@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Performance evaluation of Moringa Oleifera biodiesel synthesized from cow bone catalyst and its blends in diesel engines<#LINE#>Ameh @C.U.,Eterigho @E.J.,Musa @A.A.,Abdullahi @M. <#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJCS-2021-001.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria@Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria@Department of Production, Process and Utilities, Dangote Fertiliser Ltd, Lekki Free Trade Zone, Lagos State, Nigeria@Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria<#LINE#>4/1/2021<#LINE#>17/4/2021<#LINE#>Performance evaluation of Moringa oleifera biodiesel synthesized from cow bone catalyst and its blends in diesel engine has been studied. The research work is aimed at comparing the performance of petroleum based diesel fuel and directly cracked triglycerides (biodiesel) produced from moringa oleifera oil obtained from northern Nigeria. The performance evaluation was conducted using BD100, BD80, BD60, BD40 and BD20, this is to evaluate the performance of the diesel engine in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption efficiency (BSFCE), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and oxides of sulphur (SOx) emissions. BD blends recorded higher brake thermal efficiencies relative to petroleum based diesel fuel. BD100 and all the blends under study recorded 16.67 % BSFCE lower than that of diesel fuel at optimum engine load. For all the sample fuels under study, decrease in the amount of CO is directly proportional to the engine load. The result of study shows that the NOx emissions increase with corresponding increase in engine loads. For all the sample fuels under study, negligible increase in the amount of SOx is directly proportional to the engine load and vice versa.<#LINE#>Natchanok, P. (2012).@On-Road Measurement of Nox and CO2 Emissions from Biodiesel Produced from different Feed stocks.@A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School, The University of Texas at Arlington.@Yes$Sangita, B. and Pradeep, K. (2010).@Effect of Impurities on Performance of Biodiesel: A Review.@Journal of Sciences and Industrial Research, 69, 575 - 579.@Yes$Ayoola, A. (2015).@Production and Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel from Three Waste Oils.@Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria.@Yes$Ramadhas, A., Muraleedharan, C. and Jayaraj, S. (2005).@Performance and Emission Evaluation of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Methyl Esters of Rubber Seed Oil.@Renew Energy, 30, 1789-1800.@Yes$Gaurav, D. and Sharma, M. (2013).@Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel from Pongamia Oil.@International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 3(2), Pp. 1-6.@Yes$Godwin, K., Albert, S. and Joseph, P. (2015).@Performance Evaluation of Biodiesel-Biodiesel Blends in a Dedicated CIDI Engine.@International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 5(1), 168-176.@Yes$Abdolsaeid, G., Mohammad, N., Seyed, E. and Anas, B. (2016).@Performance Evaluation of Palm Oil-Based Biodiesel Combustion in an Oil Burner.@Energies, 9(97), Pp. 1-10.@Yes$da Silva, J. P., Serra, T. M., Gossmann, M., Wolf, C. R., Meneghetti, M. R., & Meneghetti, S. M. (2010).@Moringa oleifera oil: studies of characterization and biodiesel production.@Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(10), 1527-1530.@Yes$Hernandez, E., Garcia, A., Lopez, M., Puls, J., Parajo, J. C., & Martin, C. (2013).@Dilute sulphuric acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Moringa oleifera empty pods.@Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 227-231.@Yes$Martin, C., Moure, A., Martin, G., Carrillo, E., Dominguez, H., & Parajo, J. C. (2010).@Fractional characterisation of jatropha, neem, moringa, trisperma, castor and candlenut seeds as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production in Cuba.@Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(4), 533-538.@Yes$Ameh, C. U. (2018).@Process Optimization Kinetic Modelling and Characterization of Biodiesel Produced from Moringa Oleifera Oil.@Ph.D. Progress Report Submitted in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 65, Gidan Kwano Campus, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.@No$Musa, N. A, Teran, G. M and Yaman, S. A. (2019).@Comparative Performance Evaluation of a Diesel Engine Run on Diesel and Biodiesel Produced from Coconut Oil.@Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 23(4), 689-693.@Yes$Shahid, E. and Jamal, Y. (2011).@Performance Evaluation of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel.@Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 9, 68-75.@Yes$Mofijur, M., Masjuki, H., Kalam, M. and Atabani, E. (2013).@Evaluation of Biodiesel Blending, Engine Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Jatropha Curcas Methyl Ester: Malaysian Perspective.@Energy XXX, Pp. 1-9, Available online at www.elsevier.com/locate/ energy@Yes$Stalin, N. and Prabhu, H. (2007).@Performance Test of IC Engine Using Karanja Biodiesel Blending With Diesel.@Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(5), 32-34. Available online at www.arpnjournals.com@Yes$Tsolakis, A., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M. and Theinnoi, K. (2007).@Engine Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Operating on Diesel-RME (Rapeseed Methyl Ester) Blends with EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation).@Energy, 32, 2072-2080.@Yes$Lin, B., Huang, J. and Huang, D. (2009).@Experimental Study of the Effects of Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester on DI Diesel Engine Performance Characteristics and Pollutant Emissions.@Fuels, 88, 1779 - 1785.@Yes$Chauhan, B., Kumar, N. and Cho, H. (2012).@A Study on the Performance and Emission of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel Oil and its Blends.@Energy, 37, 616 - 622.@Yes$Nicholas, A., Georgina, M. and Saraki, A. (2016).@Performance Evaluation of a Diesel Engine Run on Biodiesel Produced from Coconut Oil and Its Blends.@Advances in Research, 6(4), 1-6. Available online at www.sciencedomain.org@Yes$Ramadhas, A. S., Muraleedharan, C., & Jayaraj, S. (2005).@Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil.@Renewable energy, 30(12), 1789-1800.@Yes$Devan, P. and Mahalakshmi, N. (2009).@A Study of the Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine using Methyl Ester of Paradise Oileeucalyptus Oil Blends.@Journal of Applied Energy, 86, 675-680.@Yes$Alireza, S. (2013).@HC, CO, CO2 and NOx Emission Evaluation of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Frying Oil Methyl Ester.@2nd International Conference on Leadership, Technology and Innovation Management, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 292-297.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Ethanol production from livestock manure: A review<#LINE#>O.A. @Akinyele,A.I. @Bamgboye <#LINE#>7-19<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJCS-2020-045.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria@Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria<#LINE#>26/8/2020<#LINE#>30/5/2021<#LINE#>As a result of drastic increase in population and industrialization, the demand for biofuels globally, particularly bioethanol is incessantly increasing. Common crops like sugarcane, corn and cassava are not able to satisfy the worldwide requirement of ethanol production because of their key importance of food and feed for humans and animals. Thus, interest is shifting to animal manures and other agricultural wastes as major lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks for production of bioethanol. Agricultural wastes are abundant, renewable and cost effective. Ethanol produced from agricultural wastes, particularly animal manures might be a likely technology however the process has a number of challenges such as conveyance and handling of biomass, and effectual pre-treatment techniques for complete delignification of lignocellulosics. Proper methods of pre-treatment can increase the quantities of fermentable sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis, thus improving the whole process efficiency. Availability of lignocellulosics as alternative feedstock, and improvement of technology has resulted to the emergence of several bio-conversion methods like separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), and consolidated bio-processing (CBP). In order to convert glucose and any other sugar to ethanol, it needs those fermentation technologies mentioned earlier to make the whole process cost effective. Those bio-conversion technologies are direct fermentation methods where biomass feed stocks are pre-treated, hydrolysed and fermented to ethanol. This review paper explains those available technologies for ethanol production from livestock manure and other major agricultural materials which include their benefits, limitations and possible effects on the environment.<#LINE#>Woldesenbet, A. G., Shiferaw, G., & Chandravanshi, B. S. (2013).@Bio-ethanol production from poultry manure at Bonga Poultry Farm in Ethiopia.@African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(6), 435-440.@Yes$Attygalle, A. (2008).@Instrumental analysis.@Institute of Technology, Diaz Publication, London.@No$Scott, F., Quintero, J., Morales, M., Conejeros, R., Cardona, C. and Aroca, G. (2013).@Process design and sustainability in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials. Bio. Technol., 16(3), 1-7.@undefined@Yes$Champagne, P. 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(2012).@Trends in bioconversion of lignocelluloses: Biofuel, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept.@Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38, 522-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs. 2012.02.002@Yes$Cherubini, F. (2010).@The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of Oil for producing energy and chemicals.@Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1412-1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01. 015@Yes$Demirbas, A. (2005).@Bioethanol from cellulosic materials: A renewable motor fuel from biomass.@Energy Sources, 27, 327-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310 390266643@Yes$Lin, Y. and Tanaka, S. (2006).@Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: Current state and prospects.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 69, 627-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0229-x@Yes$Dien, B.S., Cotta, M.A. and Jeffries, T.W. (2003).@Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: Current status.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 63(3), 258-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1444-y@Yes$Saha, B.C., Qureshi, N., Kennedy, G.J. and Cotta, M.A. (2016).@Biological pretreatment of Corn stover with white-rot fungus for improved enzymatic hydrolysis.@International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 109, 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.12.020@Yes$Jung, Y.R., Park, J.M., Heo, S.Y., Hong, W.K., Lee, S.M., Oh, B.R., Park, S.M., Seo, J.W. and Kim, C.H. (2015).@Cellulolytic enzymes produced by a newly isolated soil fungus Pencillium sp. TG2 with potential for use in cellulosic ethanol production.@Renewable Energy, 76, 66-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.064@Yes$Ha, S.J., Galazka, J.M., Kim, S.R., Choi, J.H., Yang, X., Seo, J.H., Glass, N.L., Cate, J.H.D. and Jin, Y.S. (2011).@Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of simultaneous Cellobiose and Xylose fermentation.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 505-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010456108@Yes$Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee, Y. Y., Holtzapple, M., & Ladisch, M. (2005).@Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.@Bioresource technology, 96(6), 673-686.@Yes$Lynd, L.R. (1996).@Overview and evaluation of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass: Technology, economics, the environment and policy.@Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 21, 403-65, 1996.@Yes$Gutierrez, L.F., Sanchez, O.J. and Cardona, C.A. (2009).@Process integration possibilities for biodiesel production from Palm Oil using ethanol obtained from lignocellulosic residues of Oil Palm industry.@Bioresource Technology, 100(3), 1227-1237.@Yes$Mooney, C.A., Mansfield, S.D., Beatson, R.P., and Saddler, J.N. (1999).@The effect of fibre characteristic on hydrolysis and cellulose accessibility to softwood substrates.@Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 25 (8-9), pp. 644-650.@Yes$Mood, S.H., Golfeshana, A.H., Tabatabaeib, M., Jouzanib, G.S., Najafic, G.H., Gholamib, M., and Ardjmand, M. (2013).@Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus to pre-treatment.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 77-93.@Yes$El-Naggar, N.E., Deraz, S. and Khalil, A. (2014).@Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks based on enzymatic hydrolysis: Current status and recent developments.@Biotechnology, 13(1), 1-21.@Yes$Li, A., Antizar-Ladislao, B. and Khraishah, M. (2007).@Bioconversion of municipal solid waste to glucose for bioethanol production.@Bioprocess and Bio-systems Engineering; 30(3), 189 - 196.@Yes$Yan, S., Li, J., Chen, X., Wu, J., Wang, P. and Ye, J. (2011).@Enzymatical hydrolysis of food waste and ethanol production from the hydrolysate.@Renewable Energy, 36 (4), 1259 - 1265.@Yes$Jahnavi Gentela, Govumoni Sai Prashanthi, Koti Sravanthi and Linga Venkateswar Rao (2017).@Status of availability of lignocellulosic feedstocks in India: Biotechnological strategies involved in the production of bioethanol.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73(2017), 798 - 820.@Yes$Taherzadeh, M.J. and Karimi, K. (2008).@Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic waste to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review.@International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9 (9), 1621-1651.@Yes$Taherzadeh, M. J. & Karimi, K. (2007).@Acid-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: a review.@Bio Resources, 2(3), 472-499.@Yes$Moe, S. T., Janga, K. K., Hertzberg, T., Hagg, M. B., Øyaas, K. & Dyrset, N. (2012).@Saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel and biorefinery applications-a renaissance for the concentrated acid hydrolysis?.@Energy Procedia, 20, 50-58.@Yes$Zhuang, J., Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Sun, Y. and Lin, L. (2009).@Hydrolysis of wheat straw hemicellulose and detoxification of the hydrolysate for xylitol production.@Bioresources, 4, 674-86.@Yes$Lenihan, P., Orozco, A., O’Neill, E., Ahmad, M.N.M., Rooney, D.W. and Walker, G.M. (2010).@Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.@Chem. Eng. J. 156, 395-403.@Yes$Girio, F.M., Fonseca, C., Carvalheiro, F., Duarte, L.C., Marques, S., and Bogel-&#321;ukasik, R. (2010).@Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: A review.@Bioresour. Technol., 101, 4775-800.@Yes$Persson, I., Tjemeld, F., and Hagerdal, B.H. (1991).@Fungal cellulolitic enzyme production: An overview.@Proc. Biochem., 26, 65-74.@Yes$Saha, B.C., Iten, L.B., Cotta, M.A., Wu, Y.V. (2005b).@Dilute acid pre-treatment, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of wheat straw to ethanol.@Process Biochemistry, 40(12), 3693-3700.@Yes$Wingren, A., Galbe, M., Roslander, C., Rudolf, A., and Zacchi, G. (2005).@Effect of reduction in yeast and senzyme concentrations in a simultaneous-saccharification-and-fermentation-based bioethanol process: Technical and economic evaluation.@Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 122-124, 485-499.@Yes$Waites, M.J., Morgan, N.L., Rockey, J.S., and Higton, G. (2011).@Industrial microbiology: An introduction.@Osney Mead, Oxford: Blackwell Science.@No$Osunkoya, O. A. and Okwudinka, N. J. (2011).@Utilization of sugar refinery waste (molasses) for ethanol production using Saccharomyces Cervicae.@American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2(4), 694-706.@Yes$Classen, P.A.M., Van Lier, J.B., Lopez, A.M., Van Niel, E.W. J., Sijtsma, L., Stams, A.J.M., De Vries, S.S., and. Weusthuis, R.A. (1999).@Utilization of biomass for the supply of energy carriers.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 52 (6), 741-755.@Yes$Kunz, M. (2008).@Bioethanol: Experiences from running plants, optimization and prospects.@Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 26(1-2), 128-132.@Yes$Sanchez, O.J. and Cardona, C.A. (2008).@Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstock.@Bioresource Technology, 99(13), 5270-5295.@Yes$Picataggio, S. and Zhang, M. (1996).@Microorganism development for bioethanol production from hydrolysates.@In: Wyman CE, editor. Handbook on bioethanol: Production and utilization. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis; 163-78.@No$Wang, C., Wu, G., Chen, C., & Chen, S. (2012).@High production of &#946;-glucosidase by Aspergillus niger on corncob.@Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 168(1), 58-67.@Yes$Shuler, M.L., and Kargi, F. (2008).@Bioprocessing engineering basic concepts.@Ed. Prentice Hall International Series, Castleton, New York, 2nd Edition, p. 551.@No$Schell, D. J., Torget, R., Power, A., Walter, P. J., Grohmann, K., & Hinman, N. D. (1991).@A technical and economic analysis of acid-catalyzed steam explosion and dilute sulfuric acid pretreatments using wheat straw or aspen wood chips.@Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 28(1), 87-97.@Yes$Takagi, H., Iwamoto, F. and Nakamori, S. (1997).@Isolation of freeze-tolerant laboratory strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae from proline-analogue-resistant mutants.@Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 47(4), 405-11.@Yes$Jesper Norgard (2005).@Ethanol production from biomass, optimization of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with respect to stirring and heating.@pp. 1-5.@Yes$Dien, B.S., Cotta, M.A. and Jeffries, T.W. (2003).@Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: Current status.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 63(3), 258-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1444-y@Yes$Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Karhimaa, K., Fonseca, C., Spencer-Martins, I. and Gorwa-Grauslund, M. S. (2007).@Toward industrial pentose-fermenting yeast strains.@Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 74, 937-953.@Yes$Lynd, L.R., Zyl, W.H.v, McBride, J.E., and Laser, M. (2005).@Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: An update.@Curr. Opin. Biotechnol, 16(5), 577-583.@Yes$Hasunuma, T. and Kondo, A. (2012).@Consolidated bio-processing and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose to ethanol with thermotolerant yeast strains.@Process Biochem., 47(9), 1287-94.@Yes$Parisutham, V., Tae, H.K., and Sung, K.L. (2014).@Feasibilities of consolidated bioprocessing microbes: from pre-treatment to biofuel production.@Bioresour. Technol., 161, 431 - 40.@Yes$Xu, Q., Singh, A., and Himmel, M.E. (2009).@Perspectives and new directions for the production of bioethanol using consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose.@Curr Opin Biotechnol., 20, 364-71.@Yes$Dashtban, M., Schraft, H., and Qin, W. (2009).@Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities and perspectives.@Int. J. Biol. Sci., 5, 578-95.@Yes$Choudhary, J., Singh, S., & Nain, L. (2016).@Thermotolerant fermenting yeasts for simultaneous saccharification fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass.@Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 21, 82-92.@Yes$Hamelinck, C.N., Hooijdonk, G.V., and Faaij. A. (2005).@Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short, middle and long-term.@Biomass and Bioenergy, 28, 384 -410.@Yes$Wooley, R., Ruth, M., Sheehan, J., Ibsen, K., Majdeski, H., & Galvez, A. (1999).@Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis current and futuristic scenarios (No. NREL/TP-580-26157).@National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (US).@Yes$Parisi, F. (1986).@Bioconversion and separation.@In: European workshop on bioethanol. Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, 1986; 59-69.@Yes$Davison, B., Evans, B., Finkelstein, M., McMillan, J., Liao, W. and Wen, Z. (2005).@Effects of hemicellulose and lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from dairy manure.@in: 26th Symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals. Humana Press, pp. 1017-1030.@Yes$Wen, Z., Liao, W. and Chen, S. (2004).@Hydrolysis of animal manure lignocellulosics for reducing sugar production.@Bioresource Technology, 91(1), 31-39.@Yes$Li, C. (2004).@Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from various waste sources and their feasibility as feedstocks for ethanol production.@Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University.@Yes$Galbe, M. and Zacchi, G. (2002).@A review of the production of ethanol from softwood.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 59; 618 - 628.@Yes$Isenberg, G. (1999).@Assessment of automotive fuels.@Journal of Power Sources, 84(2), 214-217.@Yes$Wyman, C.E. (1999).@Biomass ethanol: Technical progress, opportunities, and commercial challenges.@Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 24, 189-226.@Yes$Granda, Cesar B., Holtzapple, Mark T., and Zhu, Li (2007).@Sustainable liquid biofuels and their environmental impact.@Environmental Progress, 26(3), 233-250.@Yes