ricinoleate is the maximum composition of methyl ester of fatty acids. For biodiesel produced from oil of the HIRUY and ABARO seed varieties, the yields were 91.58% and 90.92%, respectively. The biodiesel produced from both varieties of castor seeds has a higher content of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. The findings of this study showed that the use of HIRUY castor seed oil may be preferable to ABARO castor seed oil for the production of biodiesel in terms of relatively higher oil and biodiesel yields, of acceptable oil quality and of high unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester content.<#LINE#>Demirbas A. (2009).@Bio refineries current activities and future developments.@Energy Conversion Managt, 50, 2782-2801.@Yes$Venkata MS and Pandey A. (2013).@Biohydrogen production: An introduction in Biohydrogen.@Pandey A, Chang JS, Hallenbeck PC, Larroche C, Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1-24.@Yes$Osobajo OA, Otitoju A, Otitoju MA and Oke A. (2020).@The impact of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions.@Sustainability, 12: 7965.@Yes$World Energy Outlook (2018).@Executive summary.@International Energy Agency: France by DESK. Available at https://www.iea.org/weo2019/,@Yes$Ministry of Water (2014).@Irrigation and Energy (MWIE): Biofuel development experience of Ethiopia.@@Yes$Hilawe L and Yohannes S. (2008).@Rapid assessment of biofuels development status in Ethiopia.@Proceedings of the national workshop on environmental impact assessment and biofuels.@No$Afrol News (2021).@Ethiopia saves million from Sudanese oil imports.@retrieved 28 January 2021 http:// www.afrol.com/articles/34821@No$Yacob G. (2013).@Long-term bio-ethanol shift and transport fuel substitution in Ethiopia.@Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology.@No$UNCT Ethiopia (2008).@Biofuel a viable alternative source of energy?.@Knowledge sharing forum UN Ethiopia.@No$Demirbas A. (2008).@Comparison of trans-esterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats.@Energy Conversion Managt, 49, 125-130.@Yes$Kurchania A. K. (2012).@Biomass Energy: The interface of biotechnology, chemistry & material science.@Baskar C, Baskar S, Dhillon RS., 28, 468.@No$Sharma M. P. (2009).@Biodiesel production from cottonseed and pongamia oil.@J Indian Water Resources, 29, 49-58.@Yes$Balat, M. and Balat, H. (2010).@Progress in biodiesel processing.@Applied Energy, 87, 1815-1835.@Yes$Onkar, S, Tyagi, B., Neeraj, K and Atray, AD. (2010).@Production, characterization and development of standards for biodiesel.@Metrology society of India., MAPAN. 25, 197-218.@Yes$Kar, T., Keles, S., Kaygusuz, K., (2016).@Biomass combustion, 22th International Energy and West view Special Studies in Natural Resources and Energy Management.@Boulder, Colorado: West view Press. Environment Fair and Conference, 137-142.@No$Chattopadhyay, S. and Sen, R. (2013).@Fuel properties, engine performance and environmental benefits of biodiesel produced by a green process.@Applied Energy, 105, 319-326.@Yes$Samir, N.A.K. (2014).@Biodiesel Production by Using Heterogeneous Catalyst.@Chemical Engineering and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, 2014.@No$Simonetta, Z. (2008).@Global perspective on production of biotechnology-based bioenergy and major trends.@undefined@Yes$Gebremeskel L and Tesfaye M. (2008).@A Preliminary assessment of socioeconomic and environmental issues pertaining to liquid biofuel development in Ethiopia.@Heckett T, Aklilu N. Forum for Environment, Addis Ababa.@Yes$Oladimeji, A. and Oyekunle, L.O. (2015).@Kinetics studies of biodiesel produced from castor oil via methylbutanolysis.@Nigerian J. Chem Engineers, 64, 91-98.@No$Center For Jatropha Promotion & Biodiesel (CJP) (2011).@A bean called castor can cut carbon & fuel in the future.@(Accessed on 07 December 2019).@No$Gui, MM, Lee, KT and Bhatia, S. (2008).@Feasibility of edible oil vs non-edible oil vs waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock.@Energy, 33, 1646-1653.@Yes$Severino, L.S., Auld, D.L., Baldanz, M., Candido, M.J.D., Chen, G., Crosby, W., Tan, D., He, X., Lakshmamma, P., Lavanya, C., Machado, O.L.T., Mielke, T., Milan, M., Miller, T.D., Morris, J.B., Morse, S.A., Narvas, A.A., Soares, D.J., Sofiatt, V., Wang, M.L., Zanotto, M.D., Zieler, H.A. (2012).@Review on the challenges for increased production of castor.@Agron J., 104, 853-880.@Yes$Okechukwu, R.I., Wuchukwu, A.C. and Anuforo H.U. (2015).@Production and characterization of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seeds.@Res J. Chem Sci., 5, 1-3.@Yes$Ramezani, K., Rowshanzamir, S. and Eikani, M.H. (2010).@Castor Oil Transesterification reaction: A kinetic study and optimization of parameters.@Energy, 35, 4142-4148.@Yes$Getinet, A., Girma, T. and Eyasu, A. (2013).@A unique purple castor (Ricinus communis L,) variety: Hiruy.@Ethiopian J Agric Sci., 3, 24, 163-164.@Yes$Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MOANR) (2016).@Plant variety release, protection and seed quality control directorate crop variety register.@19, 172-173.@No$Getinet A, Abel M and Dejene A. (2013).@Effect of plant and row spacing on the yield and oil contents of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) in the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia Melkassa Agriculture Research Center.@J. Agric. Sci, 24, 155-162.@Yes$Getinet, A., Beemnet, M., Daniel, B. and Zewdnesh, D. (2011).@Registration of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Variety Abaro Ethiop.@J. Agri Sci, 21.@No$Megueni, C., Tchuenteu, T.L., Noubissie, E., Derogoh, W.N. and Njintang Y.N. (2016).@Physico-Chemical properties of cake and oil from three castor bean accessions (Ricinus communis L.) grown in the field in two agroecological zones of Northern Cameroon.@Int J Res. Studies Biosci., 4, 6-15.@Yes$Akpan, U.G., Jimoh, A. and Mohammed, AD. (2006).@Extraction, characterization and modification of castor seed oil.@Leonardo J Sci., 8, 43-52.@Yes$Chika, M., Muhammad, M., Muhammad SJ, Musa UD and Aliyu S.B. (2019).@Assessment of low temperature refining process of castor seed oil for biodiesel production.@American J Chem Biochem Engineer, 3, 1-6.@Yes$Molla, A. and Nigus, G. (2014).@Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from castor bean as alternative fuel for diesel engine.@Am J Energy Engineering, 2, 1-15.@Yes$Nakarmi, A. and Joshi, S. (2014).@A study on castor oil and its conversion into biodiesel by trans-esterification method.@Nepal J Sci Technol., 15, 45-52.@Yes$Abdelaziz, AI, Elamin, IH, Gasmelseed, GA. and Abdalla, BK. (2014).@Extraction, refining and characterization of Sudanese castor seed oil.@J. Chem Engineer, 2, 2166-4366.@No$Mata, TM, Martins, AA., Sikdar, S.K. and Costa, CA. (2011).@Sustainability considerations of biodiesel based on supply chain analysis.@Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, 13, 655-671.@Yes$Aldo, O, Temu, AK, Ogwok, P, and Ntalikwa, JW. (2012).@Physico-chemical properties of biodiesel from Jatropha and Castor Oils.@Int J Renewable Energy Res., 2, 1.@Yes$Wael, O. K. and Abdalrahim, M. B. (2016).@Physico-chemical characteristics of castor oil (Ricinus communis L.).@Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Agricultural Studies Department of Food Science and Technology.@No$Habiba, D.M., Dahiru, D.M. and Babagana, G. (2017).@Extraction and characterization of castor seed oil.@Int J Sci Engineering Res., 8, 2229-5518.@No$Orijajogun, J.O. and Ayegba, C.O. (2017).@Physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil.@European J Biophysics, 5, 62-65.@No$Beruk, A.B., Abel, W.O., Assefa, A.T. and Sintayehu, S.H., (2018).@Studies on Ethiopian Castor Seed (Ricinu Communis L.): Extraction and characterization of seed oil.@J Nat Products Res., 4, 188-190.@No$Dagde, KK. (2019).@Extraction of vegetable oil from avocado seeds for production of biodiesel.@J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage, 23, 215-221.@Yes$Kaniz, F, Anjan, D., Jannatul, F., Rakib, U., Maksudur, RK, Islam, MA. (2013).@Preparation of biodiesel from higher FFA containing castor oil.@Int J Sci Engineering Res., 4, 12.@Yes$Tarique, P., Sarfaraz, A.M., Aftab, A.K., Syed, T.H.S., Abdul, H.K., Zahid, H.L. and Jamil-Ur-Rehman, M. (2019).@Physicochemical composition and FTIR characterization of castor seed oil.@Ukrainian Food J., 8, 4.@Yes$Jialin, D., Can, G., Xingli, P., Haiyan, Z. and Xu, X., (2019).@Analysis of triacylglycerols in castor oil through liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry based on Fourier Transform–Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry.@J Chrom Sci., 57, 108-115.@Yes$SAS Institute (2003).@SAS/STATA Guide for personal computer version 9.1.@SAS Institute Inc, North Carolina. USA., 250-278.@No$Wang, ML., Morris, JB., Pinnow, DL., Davis, J, Raymer, P, and Pederson, G.A. (2010).@A survey of the castor oil content, seed weight and seed-coat colour on the united states department of agriculture germplasm collection.@Plant Genetic Resource: Characterization and Utilization.@Yes$Chen, H. (2007).@Biodiesel production by the trans-esterification of cottonseed oil by solid acid catalysts.@J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1, 11-15.@Yes$Fore, SR., Porter, P. and Lazarus, W. (2011).@Net energy balance of small-scale on-farm biodiesel production from canola and soybean.@Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 2234-2244.@Yes$Dutta R, Sarkar, U and Mukherjee, A. (2015).@Soxhlet extraction of Crotalaria juncea oil using cylindrical and annular packed beds.@Int J Chem Engineer Applications., 6, 130-133.@Yes$Destaw, M., Getinet, A., Yohannes, P., Shiferaw, A. (2015).@Phenotypic variability and association of traits among yield and yield-related traits in Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Accessions at Melkassa, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia.@African J Agri Res., 12, 3562-3568.@Yes$Patel, JR., Saiyed, MP, Patel, CG, Bhatt, RK., Bhatt, JP., 2010, Genetic variability and correlation studies in Castor (Ricinus Communis L.). Int J Agric Sci. 2010; 6:129-131.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Raheem, WA, Lawal, BA, Akanbi, WB. and Ojo, AM. (2019).@Assessment of seed oil yield and characteristics of ten Castor plant (Ricinus Communis L.) accessions in Ogbomoso, Nigeria.@J Cereals Oil Seeds, 10, 23-28.@Yes$Yusuf, AK, Mamza, PA, Ahmed, A.S. and Agunwa, U. (2015).@Extraction and characterization of castor seed oil from wild Ricinus communis Linn.@Int J Sci, Environ Technol., 4, 1392-1404.@Yes$Imasuen, A, Inegbedion, F, Erhabor, C, Osuide, M. (2014).@Isolation and characterization of castor seed oil and its utilization potential in the production of polyurethane foam.@Walailak J Sci Technol., 11, 421-427.@Yes$DEAS 847- 4 (2015).@Draft East African standard oils for cosmetic industry-methods: determination of acid value and free fatty acids, East African Community.@@No$Oluwole, F.A, Abdulrahim, AT., Aviara, NA. and Umar, B. (2016).@Biodiesel yield from different varieties of castor seeds oil.@Int J Phytofuels Allied Sci, 3, 130-137.@No$Lemma, DB, Abagisa, MA and Kebede, AB. (2020).@Production of biodiesel from mixed Castor seed and Microalgal Oils: Characterization and optimization studies.@https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-66053/ v1stamped. pdf, (Retrieved at February 2020).@Yes$Khaliq, IH, Naeem, B, Abbas, Q and Khalid, S. (2017).@Chemical composition and oil characterization of some accessions of Ricinus communis seeds.@J Business Financial Affairs., 6, 2167-0234.@No$Omari, A, Mubofu, EB and Mgani, QA. (2015).@Fatty acid profile and physico-chemical parameters of castor oils in Tanzania.@Green Sustainable Chem., 5, 154-163.@Yes <#LINE#>Integrated theoretical study of the inhibitory activity of (E)-3-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine derivatives on α-Glucosidase<#LINE#>Assongba Gaston @KPOTIN,Maounou Boris @AMOUSSOU,Sèlonou Gautier @KANKINOU,Guy Sylvain Yacole @ATOHOUN <#LINE#>39-51<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJCS-2025-025.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratory of Physical Chemistry-Materials and Molecular Modelling (LPC3M), Unit of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Modelling (UTC2M), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC)/Benin@Laboratory of Physical Chemistry-Materials and Molecular Modelling (LPC3M), Unit of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Modelling (UTC2M), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC)/Benin@Laboratory of Physical Chemistry-Materials and Molecular Modelling (LPC3M), Unit of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Modelling (UTC2M), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC)/Benin@Laboratory of Physical Chemistry-Materials and Molecular Modelling (LPC3M), Unit of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Modelling (UTC2M), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC)/Benin<#LINE#>24/10/2025<#LINE#>18/1/2026<#LINE#>Diabetes has become a major global public health issue, with a significant rise in its prevalence, ranking among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Various therapeutic and preventive approaches have been proposed. However, there are currently few drugs capable of counteracting the development of associated pathologies. This integrated study examines the relationship between the electronic structure and the inhibitory activity of a series of (E)-3-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine compounds on α-Glucosidase enzyme to propose new, more effective molecular structures. Based on the analysis of the resulting quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) equation, a 2D pharmacophore was proposed. Subsequently, a new molecular structure was designed using Craig plot according to this pharmacophore. Through virtual screening of this compound, one hundred new hit molecules structures were identified and subjected to molecular docking analysis. Considering the PLP scores obtained and ADMET analysis, only six of them satisfy Lipinski’s rule, among which the molecule M30 emerged as the best candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.<#LINE#>Ismail, S.; Chandel, T. I.; Ramakrishnan, J.; Khan, R. H.; Poomani, K.; Devarajan, N. (2023).@Phytochemical Profiling, Human Insulin Stability and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibition of Gymnema Latifolium Leaves Aqueous Extract: Exploring through Experimental and in Silico Approach.@Comput. Biol. Chem., 107, 107964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107964.@Yes$Thabet, H. K.; Abusaif, M. S.; Imran, M.; Helal, M. H.; Alaqel, S. I.; Alshehri, A.; Mohd, A. A.; Ammar, Y. A.; Ragab, A. (2024).@Discovery of Novel 6-(Piperidin-1-Ylsulfonyl)-2H-Chromenes Targeting α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase, and PPAR-γ: Design, Synthesis, Virtual Screening, and Anti-Diabetic Activity for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.@Comput. Biol. Chem., 111, 108097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108097.@Yes$Abbasi, I.; Nadeem, H.; Saeed, A.; Kharl, H. A. A.; Tahir, M. N.; Naseer, M. M. (2021).@Isatin-Hydrazide Conjugates as Potent α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Structure and in Vitro Evaluations.@Bioorganic Chem., 116, 105385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021. 105385.@Yes$Ganwir, P.; Bhadane, R.; Chaturbhuj, G. U. (2024).@In-Silico Screening and Identification of Glycomimetic as Potential Human Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor.@Comput. Biol. Chem., 110, 108074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108074.@Yes$Rigalleau, V.; Monlun, M.; Foussard, N.; Blanco, L. and Mohammedi, K. (2020).@Diagnostic Du Diabète.@EMC - AKOS Traité Médecine, 24(1), 1–7.@Yes$Gupta, M. K. and Vadde, R. (2019).@Identification and Characterization of Differentially Expressed Genes in Type 2 Diabetes Using in Silico Approach.@Comput. Biol. Chem., 79, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem. 2019.01.010.@Yes$Shamim, S.; Khan, K. M.; Ullah, N.; Chigurupati, S.; Wadood, A.; Ur Rehman, A.; Ali, M.; Salar, U.; Alhowail, A.; Taha, M. and Perveen, S. (2020).@Synthesis and Screening of (E)-3-(2-Benzylidenehydrazinyl)-5,6-Diphenyl-1,2,4-Triazine Analogs as Novel Dual Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase.@Bioorganic Chem., 101, 103979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103979.@Yes$Cho, N. H.; Karuranga, S.; Huang, Y.; Da Rocha Fernandes, J. D.; Ohlrogge, A. W. and Malanda, B. (2018).@IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global Estimates of Diabetes Prevalence for 2017 and Projections for 2045.@Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 138, 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023.@Yes$He, Q.; Han, C.; Li, G.; Guo, H.; Wang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Lin, Z. and Wang, Y. (2020).@In Silico Design Novel (5-Imidazol-2-Yl-4-Phenylpyrimidin-2-Yl)[2-(2-Pyridylamino)Ethyl] Amine Derivatives as Inhibitors for Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Based on 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.@Comput. Biol. Chem., 88, 107328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020. 107328.@Yes$Menteşe, E.; Baltaş, N. and Emirik, M. (2020).@Synthesis, α-Glucosidase Inhibition and in Silico Studies of Some 4-(5-Fluoro-2-Substituted-1H-Benzimidazol-6-Yl) Morpholine Derivatives.@Bioorganic Chem., 101, 104002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104002.@Yes$Kan, L.; Capuano, E.; Fogliano, V.; Verkerk, R.; Mes, J. J.; Tomassen, M. M. M. and Oliviero, T. (2021).@Inhibition of α-Glucosidases by Tea Polyphenols in Rat Intestinal Extract and Caco-2 Cells Grown on Transwell.@Food Chem., 361, 130047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem. 2021.130047.@Yes$Prince Makarios Paul, S.; Parimala Devi, D.; Nancy Sukumar, A.; Praveena, G.; Jeba Beula, R. and Abiram, A. (2024).@Theoretical Insights on the Interaction between P-Synephrine and Metformin: A DFT, QTAIM and Drug-Likeness Investigation.@Comput. Theor. Chem., 1233, 114473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2024.114473.@Yes$Hu, C. and Jia, W. (2019).@Therapeutic Medications against Diabetes: What We Have and What We Expect.@Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 139, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.addr.2018.11.008.@Yes$Salehi; Ata; V. Anil Kumar; Sharopov; Ramírez-Alarcón; Ruiz-Ortega; Abdulmajid Ayatollahi; Tsouh Fokou; Kobarfard; Amiruddin Zakaria; Iriti; Taheri; Martorell; Sureda; Setzer; Durazzo; Lucarini; Santini; Capasso; Ostrander; Atta-ur-Rahman; Choudhary; Cho; Sharifi-Rad. (2019).@Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components.@Biomolecules, 9(10), 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100551.@Yes$Katsila, T.; Spyroulias, G. A.; Patrinos, G. P. and Matsoukas, M. T. (2016).@Computational Approaches in Target Identification and Drug Discovery.@Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., 14, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj. 2016.04.004.@Yes$Nguyen Vo, T. H.; Tran, N.; Nguyen, D. and Le, L. (2016).@An in Silico Study on Antidiabetic Activity of Bioactive Compounds in Euphorbia Thymifolia Linn.@SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1359. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2631-5.@Yes$Rao, M. M. V. and Hariprasad, T. P. N. (2021).@In Silico Analysis of a Potential Antidiabetic Phytochemical Erythrin against Therapeutic Targets of Diabetes.@Silico Pharmacol., 9(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-020-00065-8.@Yes$Das, K.; Iyer, K. R.; Orfali, R.; Asdaq, S. M. B.; Alotaibi, N. S.; Alotaibi, F. S.; Alshehri, S.; Quadri, M. S. A.; Almarek, A.; Makhashin, N. B.; Alrashed, A. A.; Mohzari, Y. A.; Ghoneim, M. (2023).@In Silico Studies and Evaluation of in Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Berberine from Ethanol Seed Extract of Coscinium Fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.@J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 35(5), 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102666.@Yes$Gomes, A. F. T.; De Medeiros, W. F.; De Oliveira, G. S.; Medeiros, I.; Maia, J. K. D. S.; Bezerra, I. W. L.; Piuvezam, G.; Morais, A. H. D. A. (2022).@In Silico Structure-Based Designers of Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus or Obesity: A Protocol for Systematic Review.@PLOS ONE, 17(12), e0279039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0279039.@Yes$Reetu, R.; Garg, A.; Roy, K. K.; Roy, A.; Gupta, S. and Malakar, C. C. (2022).@In-Silico Studies for Targeting PPARγ for the Type II Diabetes Mellitus.@Mater. Today Proc., 57, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022. 01.299.@Yes$Bharathi, A.; Roopan, S. M.; Vasavi, C. S.; Munusami, P.; Gayathri, G. A.; Gayathri, M. (2014).@In Silico Molecular Docking and In Vitro Antidiabetic Studies of Dihydropyrimido[4,5-a]Acridin-2-Amines.@BioMed Res. Int., 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/971569.@Yes$Aggarwal, R. and Sumran, G. (2020).@An Insight on Medicinal Attributes of 1,2,4-Triazoles.@Eur. J. Med. Chem., 205, 112652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech. 2020.112652.@Yes$Tannous, S.; Stellbrinck, T.; Hoter, A. and Naim, H. Y. (2023).@Interaction between the α-Glucosidases, Sucrase-Isomaltase and Maltase-Glucoamylase, in Human Intestinal Brush Border Membranes and Its Potential Impact on Disaccharide Digestion.@Front. Mol. Biosci., 10, 1160860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1160860.@Yes$Yeye, E. O.; Kanwal; Mohammed Khan, Khalid.; Chigurupati, S.; Wadood, A.; Ur Rehman, A.; Perveen, S.; Kannan Maharajan, M.; Shamim, S.; Hameed, S.; Aboaba, S. A.; Taha, M. (2020).@Syntheses, in Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Dual Inhibitory Activities of 4-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives Their Molecular Docking and Kinetic Studies.@Bioorg. Med. Chem., 28(11), 115467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115467.@Yes$Gupta, S.; Baweja, G. S.; Singh, S.; Irani, M.; Singh, R.; Asati, V. (2023).@Integrated Fragment-Based Drug Design and Virtual Screening Techniques for Exploring the Antidiabetic Potential of Thiazolidine-2,4-Diones: Design, Synthesis and in Vivo Studies.@Eur. J. Med. Chem., 261, 115826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115826.@Yes$Mrabti, N. N.; Mrabti, H. N.; Mohammed, E.R.; Dguigui, K.; Doudach, L.; Khalil, Z.; Bouyahya, A.; Zengin, G.; Elhallaoui, M. (2022).@Molecular Docking and QSAR Studies for Modeling the Inhibitory Activity of Pyrazole-Benzimidazolone Hybrids as Novel Inhibitors of Human 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Against Type I Tyrosinemia Disease.@Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem., 13 (1), 38. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC131.038.@Yes$Verma, J.; Khedkar, V. and Coutinho, E. (2010).@3D-QSAR in Drug Design - A Review.@Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 10 (1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.2174/15680 2610790232260.@Yes$Moshawih, S.; Bu, Z. H.; Goh, H. P.; Kifli, N.; Lee, L. H.; Goh, K. W. and Ming, L. C. (2024).@Consensus Holistic Virtual Screening for Drug Discovery: A Novel Machine Learning Model Approach.@J. Cheminformatics, 16(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13321-024-00855-8.@Yes$Gómez-Jeria, J. S. (2017).@45 Years of the KPG Method: A Tribute to Federico Peradejordi.@J. Comput. Methods Mol. Des., 7(1), 17–37.@Yes$Shamim, S.; Khan, K. M.; Ullah, N.; Chigurupati, S.; Wadood, A.; Ur Rehman, A.; Ali, M.; Salar, U.; Alhowail, A.; Taha, M. and Perveen, S. (2020).@Synthesis and Screening of (E)-3-(2-Benzylidenehydrazinyl)-5,6-Diphenyl-1,2,4-Triazine Analogs as Novel Dual Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase.@Bioorganic Chem., 101, 103979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103979.@Yes$Gómez Jeria, J. S. (2013).@A New Set of Local Reactivity Indices within the Hartree-Fock-Roothaan and Density Functional Theory Frameworks.@Can. Chem. Trans., 1(1), 25–55.@Yes$Gómez Jeria, J. S. and Flores-Catalán, M. (2013).@Quantum-Chemical Modeling of the Relationships between Molecular Structure and In Vitro Multi-Step, Multimechanistic Drug Effects. HIV-1 Replication Inhibition and Inhibition of Cell Proliferation as Examples. Can. Chem. Trans., 1(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.13179/canchemtrans.2013.01.03.0040.@undefined@Yes$Gómez-Jeria, J. S.; Kpotin, G.; Kuevi, U.; Mensah, J.-B.; De Gautier, K. (2017).@A Theoretical Study of the Relationships between Electronic Structure and Inhibitory Effects of Caffeine Derivatives on Neoplastic Transformation.@Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem., 14, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/IRJPAC/2017/32694.@Yes$Kpotin, G. A.; Bédé, A. L.; Houngue-Kpota, A.; Anatovi, W.; Kuevi, U. A.; Atohoun, G. S.; Mensah, J.-B.; Gómez-Jeria, J. S. and Badawi, M. (2019).@Relationship between Electronic Structures and Antiplasmodial Activities of Xanthone Derivatives: A 2D-QSAR Approach.@Struct. Chem., 30(6), 2301–2310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-019-01333-w.@Yes$Kpotin, G.; Atohoun, S. Y. G.; Kuevi, A. U.; Kpota-Hounguè, A.; Mensah, J.-B.; Gómez Jeria, J. S. (2016).@A Quantum-Chemical Study of the Relationships between Electronic Structure and Trypanocidal Activity against Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei of a Series of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives.@Pharm. Lett., 8(17), 215–222.@Yes$Kpotin, A. G.; Kankinou, G.; Kuevi, U.; Gómez Jeria, J. S.; Mensah, J.B. (2017).@A Theoretical Study of the Relationships between Electronic Structure and Inhibitory Effects of Caffeine Derivatives on Neoplastic Transformation.@Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem., 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/IRJPAC/2017/32694.@Yes$Kankinou, S. G.; Yildiz, M.; Kocak, A. (2023).@Exploring Potential Plasmodium Kinase Inhibitors: A Combined Docking, MD and QSAR Studies.@J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2023.2249111.@Yes$D-Cent-QSAR: (2014).@A Program to Generate Local Atomic Reactivity Indices from Gaussian 03 Log Files.@1.0,2014.@Yes$Müller, J.; Klein, R.; Tarkhanova, O.; Gryniukova, A.; Borysko, P.; Merkl, S.; Ruf, M.; Neumann, A.; Gastreich, M.; Moroz, Y. S.; Klebe, G. and Glinca, S. (2022).@Magnet for the Needle in Haystack: “Crystal Structure First” Fragment Hits Unlock Active Chemical Matter Using Targeted Exploration of Vast Chemical Spaces.@J. Med. Chem., 65 (23), 15663–15678. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acs.jmedchem.2c00813.@Yes$Beroza, P.; Crawford, J. J.; Ganichkin, O.; Gendelev, L.; Harris, S. F.; Klein, R.; Miu, A.; Steinbacher, S.; Klingler, F.-M.; Lemmen, C. (2022).@Chemical Space Docking Enables Large-Scale Structure-Based Virtual Screening to Discover ROCK1 Kinase Inhibitors.@Nat. Commun., 13 (1), 6447. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33981-8.@Yes$Tan, L.; Wu, C.; Zhang, J.; Yu, Q.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Ge, M.; Wang, Z.; Ouyang, L.; Wang, Y. (2023).@Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Heterocyclic-Fused Pyrimidine Chemotypes Guided by X-Ray Crystal Structure with Potential Antitumor and Anti-Multidrug Resistance Efficacy Targeting the Colchicine Binding Site.@J. Med. Chem., 66(5), 3588–3620. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02115.@Yes$Salari-jazi, A.; Mahnam, K.; Sadeghi, P.; Damavandi, M. S. and Faghri, J. (2021).@Discovery of Potential Inhibitors against New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1 from Natural Compounds: In Silico-Based Methods.@Sci. Rep., 11(1), 2390. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82009-6.@Yes$infiniSee Version (2024).@Biosolveit.@www.biosolveit.de/infiniSee (accessed 2025-02-23).@No$Schmidt, R.; Klein, R.; Rarey, M. (2022).@Maximum Common Substructure Searching in Combinatorial Make-on-Demand Compound Spaces.@J. Chem. Inf. Model., 62 (9), 2133–2150. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00640.@Yes$Namasivayam, V.; Silbermann, K.; Pahnke, J.; Wiese, M. and Stefan, S. M. (2021).@Scaffold Fragmentation and Substructure Hopping Reveal Potential, Robustness, and Limits of Computer-Aided Pattern Analysis (C@undefined@Yes$PA).@Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., 19, 3269–3283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.018.@undefined@Yes$Fligner, M. A.; Verducci, J. S. and Blower, P. E. (2002).@A Modification of the Jaccard–Tanimoto Similarity Index for Diverse Selection of Chemical Compounds Using Binary Strings.@Technometrics, 44(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1198/004017002317375064.@Yes$Bajusz, D.; Rácz, A.; Héberger, K. (2015).@Why Is Tanimoto Index an Appropriate Choice for Fingerprint-Based Similarity Calculations?.@J. Cheminformatics, 7(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13321-015-0069-3.@Yes$Tagami, T.; Yamashita, K.; Okuyama, M.; Mori, H.; Yao, M. and Kimura, A. (2013).@Molecular Basis for the Recognition of Long-Chain Substrates by Plant α-Glucosidases.@J. Biol. Chem., 288(26), 19296–19303. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.465211.@Yes$Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking (GOLD) (2022).@Solutions Software Gold.@https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/ Solutionssoftware/gold/?utm_source=chatgpt.com (accessed 2022-09-09).@No$Verdonk, M. L.; Cole, J. C.; Hartshorn, M. J.; Murray, C. W.; Taylor, R. D. (2003).@Improved Protein–Ligand Docking Using GOLD.@Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinforma., 52 (4), 609–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/ prot.10465.@Yes$Graham, L. P. (2013).@AN Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry.@5th ed.; Oxford, University Press: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom.@Yes <#LINE#>Assay Method Development and Validation of Biclotymolby High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)<#LINE#>Sunil Kumar @Pandey,Manisha @Sheoran,R.N. @Sharma <#LINE#>52-62<#LINE#>6.ISCA-RJCS-2025-026.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Applied Science, Dr. K.N. Modi University, Newai, Rajasthan, India@Department of Applied Science, Dr. K.N. Modi University, Newai, Rajasthan, India@Department of chemistry, S.H.S Government P.G College, Dhanapur, Chandauli, India<#LINE#>28/11/2025<#LINE#>18/1/2026<#LINE#>Biclotymol is a phenolic antiseptic API molecule which generally use for the treatment of mouth and throat infection. It is antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Due to phenolic antiseptic it kills bacteria, Biclotymol have fast acting and long lasting molecule. The Method Validation is applicable for demonstration of method accuracy, method precision, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation(LOQ) for analysis of Biclotymol for assay. High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) equipped with VWD detector and stainless steel column 25 cm×4.6 mm, C18 (5µm). From the analytical method validations report, it is concluded that the Assay of Biclotymol is (96.0%- 101.0%).<#LINE#>Karpova E, Giacomelli L, Tumietto F (2017).@Role of biclotymol-based products in the treatment of infectious sore throat.@European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 21(16), 3736–3743.@Yes$British Pharmacopoeia (2018).@Stationary Office on behalf of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).@Monograph for Bisoprolol fumarate.@No$European Pharmacopoeia (2019).@European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.@Мonograph for Biclotymol@No$ICH Guideline (1998).@Photostability Testing of New Active Substances and Medicinal Products, ICH Topic Q1B, European Medical Agency.@CPMP/ICH/279/95, January 1998. ICH Guideline: Stability Testing of New Drug Substance and Product,@No$ICH Q1A (R2).@European Medical Agency, CPMP/ICH/2736/99, August 2003.@ICH Guideline: Validation of analytical procedures: Text and Methodology, ICH Q2(R1), European Medical Agency, CPMP/ICH/381/95, November 2005.@No$H. Eldridge Faith (1950).@Aldehyde-Phenol Reaction Products and Derivatives.@Journal of the American Chemical Society, 72, 837-839, DOI:10.1021/ja01158a049.@Yes$Jakub K. Sypien, Thomas A. Zevaco , Annette Flicker, Olaf Walter (2013).@New aluminum 2,2-methylenebis(4-chloro-3-methyl-6-(isopropyl)phenoxides): Structural characterization of an unusual ionic aluminum bisphenoxide [Al(THF)4(Cl)2] +[Al(mcmip)2] −•x THF.@Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 30, 69–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2013.01.021@Yes$Chen, Hsuan-Ying; Liu, Mei-Yu; Sutar, Alekha Kumar; Lin, Chu-Chieh (2009).@Synthesis and structural studies of heterobimetallic alkoxide complexes supported by Bis(phenolate) ligands: Efficient catalysts for Ring-Opening polymerization of L-Lactide.@Inorganic Chemistry , 49(2), 665 – 674.@Yes$S. Rantsordas, M. Perrin, and A. Thozet. (1978).@Crystal and molecular structures of 2,2-Methylenebis(4-chloro-3-methyl-6-isopropylphenol).@Acta Cryst., B34, 1198-1203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S0567740878005208.@Yes$ICH Topic Q2 (R1) (1996).@Validation of Analytical Procedures; Methodology, Q2 (R1).@International Conference on Harmonization, IFPMA, Geneva 1996.@No$Lisa (Song) Liu, Ariel Mouallem, Kang Ping Xiao, Jerry Meisel (2021).@Assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients in drug products based on relative response factors: Instrumentation insights and practical considerations.@Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 194, 113760.@Yes$Lloyd R. Snyder, Joseph J. Kirkland, Joseph L. Glajch. (1997).@Practical HPLC Method Development.@Second Publication, A Wilew Interscience Publication, ISBN: 0-471-00703-X.@Yes$Manual (2013).@Agilent 1200 Infinity Series Diode Assay Detectors User Manual. Agilent HPLC publication.@undefined@No$Huafu Wang, Gordon J. Provan, Keith Helliwell (2003).@HPLC determination of catechins in tea leaves and tea extracts using relative response factors.@Elsevier, Food Chemistry, 307–312, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00510-1.@Yes$Sunil K Pandey and R.N. Sharma (2023).@Analytical method development and method validation for the Assay of 5-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1-one by gas chromatography (GC).@J. Chemtracks, 25(1&2) 225-230.@No$Naseef Hani and Ramzi Moqadi (2024).@HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Apixaban and Clopidogrel in Novel Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets.@Journal of Chemistry, DOI: http://.doi.org10.1155/2024/26755736.@Yes$Nidhal S. Mohammed (2016).@Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.@Chromatography Research International, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1693024.@Yes$Prafulla Kumar Sahu (2011).@Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Metaxalone in Bulk and its Pharmaceutical Formulations.@Journal of Chemistry, DOI: http://.doi.org 10.1155/2011/645710.@Yes$FDA (2000).@Analytical Procedures and Methods Validation: Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls.@Federal Register (Notices), 65(169), 52, 776–777.@No$The European Medicines Agency, Pre-Authorization Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use. ICH Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology, EMEA/410412/2007: London, 2009.@undefined@undefined@No$Z. Vujic, N. Mulavdi ´ c, M. Smaji ´ c, J. Brbori ´ c, and P. Stankovic, (2012).@Simultaneous analysis of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide: an improved HPLC method with the aid of a chemometric protocol.@Molecules, 17(3), 3461–3474.@Yes$R. Céolin, J. L. Tamarit, M. Barrio, D. Ó. López, B. Nicolaï, N. Veglio, M-A. Perrin and P. Espeau, J. Overall. (2008).@Monotropic Behavior of a Metastable Phase of Biclotymol, 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-Chloro-3-Methyl-Isopropylphenol), Inferred from Experimental and Topological Construction of the Related P-T State Diagram.@Journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences, 97(9), 3927-3941.@Yes$Nathalie Mahe, Beatrice Nicolai and Rene Ceolin (2008).@Crystal Structure of Biclotymol-DMSO 1:1 Solvate: 2,2c-Methylenebis- (4-chloro-3-methyl-6-isopropylphenol) dimethylsulfoxide Solvate..@The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Sciences, 24.@Yes$L.J. Farrugia, (1999). J. Appl. Cryst. 32, 837. 7. J. Bernstein and A. T. Hagler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 673.@undefined@undefined@No <#LINE#>Design and Investigations of Fluconazole Nanoparticles Doped Poly (vinyl alcohol) Composite Films for Food Packaging Uses<#LINE#>Shwetarani @Rajamani,Ramesh Sabu @Gani,Deepak Ramesh @Kasai,Nivedita Rajashekhar @Bashetti,Govinda @Anjanayya,Avinash Arasidaa @Kamble,Ravindra Basappa @Chougale,Saraswati Purandar @Masti <#LINE#>63-73<#LINE#>7.ISCA-RJCS-2025-027.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore-574199,State, Karnataka, India@Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore-574199,State, Karnataka, India@Department of Chemistry, KLEs S. Nijalingappa College, Rajajinagar, 2nd Block Bangalore 560010, State Karnataka, India@Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnataka University, Dharwad-580003.State, Karnataka, India@Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore-574199,State, Karnataka, India@Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore-574199,State, Karnataka, India@Department of Chemistry, Karnataka University, Dharwad-580003.State, Karnataka, India@Department of Chemistry, Karnataka Science College, Dharwad - 580001. State, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>14/12/2025<#LINE#>25/1/2026<#LINE#>Integrating functional agents into food packaging can prolong the serviceable life of products while preserving their standard and condition, also enhancing their attractiveness. The polyvinyl alcohol (PFLNPs) composite films that were used in the synthesis of fluconazole nanoparticles (PFLNPs) were produced by the solvent casting technique. The produced PVA and PFLNP composite films were characterized to examine morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and antimicrobial characteristics utilizing UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, UTM, WCA, and antimicrobial assays. The study's findings indicated that the consistent integration of PFLNPs into the PVA matrix for food packaging applications resulted in improved crystallinity, enhanced intermolecular interactions, mechanical properties (Ts increased from 28.25 to 69.04, Ym from 16.21 to 3719 MPa, and a decrease in %Eb from 187 to 6.70), reduced hydrophilicity (from 62.82° to 76.58°), and a smooth, homogeneous morphology. The findings from the XRD analysis indicated a rise in crystallinity corresponding to the increased concentration of PFLNPs. The antimicrobial analysis revealed encouraging antimicrobial activities in opposition to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The findings of this study indicated that the composite films composed of the specified PFLNPs exhibited improved mechanical and antibacterial properties, potentially benefiting the pharmaceutical and food sectors.<#LINE#>Amaregouda, Y., Kamanna, K., & Gasti, T. (2022).@Biodegradable Polyvinyl Alcohol/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composite Incorporated with l-Alanine Functionalized MgO Nanoplates: Physico-chemical and Food Packaging Features.@Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 32(6), 2040-2055. https://doi:10.1007/s10904-022-02261-9@Yes$Rodríguez, G. M., Sibaja, J. C., Espitia, P. J. P., & Otoni, C. G. (2020).@Antioxidant active packaging based on papaya edible films incorporated with Moringa oleifera and ascorbic acid for food preservation.@Food Hydrocolloids, 103, 105630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019. 105630@Yes$Gul, W., Akbar Shah, S. R., Khan, A., Ahmad, N., Ahmed, S., Ain, N., Khan, R. (2023).@Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their application as nano-fillers to improve the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard.@Frontiers in Materials, 10. https://doi:10.3389/fmats. 2023.1206918@Yes$Sarwar, M. S., Niazi, M. B. K., Jahan, Z., Ahmad, T., & Hussain, A. (2018).@Preparation and characterization of PVA/nanocellulose/Ag nanocomposite films for antimicrobial food packaging.@Carbohydrate Polymers, 184, 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.068@Yes$Chiu, I., Ye, H., Aayush, K., & Yang, T. (2024).@Intelligent food packaging for smart sensing of food safety.@Adv Food Nutr Res, 111, 215-259. https://doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.06.006@Yes$Vajdi, M., Varidi, M. J., Varidi, M., & Mohebbi, M. (2019).@Using electronic nose to recognize fish spoilage with an optimum classifier.@Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 13(2), 1205-1217. https://doi:10.1007/ s11694-019-00036-4@Yes$Tawakkal, I. S. M. A., Cran, M. J., & Bigger, S. W. (2016).@Interaction and quantification of thymol in active PLA-based materials containing natural fibers.@Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(2). https://doi:https://doi.org/ 10.1002/app.42160@Yes$Yousefi, H., Su, H.-M., M. Imani, S., Al-Khaldi, K., Filipe, C., & Didar, T. (2019).@Intelligent Food Packaging: A Review of Smart Sensing Technologies for Monitoring Food Quality.@ACS Sensors, 4. doi:10.1021/acssensors.9b00440@Yes$Suganthi, S., Vignesh, S., Kalyana Sundar, J., & Raj, V. (2020).@Fabrication of PVA polymer films with improved antibacterial activity by fine-tuning via organic acids for food packaging applications.@Applied Water Science, 10(4), 100. https://doi:10.1007/s13201-020-1162-y@Yes$Bajer, D., & Burkowska-But, A. (2022).@Innovative and environmentally safe composites based on starch modified with dialdehyde starch, caffeine, or ascorbic acid for applications in the food packaging industry.@Food Chemistry, 374, 131639. :https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2021.131639@Yes$Sarker Ratna, A., Verma, C., Hossain, S., Gupta, B., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2023).@Development of corn husk cellulose reinforced polyvinyl alcohol bio-composite films incorporated with Zinc Oxide nanoparticles.@Bioresource Technology Reports, 23, 101570. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.biteb.2023.101570@Yes$Pal, K., Banthia, A. K., & Majumdar, D. K. (2007).@Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin hydrogel membranes for biomedical applications.@AAPS Pharm Sci Tech, 8(1), 21. https://doi:10.1208/pt080 121@Yes$Kumaraswamy, S., & Mallaiah, S. H. (2016).@Swelling and mechanical properties of radiation crosslinked Au/PVA hydrogel nanocomposites.@Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 171, 869-878. https://doi:10.1080/1042 0150.2016.1250095@Yes$Zhang, Y., Zhu, P. C., & Edgren, D. (2010).@Crosslinking reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with glyoxal.@Journal of Polymer Research, 17(5), 725-730. https://doi:10.1007/s10965-009-9362-z@Yes$Sonker, A. K., Rathore, K., Nagarale, R. K., & Verma, V. (2018).@Crosslinking of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Effect of Crosslinker Shape (Aliphatic and Aromatic) Thereof.@Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(5), 1782-1794. . https://doi:10.1007/s10924-017-1077-3@Yes$Carbone, M., Donia, D. T., Sabbatella, G., & Antiochia, R. (2016).@Silver nanoparticles in polymeric matrices for fresh food packaging.@Journal of King Saud University - Science, 28(4), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jksus.2016.05.004@Yes$Rhim, J. W., Park, H. M., & Ha, C.-S. (2013).@Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications.@Progress in Polymer Science, 38(10), 1629-1652. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008@Yes$Atta, N., Amin, K., El-Rehim, H., & Galal, A. (2015).@Graphene prepared by gamma irradiation for corrosion protection of stainless steel 316 in chloride containing electrolytes.@RSC Advances, 5, 71627-71636. https://doi:10.1039/c5ra11287g@Yes$Bryaskova, R., Pencheva, D., Kale, G. M., Lad, U., & Kantardjiev, T. (2010).@Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial activity of PVA/TEOS/Ag-Np hybrid thin films.@J Colloid Interface Sci, 349(1), 77-85. https://doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2010.04.091@Yes$Sawant, B., & Khan, T. (2017).@Recent advances in delivery of antifungal agents for therapeutic management of candidiasis.@Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 96, 1478-1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.127@Yes$Hendrawan, H., Khoerunnisa, F., Sonjaya, Y., & Putri, A. (2019).@Poly (vinyl alcohol)/glutaraldehyde/ Premna oblongifolia merr extract hydrogel for controlled-release and water absorption application.@IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 509, 012048. https://doi:10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012048@Yes$AL-Kadhemy, M. F. H., Ibrahim, S. A., & Salman, J. A. S. (2020).@Studying the physical properties polyvinyl alcohol polymer mixture with silica nanoparticles and its application as pathogenic bacteria inhibitor.@AIP Conference Proceedings, 2290(1). https://doi:10.1063/5.0028817@Yes$Dash A K Elmquist W F Wozniak T J Brittain H G Al-Badr A A Kumar K Dash A K Mazzo D J Florey K Shervington L lndrayanto G (2001).@San Diego.@Academic Press. 67–113. ISBN 13: 9780970077301@Yes$Morteza-Semnani, K., Saeedi, M., Akbari, J., Moazeni, M., Seraj, H., Tajbakhsh, M., . . . Babaei, A. (2021).@Fluconazole Nanosuspension Enhances In Vitro Antifungal Activity against Resistant Strains of Candida albicans.@Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28. doi:10.34172/PS.2021.21@Yes$Attia, G., & Abd El-kader, M. (2013).@Structural, Optical and Thermal Characterization of PVA/2HEC Polyblend Films.@International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 8, 5672-5687. https:doi.org/10.1007//s10904-022-02261-9@Yes$Gupta, S., Pramanik, A. K., Kailath, A., Mishra, T., Guha, A., Nayar, S., & Sinha, A. (2009).@Composition dependent structural modulations in transparent poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels.@Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 74(1), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.015@Yes$Abdelaziz, M., & Abdelrazek, E. M. (2007).@Effect of dopant mixture on structural, optical and electron spin resonance properties of polyvinyl alcohol.@Physica B: Condensed Matter, 390(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.07.067@Yes$Li, Y., Luan, Y., Liu, W., Wang, C., Cao, H., & Liu, P. (2022).@Cellulose nanofibrils/polyvinyl alcohol/silver nanoparticles composite hydrogel: Preparation and its catalyst degradation performance of cationic dye.@Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(22), 52246. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52246@Yes$Mokhtari-Hosseini, Z.-B., Hatamian-Zarmi, A., Mahdizadeh, S., Ebrahimi-Hosseinzadeh, B., Alvandi, H., & Kianirad, S. (2022).@Environmentally-Friendly Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles by Fusarium sporotrichioides for the Production of PVA/Bentonite/Ag Composite Nanofibers.@Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(10), 4146-4156. https://doi:10.1007/s 10924-022-02509-y@Yes$Hernandez Nuñez, E., Martínez-Gutierrez, C., López-Cortés, A., Aguirre-Macedo, M., Tabasco, C., Gonzalez-Díaz, M., & García-Maldonado, J. (2019).@Physico-chemical Characterization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Produced by Halomonas salina, Isolated from a Hypersaline Microbial Mat.@Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27. https://doi:10.1007/s10924-019-01417-y@Yes$Hasheminya, S.-M., Rezaei Mokarram, R., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Hamishekar, H., & Kafil, H. S. (2018).@Physicochemical, mechanical, optical, microstructural and antimicrobial properties of novel kefiran-carboxymethyl cellulose biocomposite films as influenced by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs).@Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 17, 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.07.003@Yes$Ghosh, M., Mandal, S., Roy, A., Chakrabarty, S., Chakrabarti, G., & Pradhan, S. K. (2020).@Enhanced antifungal activity of fluconazole conjugated with Cu-Ag-ZnO nanocomposite.@Materials Science and Engineering: C, 106, 110160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019. 110160@Yes$Hoa, L., Tai, N., Nguyen, L., & Dang, C. (2011).@Preparation and characterisation of nanoparticles containing ketoprofen and acrylic polymers prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method.@Journal of Experimental Nanoscience - J Exp Nanosci, 7, 1-9. https://doi:10.1080/17458080.2010.515247@Yes$Morteza-Semnani, K., Saeedi, M., Akbari, J., Moazeni, M., Seraj, H., Tajbakhsh, M., . . . Babaei, A. (2021).@Fluconazole Nanosuspension Enhances In Vitro Antifungal Activity against Resistant Strains of Candida albicans.@Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28. https://doi:10.34172/PS.2021.21@Yes$Agarwal, M., Agarwal, M., Shrivastav, N., Pandey, S., Das, R., & Gaur, P. (2018).@Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles and their In-vitro Characterization.@International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 4, 1713-1720. https://doi:10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.2.17.@Yes