@Research Paper <#LINE#>Compatibility analysis and cost economics study of decentralized solid waste management of Kolhapur city, India<#LINE#>Amar A. @Katkar,Pruthviraj P. Rananavare@Rananavare <#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-039.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Engineering, K.I.T's College of Engineering (An Autonomous Institute) Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India@Department of Environmental Engineering, K.I.T's College of Engineering (An Autonomous Institute) Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India<#LINE#>10/5/2019<#LINE#>7/1/2020<#LINE#>This paper studies the various factors that manage the suitability of a decentralized solid waste system within Kolhapur city of Maharashtra state in India. The main purpose of decentralization is to create hygienic environment free of garbage by utilizing waste as resource, minimizing of waste disposal, converting biodegradable waste into compost, generation of wealth from waste, to reduced cost required for solid waste management (especially on transportation), to educate the community and spread awareness about their roles and responsibilities about solid waste. The paper also summarizes the major findings of the study and suggests the suitable methods of decentralization techniques in the respective area. this paper refers, two decentralized methods which are best suitable are analyzed. i.e, bio-methanation and vermin-composting. And viability of replacting this decentralized methods at the city level is carried out.<#LINE#>Satpal Singh (2014).@Decentralized solid waste management in India: a perspective on technological options.@Cities - the 21st century India. 290-304@No$Manual of central public health and environmental engineering organization (2016).@Ministry of Urban Development.@@No$Amar A. Katkar (2012).@Improvement of solid waste collection by using optimization technique.@International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(4).@No$Zurbrügg, C., Drescher, S., Patel, A., & Sharatchandra, H. C. (2004).@Decentralised composting of urban waste-an overview of community and private initiatives in Indian cities.@Waste management, 24(7), 655-662.@Yes$Gurdeep Singh, Tauseef Zia Siddiqui and Anshul Jain (2007).@Sustainable Development through Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) Approach-A Case Study of Indian School of Mines Campus.@In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Chennai, India, 5-7.@Yes$Unnikrishnan, H., Gowrav, B., & Jathanha, S. (2006).@Sustainable Decentralized Model for Solid Waste Management in Urban India.@@Yes$Pavan, H B Balakrishna (2104).@Decentralized composting of municipal solid waste in Bengaluru City - An overview.@International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(6), 260-263.@No$Desai, S. N., & Shah, M. A. (2018).@Decentralized solid waste management in urban areas: a review.@Int J Curr Eng Technol, 8, 21-23.@Yes$T. Subramani, R. Umarani & S. K. Bharathi Devi (2014).@Sustainable Decentralized Model for Solid Waste Management in Urban India.@Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. 4(6), 264-269@No$Kokate, V., & Sasane, V. V. (2014).@Decentralized approach for municipal solid waste management using vermitechnology.@International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(3), 10355-10364.@Yes$Vandana Patyal (2017).@Study of Vermicomposting Technology for Organic Waste Management.@International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 313-318.@No$Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., & Trivedi, R. C. (2008).@Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities-A review.@Waste management, 28(2), 459-467.@Yes <#LINE#>Analysis of rainfall and return periods to assess flood risks in hilly areas of Nepal<#LINE#>Chandra Man @Rai,Ramesh @Chhetri,Benu Prasad @Dahal,Saroj @Adhikari <#LINE#>7-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-082.pdf<#LINE#>Forest Research Institute Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India@Kali Gandaki Polytechnic Institute, CTEVT, Ghiring 1, Tanahun, Gandaki Pradesh, Nepal@Department of Occupational Standard, Ministry of Labour and Human Resources, Thimphu, Bhutan@Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal<#LINE#>25/8/2019<#LINE#>15/1/2020<#LINE#>The study analyzed rainfall data for 30 years from 17 meteorological stations to determine flood risk in the hilly areas of Nepal. The probability of occurrence and return period were used as the methods to calculate the flood event. Probability of occurrence was calculated from seven different methods: Chegodayev, Blom, California, Weibull, Gringorten, Hazen and Sevruk and Geiger method and mean probability was taken from these methods. The mean probability was then used to calculate the return period. The common application of these methods involves the ranking of the rainfall data and calculated as a ratio of the ranked values to the length of the samples i.e. number of years. There turn period is an estimation of the expected return of the annual observation i.e. extreme rainfall associated events and the probability determines the chances of occurrence of these events in terms of percentage. The Pansayakhola station and year 1999 has a higher return period of 24 years and 42 years, but the least probability of occurrence (4.13%) and (2.36%) respectively. While, the station Nepalthok and year 1992 has a return period of one year time interval corresponding to the lowest average rainfall, but have more than 95% of probability of occurrence. The study also reported that the highest return period (42 years) was observed in the month of July and least in November. Return periods with higher probability need robust mitigation measures for the occurrence of frequent flood events. Hilly regions of Nepal is highly vulnerable to flood pertaining to a higher share of land coverage and concentration of dense population which demands a pragmatic approach to reduce the risk of floods or hydrological events.<#LINE#>Alam, A., Emura, K., Farnham, C and Yuan,J. (2018).@Best-Fit Probability Distributions and Return Periods for Maximum Monthly Rainfall in Bangladesh.@Climate,6(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6010009@Yes$Subramanya, K. (2008).@Engineering Hydrology.@3rd Edition. Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Company limited. New Delhi.@Yes$Chhetri, R., and Kumar, P (2018).@Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall distribution in hilly region of Nepal.@International Research Journal of Environmental Science. 7(11), 1-10.@No$Sabarish, R. M., Narasimhan, R., Chandhru, A., Suribabu, C., Sudharsan, J., and Nithiyanantham, S. (2017).@Probability analysis for consecutive-day maximum rainfall for Tiruchirapalli City (south India, Asia).@Applied Water Science. 7(2), 1033-1042.@Yes$Dirk, R. (2013).@Frequency analysis of rainfall data.@College on Soil Physics-30th Anniversary (1983-2013), The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 244-288.@No$Central Bureau of Statistics (2011).@National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report).@Government of Nepal National Planning commission. Kathmandu, Nepal.@No$Central Bureau of Statistics (2017).@Statistical Year Book of Nepal - 2017.@Government of Nepal, National Planning commission. Ramshahpath, Thapathali, Kathmandu.@No$Shrestha R.M. and Sthapit A.B. (2015).@Temporal Variation of Rainfall in the Bagmati River Basin, Nepal.@Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 16(1), 31-40.@Yes$California State Department of Public works (1923).@Flow in California streams.@Bulletin 5. Chapter 5 (cited by Haan, 1986).@No$Chegodayev (1955).@Formulas for the calculation of the confidence of hydrologic quantities by A.G. Alekseyev.@In: V.T. Chow (Editor), Handbook of Applied Hydrology, 1964.@No$Blom, G. (1958).@Statistical Estimates and Transformed Beta Variables.@Wiley, New York, N.Y. pp. 65-72; 143-146.@Yes$Weibull, W. (1939).@A Statistical Study of The Strength of Material.@Ing. Vetenskaps Akad. Handl. (Stockholm) Vol. 151, pp. 15.@No$WMO (1983).@Guide to climatological practices.@World Meteorological Organization, WMO - No. 100. Geneva, Switzerland.@No$Hazen, A. (1930).@Flood flows: a study of frequencies and magnitudes.@In Flood flows: a study of frequencies and magnitudes. John Wiley & Sons.@Yes$Sevruk, B. and Geiger, H. (1981). Selection of distribution types for extremes of precipitation. World Meteorological Organisation, Operational Hydrology Report, No. 15, WMO-No. 560, Geneva.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Arvind, G., Kumar, P. A., Karthi, S. G., &Suribabu, C. R. (2017).@Statistical Analysis of 30 Years Rainfall Data: A Case Study.@In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 80, No. 1, p. 012067. IOP Publishing.@Yes$Urías, H. Q., Garcia, H., & Plata Mendoza, J. S. (2007).@Determination of the relationship between precipitation and return periods to assess flood risks in the city of Juarez, Mexico.@Conference Proceedings at Open SIUC. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 24 July 2007.@Yes$Kansakar S.R., Hannah D.M., Gerrard, J. and Rees G. (2004).@Spatial pattern in the precipitation regime in Nepal.@Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1645-1659.@Yes$Shrestha, M. (2000).@Interannual variation of summer monsoon rainfall over Nepal and its relation to Southern Oscillation Index.@Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 75(1-2), 21-28.@Yes$Babel, M. S., Bhusal, S. P., Wahid, S. M., and Agarwal, A. (2014).@Climate change and water resources in the Bagmati River Basin, Nepal.@Theoretical and applied climatology, 115(3-4), 639-654.@Yes$Shankar, K. and P.B Shrestha (1985).@Climate.@In: Nepal -Nature's Paradise: Insight into diverse facets of Topography, flora and ecology. Ed. TC. Majupuria, White Lotus Co. Ltd, Bangkok, pp. 39-44.@Yes$Panthi, J., Dahal, P., Shrestha, M., Aryal, S., Krakauer, N., Pradhanang, S., and Karki, R. (2015).@Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal Himalaya.@Climate, 3(1), 210-226.@Yes$Daly, C. (2006).@Guidelines for assessing the suitability of spatial climate data sets.@International Journal of Climatology, 26(6), 707-721.@Yes$Goovaerts, P. (2000).@Geostatistical approaches for incorporating elevation into the spatial interpolation of rainfall.@Journal of hydrology, 228(1-2), 113-129.@Yes$Rosenberg, E. A., Keys, P. W., Booth, D. B., Hartley, D., Burkey, J., Steinemann, A. C., and Lettenmaier, D. P. (2010).@Precipitation extremes and the impacts of climate change on stormwater infrastructure in Washington State.@Climatic Change, 102(1-2), 319.@Yes <#LINE#>Assessment of heavy metal contamination of Amlakhadi: A tributary of Narmada River, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>Sidat @Azaz A.,Jadeja @Rajendrasinh N. <#LINE#>15-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-085.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390020, Gujarat, India@Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390020, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>30/8/2019<#LINE#>15/2/2020<#LINE#>Aquatic ecosystem throughout the globe is polluted by heavy metals arising from the anthropogenic sources. The study was aimed to investigate the degree of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments and wastewaters from Amlakhadi, India. Designated sampling stations were determined for the collection of wastewater samples and surface sediment samples from khadi and were analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The status of pollution in wastewaters and surface sediments of Amlakhadi was assessed using Concentration factor and Geo-accumulation Index. The data analysis indicates variation in heavy metal concentration within sampling stations attributed to the addition of sewage, municipal waste, and industrial effluent from various sources. The distributions of heavy metal in wastewaters were in the following sequence Fe> Zn> Mn> Cu> V> Ni> Co. While the distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments followed the sequence Fe> Si> Al> Ti> K> S> Mn> Co> Zn. The Contamination Factor (CF) showed the highest concentration level of Cu. The mean contamination factor (CF) for metals in the study area followed the order Al> Sr> Ti> Cr> Fe> Mn> V> Zn> Cu. The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) value for Cu and Zn was above 4 at most of the sampling stations which indicates high level of Pollution. The Geo-accumulation Index(Igeo) value for metals in the study area followed the order Al> Sr> Ti> Cr> Fe> Mn> V> Cu> Zn. The index of geo-accumulation of the sediment reveals overall pollution in the Amlakhadi area.<#LINE#>Nazeer S., Hashmi M.Z., and Malik R.N. (2014).@Heavy metals distribution, risk assessment and water quality characterization by water quality index of the River Soan, Pakistan.@Ecol Indic, 43, 262-270. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind. 2014.03.010@Yes$Yang X., Duan J., Wang L., Li W., Guan J., Beecham S., Mulcahy D. (2015).@Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in the Wei River in China.@Env Monit Assess, 187(3), 111. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-4202-y@Yes$Sakai H., Kojima Y., and Saito K. (1986).@Distribution of heavy metals in water and sieved sediments in the Toyohira River.@Water Res, 20, 559-567. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354 (86)90019-9@Yes$Stamatis N., Ioannidou D., Christoforidis A., Koutrakis E. (2002).@Sediment pollution by heavy metals in the Strymonikos and Ierissos Gulfs, North Aegean Sea, Greece.@Environ Monit Assess, 80(1), 33-49. doi:10.1023 /A:1020382011145@Yes$Akcay H., Oguz A., and Karapire C. (2003).@Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments.@Water Res, 37, 813-822. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00392-5@Yes$Loska K. and Wiechuła D. (2003).@Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of the source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir.@Chemosphere, 51(8), 723-733. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00187-5@Yes$Woitke P., Wellmitz J., Helm D., Kube P., Lepom P., Litheraty P. (2003).@Analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution in suspended solids and sediments of the river Danube.@Chemosphere, 51(8), 633-642. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00217-0@Yes$Singh K.P., Malik A., Sinha S., Singh V.K., Murthy R.C. (2005).@Estimation of the source of heavy metal contamination in sediments of Gomti River (India) using principal component analysis.@Water Air Soil Pollut, 166(1-4), 321-341. doi:10.1007/s11270-005-5268-5@Yes$Hua X., Dong D., Liu L., Gao M., Liang D. (2012).@Comparison of trace metal adsorption onto different solid materials and their chemical components in a natural aquatic environment.@Appl Geochemistry, 27(5), 1005-1012. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.01.021@Yes$Moore J.W. and Ramamoorthy S. (1984).@Heavy Metals in Natural Waters: Applied monitoring and impact assessment.@Springer Verlag publications, pp 270.@Yes$Khan B., Ullah H., Khan S., Aamir M., Khan A., Khan W. (2016).@Sources and Contamination of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Kabul River: The Role of Organic Matter in Metals Retention and Accumulation.@Soil Sediment Contam, 25(8), 891-904. doi:10.1080/15320383.2016. 1224226@Yes$European Commission. (2002).@Heavy Metals in Waste.@DG ENV E3, Proj ENVE3/ETU/2000/0058, pp 1-83. doi:ENV.E.3/ETU/2000/0058@No$Silva-Filho E.V., Santos I.R., Campos L.S., Schaefer CEGR., Albuquerque-Filho MR. (2004).@Heavy metal contamination in coastal sediments and soils near the Brazilian Antarctic Station, King George Island.@Mar Pollut Bull, 50(2), 185-194. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004. 10.009@Yes$Kumar A. and Ramanathan AL. (2015).@Speciation of selected trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) with depth in the sediments of Sundarban mangroves: India and Bangladesh.@J Soils Sediments, 15(12), 2476-2486. doi: 10.1007/s11368-015-1257-5@Yes$Hu Q., Zhu Y-G., Zhang S., Khan S., Aijun L. (2007).@Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation.@J Hazard Mater, 152(2), 506-515. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.014@Yes$Shikazono N., Tatewaki K., Mohiuddin K.M., Nakano T., Zakir H.M. (2012).@Sources, spatial variation, and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan.@Environ Geochem Health, 34(1), 13-26. doi:10.1007/s10653-011-9409-z@Yes$Scheibye K., Weisser J., Borggaard OK., Larsen M.M., Holm P.E., Vammen K., Christensen J.H. (2014).@Sediment baseline study of levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in Lake Nicaragua.@Chemosphere, 95, 556-565. doi: 10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2013.09.115@Yes$Esmaeilzadeh M., Karbassi A., Moattar F. (2016).@Assessment of metal pollution in the Anzali Wetland sediments using chemical partitioning method and pollution indices.@Acta Oceanol Sin, 35(10), 28-36. doi: 10.1007/s13131-016-0920-z@Yes$Tuna AL., Yilmaz F., Demirak A., Ozdemir N. (2007).@Sources and distribution of trace metals in the saricay stream basin of southwestern turkey.@Environ Monit Assess, 125(1-3), 47-57. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9238-1@Yes$Karbassi AR., Monavari SM., Nabi Bidhendi GR., Nouri J., Nematpour K. (2008).@Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the Shur River.@Environ Monit Assess, 147(1-3), 107-116. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-0102-8@Yes$Camusso M., Vigano L., Raffaella B. (1995).@Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: A field study.@Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 31, 133-141.@Yes$Krika A. and Krika F. (2018).@Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Water and Sediments of Djendjen River, North-Eastern Algeria.@Pollution, 4(3), 495-502. doi: 10.22059/poll.2018.249394.367@Yes$Muller G. (1969).@Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River.@Geo Journal, 2, 108-118. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1023171@Yes$Jain C.K., Gupta H., Chakrapani GJ. (2008).@Enrichment and fractionation of heavy metals in bed sediments of River Narmada, India.@Environ Monit Assess, 141(1-3), 35-47. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9876-y@Yes$Alagarsamy R. and Zhang J. (2005).@Comparative studies on trace metal geochemistry in Indian and Chinese rivers.@Curr Sci, 89(2), 299-309. doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(01) 00330-7@Yes$Central Water Commission (2015).@PMP Atlas for the Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati, and Luni River Systems and Rivers of Saurashtra and Kutch Regions including Mahi.@India Metrological Department, pp 344.@No$APHA/AWWA/WEF. (2012).@Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.@Part 1000. Stand Methods. doi:ISBN 9780875532356@No$APHA (American Public Health Association) (2012).@Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.@22nd ed. American Public Health, Health Association, Washington, DC. doi:10.1080/1944701300 8687143@No$Singh H., Pandey R., Singh SK., Shukla DN. (2017).@Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the River Ghaghara, a major tributary of the River Ganga in Northern India.@Appl Water Sci, 7(7), 4133-4149. doi:10.1007/s13201-017-0572-y@Yes$Hakanson L. (1980).@An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach.@Water Res, 14(8), 975-1001. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8@Yes$Kumari M., Mudgal LK., Singh AK. (2013).@Comparative Studies of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Two Reservoirs of Narmada River, MP, India.@Current World Environment, 8(3), 473-478.@Yes$Gupta N., Pandey P., Hussain J. (2017).@Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India.@Water Sci, 31(1), 11-23. doi:10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002@Yes$Sharma S., Dixit S., Jain P., Shah KW., Vishwakarma R. (2008).@Statistical evaluation of hydrobiological parameters of Narmada River water at Hoshangabad City, India.@Environ Monit Assess, 143(1-3), 195-202. doi: 10.1007/s10661-007-9968-8@Yes$The Environment (Protection) Rules (1986).@Environment.@pp1-10. doi:10.1017/S0033291714000531@No$BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (2002).@Tolerance Limits of Selected Water Quality Parameters for Inland Surface Water Prescribed for Different uses by Bureau of Indian Standards in India.@Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.@Yes$Sharma SK. and Subramanian V. (2010).@Source and distribution of trace metals and nutrients in Narmada and Tapti river basins, India.@Environ Earth Sci, 61(7), 1337-1352. doi:10.1007/s12665-010-0452-3@No$Islam MS., Ahmed MK., Raknuzzaman M., Habibullah -Al- Mamun M., Islam MK. (2015).@Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country.@Ecol Indic, 48, 282-291. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016@Yes$Mohiuddin KM., Otomo K., Ogawa Y., Shikazono N. (2012).@Seasonal and spatial distribution of trace elements in the water and sediments of the Tsurumi River in Japan.@Environ Monit Assess, 184(1), 265-279. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1966-1@Yes$Wang Z., Sun R., Zhang H., Chen L. (2014).@Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments: a case study from Luan River, Northern China.@Front Environ Sci Eng, 9(2), 240-249. doi:10.1007/s11783-014-0646-0@Yes$García-Pereira FJ., García Giménez R., Vigil de la Villa R., Procopio JR. (2014).@Heavy metal fractionation in sediments from the Jarama River (central Spain).@Environ Earth Sci, 73(5), 2385-2396. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3587-9@Yes$Zhang H., Jiang Y., Ding M., Xie Z. (2017).@Level, source identification, and risk analysis of heavy metal in surface sediments from river-lake ecosystems in the Poyang Lake, China.@Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24(27), 21902-21916. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9855-y@Yes$Kazi TG., Jamali MK., Kazi GH., Arain MB., Afridi HI., Siddiqui A. (2005).@Evaluating the mobility of toxic metals in untreated industrial wastewater sludge using a BCR sequential extraction procedure and a leaching test.@Anal Bioanal Chem, 383(2), 297-304. doi:10.1007/s00216-005-0004-y@Yes$Mandal SK., Dutta SK., Pramanik S., Kole RK. (2019).@Assessment of river water quality for agricultural irrigation.@Int J Environ Sci Technol, 16(1), 451-462. doi:10.1007/s13762-018-1657-3@Yes$Subramanian V., Van 't Dack L., Van Grieken R. (1985).@Chemical composition of river sediments from the Indian sub-continent.@Chem Geol, 48(1-4), 271-279. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(85)90052-X@Yes$Martin J. and Meybeck M. (1979).@Elemental mass balance of material carried by major World rivers.@Mar Chem, 7, 173-206.@Yes$Turekian KK. and Wedepohl KH. (1961).@Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust.@Bull Geol Soc Am. 72, 175-192. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1961) 72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2@Yes$Taylor SR. and McLennan S. (1985).@The Continental crust: its composition and evolution.@An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Oxford, Blackwell Sci, pp312. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800 032167@Yes <#LINE#>Assessment of heavy metals in fly ash of coal fired thermal power stations in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India<#LINE#>Vardi @Venkateswarlu,Chenji @Venkatrayulu <#LINE#>28-34<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-091.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Marine Biology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore-524320, Andhra Pradesh, India@Department of Marine Biology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore-524320, Andhra Pradesh, India<#LINE#>10/9/2019<#LINE#>18/1/2020<#LINE#>Continuous production of laid-off ash from the coal-fired thermal power stations and its commercialism in Asian nation has triggered a relentless invasion of the useful territory. Because of its sensible texture and also the existence of damaging metals, the harmful effects of ash on the close surroundings area unit inevitable. Agriculture is one amongst many selections for the discarding of ash, a dangerous particulate contents made from thermal power plants based by coal fired sources. Ash includes crop development useful micro-and macronutrients. It conjointly includes virulent significant metals, however, which might migrate to crops and accumulate toxicity to crops and farm animal. Accumulation of metals in secondary substance crop parts chargeable for a selected pharmacologic activity. Advantage to their absence of biodegradability, the matter of significant metal emissions is incredibly disquieted due to their toxicity to plants, animals, and humans. Abundance focuses of significant metals have unfavorable impacts of metabolic activities hence have an effect on food production, quantitatively and qualitatively. Significant heavy metal could have a serious impact on their health if it enters human tissues through distinct mechanisms of absorption. Continuing exposure to heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) may trigger harmful impacts on human health. This paper tries to focus the use and their issuesof fly debris bearing overwhelming heavy metals.<#LINE#>Benito Y, Ruiz M, Cosmen P, and Merino JL. (2001).@Study of leachates obtained from the disposal of fly ash from PFBC and AFBC processes.@Chem. Eng. J., 84, 167.@Yes$Chandra A and Chandra H. (2005).@Impact of Indian and imported coal on Indian Thermal Power Plants.@J. Sci. Ind. Res., 63,156.@Yes$Dhadse S., Kumari P., and Bhagia I. J. (2008).@Fly ash characterization, utilization and Government initiatives in India- A review.@J. Sci. Ind. Res., 67, 11.@Yes$Choi S. K., Lee S., Song Y. K. and Moon H. S. (2002),@Leaching characteristics of selected Korean fly ashes and its implications for the groundwater composition near the ash mound.@Fuel., 81,1080.@Yes$Iyer R. (2002).@The surface chemistry of leaching coal fly ash.@, J. Hazard. Material., B93:321.@Yes$Mishra PC. (2009).@Heavy metal accumulation in crops grown in fly ash amended soil.@The Ecoscane., Special issue., 1, 23-26.@Yes$Shen, Zhigang, Leice Li, Zhuming Wang, ChujiangCai, and Xiaozheng Yu. (2008).@Cenospheres from coal ash and their application.@Beijing: National Defense Press. 254.@No$M. Ahmaruzzaman (2010).@A review on the utilization of fly ash.@Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36, 327-363.@Yes$Gupta V.K., Gupta M. and Sharma S. (2001).@Process development for the removal of lead and chromium from aqueous solution using red mud an aluminum industry waste.@Water Res., 35(5), 1125-1134.@Yes$Ahalya N., Kanamadi R.D., and Ramachandra T.V. (2005).@Bio sorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by the husk of Bengal gram (Cicerarientinum).@Electron J Biotechnol., 8, 45-49.@Yes$Lighty, JoAnn Slama, John M. Veranth, and Adel F Sarofim (2000).@Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health.@Journal of the Air & waste Management Association, 50, 1565-1618.@Yes$Bian, Xinbing, QiangXie, and Caiyou Zhao (2005).@Technology to transfer coal-based solid wastes to resources.@Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. 294.@Yes$Ngu, Ling-ngee, Hongwei Wu, and Dong-ke Zhang (2007).@Characterization of Ash Cenospheres in Fly Ash from Australian Power Stations.@Energy & Fuels, 21, 3437-3445.@Yes$Xu, Hong, Xia-ming Cheng, and Guang-ping Xu (2000).@Study on the Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of Microspheroids in CPFA from Huaneng Nanjing Electric Power Plant.@Geological Journal of China Universities, 1, 80-86.@No$Ferner D.J. (2001).@Toxicity of heavy metals.@eMed. J., 2(5), 1-11.@No$Young R.A. (2005).@Toxicity Profiles: Toxicity Summary for Cadmium Risk Assessment Information System, RAIS.@University of Tennessee. Accessed 20/10/2012, Available:http//rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/ cadmium.shtml.@No$CEA (Central Electricity Authority) (2018).@Annual Report on Fly-ash utilization.@Report on Fly Ash Generation at Coal/Lignite Based Thermal Power Stations and its Utilization in the Country for the Year 2017-18, New Delhi.@No$Oram P. (2009).@Flow behavior of fly ash slurry.@B. Tech thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa. Ostrava.121-127.@Yes$Thaneshwar Kumar, K Tedia, Vinay Samadhiya, and Rahul Kumar (2017).@Review on effect of fly ash on heavy metals status of soil and plants.@International Journal of Chemical Studies.5 (4): 11-18.@Yes$Szponder D. K. and Trybalski K. (2009). Identification of the fly ash properties by using different methods and equipments, 33/4, 287-298.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ahmaruzzaman M. (2010).@A review on the utilization of fly ash.@Progress in Energy and Combustion Scienceg 36, 327-363.@Yes$APHA (2012).@Standard methods for examination of water and waste water.@22nd Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. 2012.@Yes$Linton, R.W., Loh, A., Natusch, D.F.S., Evans, C.A. Jr. and Williams, (1975).@Surface predominance of trace elements in air borne particles.@Science, 191, 852.@Yes$Polish Act on Waste of 14 December 2012 (2013). Poland's Journal of Laws, January 8, 2013, item 21.@undefined@undefined@No$Ferner D.J. (2001).@Toxicity and Heavy Metals.@eMedicine Journal, 2(5), 1.@Yes$Gopinathan K.M. and Amma S.R. (2008).@Bioaccumulation of toxicheavy metals in the edible soft tissues of green mussel (PernaviridisL.) of Mahe region.@Project report submitted to the Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DSTE), Government of Pondicherry, 1-32.@Yes$Salem, H. M., Eweida, A., and Azza, F. (2000).@Heavy metals in drinking water and their environmental impact on human health.@Center for Environmental Hazards Mitigation, p 542-556.@Yes$Sindhu, P.S. (2002). Environmental Chemistry, 1st ed., New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi 75-243.@undefined@undefined@No$Jarup L. 2003; Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin 68:167-182.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Albretsen J. (2006).@The toxicity of iron, an essential element.@Veterinary medicine, 82-90.@Yes$Grazuleviciene R, Nadisauskiene R, Buinauskiene J, Grazulevicius T. (2009).@Effects of Elevated Levels of Manganese and Iron in Drinking Water on Birth Outcomes.@Polish J of Environ Stud, 18(5), 819-825.@Yes$ATSDR (2002).@Toxicological Profile for Manganese.@Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.@No$Gerber G.G., Léonard A., and Hantson P. (2002).@Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of manganese compounds.@Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 42(1), 25.@Yes$Dobson A.W., Erikson K.M., and Aschner M. (2004).@Manganese neurotoxicity.@Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1012, 115.@Yes$Erikson K.M., Dorman D.C., Fitsanakis V.A., Lash L.H., and Aschner M. (2006).@Alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers due to in utero and neonatal exposures of airborne manganese.@Biol. Trace Res., 111(1-3), 199.@Yes$Montes S., Riojas-rodriguez H., Sabidopedraza E. and Rios C. (2008).@Biomarkers of manganese exposure in population living close to a mine and mineral processing plant in Mexico.@Environ. Res., 106(11), 89.@Yes$CPCB (2011).@Impact of Coal Mine Waste water Discharge on surroundings with reference to heavy metals.@Central Pollution Control Board Bhopal.@No$Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of 18 June 2008 (2008).@The implementation of certain provisions of the Act on Fertilizers and Fertilization.@Poland's Journal of Laws, 119, item 765.@No$K. Mizerna, A. Król, and A. Mróz, (2017). E3S Web Conf. 19, 02020.@undefined@undefined@No <#LINE#>Physicochemical characterization of city supply, underground and river water in Kathmandu, Nepal<#LINE#>Mandira Pradhananga @Adhikari <#LINE#>35-43<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-094.pdf<#LINE#>Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal<#LINE#>23/9/2019<#LINE#>27/1/2020<#LINE#>Physicochemical characterization of water is imperative for evaluating the palatability of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Water samples were collected from three different sources namely city supply, underground and river in Kathmandu. The pH, hardness, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity were measured and compared with standard value. The results of present study showed that sample water from the city supply were relatively clean and free from contamination though the water from Tyangla Sarkari Dhara was slightly acidic. As regards to underground water samples, the values measured for all parameter were within the range of standard value. It was observed that the underground water was slightly alkaline and hard especially the Panga well water. The physicochemical parameter showed that the river water (Bishnumati and Bagmati) was highly polluted and not potable. Alkalinity and conductivity exceeded the standard value and content of dissolved oxygen was as low as 2ppm. The results indicate that the rivers of Kathmandu are highly contaminated with alkaline and conductive pollutants. Hence river water is not suit fitted for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses and also dangerous for aquatic animal.<#LINE#>Patil, P. N., Sawant D. V. and Deshmukh, R. N., (2012).@Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water -A review.@International journal of environmental sciences, 3, 1194.@Yes$WHO (1999).@World Health Organization.@International Standard for drinking water, 5, 3-6@No$Leelavathi, Ch., Sainath, U. K. and Rabbni, A. K. (2016).@Physicochemical characterization of ground water of Autonagar, Vijayawada, Krishna district.@International journal of Engineering Development and Research (IJEDR), 4(2), 1324-1328.@Yes$Basavaraja, S., Hiremath, S. M., Murthy, K. N. S., Chandrashekarappa, K. N., Patel, A. N. and Puttiah, E. T. (2011).@Analysis of water quality using physic-chemical parameters Hosahalli tank in Shimoga distric, Karnataka, India.@Global Journal of Science Frontier, Research, 1(3) 31-34.@Yes$Rattan, S. (2012).@Experiments in Applied Chemistry.@S. K. Kataria and Sons publication, India, Third edition, 94-138.@No$Khadka, M. S. (1993).@The groundwater quality situation in alluvial aquifers of the Kathmandu valley, Nepal.@AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 14, 207-211.@Yes$Warner, N. R., Levy, J. Jarpp, K. and Farruggia (2008).@Drinking water quality in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley: A survey and assessment of selected controlling site characteristics.@Hydrogeology Journal, 16, 321-334. doi 10.1007/s10040-007-0238-1@No$British Geological Survey 2001, (2001).@Ground water quality: Nepal, NERC.@@No$Milner, C., Basnet, H., Gurung, S., Maharjan, R., Neupane, T., Shah, D. N., Shakya, B. M., Tachamo Shah, R. D., and Vaidya, S. (2015).@Bagmati River Expedition 2015: A baseline study along the length of the Bagmati River in Nepal to gather data on physical, chemical, and biological indicators of water quality and pollution; and document human-river interaction.@Nepal River Conservation Trust and Biosphere Association, Kathmandu, Nepal.@Yes$Koju, N. K., Prasai, T., Shrestha, S. M. and Raut, P. (2014).@Drinking water quality of Kathmandu Valley.@Nepal journal of Science and Technology, 15(1), 115.@Yes$Library of Congress, (1999).@Nepal - A Country Study.@http://rs6.loc.gov/frd/cs/nptoc. (Accessed 2017-07-10).@No$Sagara, M. and Lipscomb, R. (2003).@Study of filtration for point-of-use drinking water treatment in Nepal.@Veirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church, Virginia.@Yes$Nepalpo Weather (2017).@Kathmandu, Bagmati 2016.@March 20-26, Accu Weather, https://www.accuweather. com/en/np/kathmandu/241809/march-weather/2016 (Accessed 2017 -06-15)@No$Environmental statistics of Nepal (2008).@National Planning Commission Secretariat, Government of Nepal.@@No$IS (1993).@Indian Standard Specification for Drinking Water: IS: 10500:1992 (reaffirmed 1993).@@No$Modoi, O. C., Roba, C., Torok Z. and Ozunu, A. (2014).@Environmental risks due to heavy metal pollution of water resulted from mining wastes in NW Romania.@Environmental Engineering and management Journal, 13(9), 2325-2336.@Yes$Ako, A. A., Jun, S., Takahiro, H., Kimpei, I., George, E. N., Wilson, Y. F., Gloria, E. T. E. and Ntankouo, N. R. (2011).@Evaluation of groundwater quality and it suitability for drinking, domestic and agricultural uses in the Banana Plain (Mbanga, Njombe, Penja) of the Cameroon Volcanic line.@Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33(6), 559-575. doi:10.1007/s10653-010-9371-1.@Yes$Onyegeme-Okerent, B. M., Obia, C. and Wegwu, Mo. (2016).@Physicochemical properties of water quality of Imech, Edegelem and Chokocho communiites located along Otamiri-oche River in Etche Ethnic Nationality of Rivers State Nageria.@J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage, 20(1), 113-119.@Yes$Ladipo, M. K., Ajibola, V. O. and Oniye, S. J. (2011).@Seasonal variations in physicohemical properties of water in some selected locations of the Lagos lagoon.@Science world Journal, 6(4), 5-11.@Yes$Magha, A., Awah, M. T., Nono, G. D. K., Wochoko, P., Tabot, M. A. and Kaabeyene, V. K. (2015).@Physico-chemical and bacteriolotical characterization of spring and well water in Bamenda III (NW Region, Cameroon).@American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(3), 163-173.@Yes$Cuivillas, D. A. V., Naguit M. R. and Cuivillas, A. M. (2016).@Physico-chemical characterization of Layawan River.@IOSR-Journal of Environmental Sciences, Toxicology and Food Technology, 10(6), 69-75.@No$Ahn, M. K., Chilakala, R., Han C. and Thenepalli, T. (2018).@Removal of hardness from water samples by a carbonation process with a closed pressure reactor.@Water, 10(1), 54; doi:10.3390/w10010054.@Yes$Cotruvo, J. A., & Bartram, J. (Eds.). (2009).@Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water: public health significance.@World Health Organization. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241563550_eng.pdf (Accessed 2017-6-15).@Yes$Gupta, D. P., Sunita and Saharan, J. P. (2009).@Phycisochemical analysis of ground water of selected area of Kaithal city (Haryana) India.@Researcher, 1(2), 1-5.@Yes$Yasin, M., Ketema T. and Bacha, K. (2015).@Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water of different sources, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.@BMC Res. Notes, 8:541, doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1376-5.@Yes$Bisht, A. S., Ali, G., Rawat D. S. and Pandey, N. N. (2013).@Physico-chemical behavior of three different water bodies of subtropical Himalayan region of India.@Journal of Ecology and Natural Environment, 5(12), 387.@Yes <#LINE#>Lethal efficacy of phytochemicals as sustainable sources of insecticidal formulations derived from the leaf extracts of Indian medicinal plants to control Dengue and Zika vector, Aedes aegypti (Dipetra: Culicide)<#LINE#>M. Rajesh Kumar @Rao <#LINE#>44-54<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-103.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India<#LINE#>10/12/2019<#LINE#>4/4/2020<#LINE#>Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmitted the Dengue and Zika viruses to humans, which have recently caused the high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccine and antiviral therapies for dengue and Zika infections are not available, and control of mosquito vectors is a specific strategy that minimizes the occurrence of these arboviral infections. The present research was aimed at exploring the larvicide and pupicidal properties of leaf extracts of three medicinal plants (Lantana camara, Catharanthus roseus, and Ficus religiosa) with acetone solvent against the immature stages of Aedes aegypti. The powdered plant material (leaf) of each plant was extracted using acetone. At 24 h post-exposure, the aqueous leaf extract measured at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm against Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae. All the three medicinal plant species were evaluated had possessed a different range of larvicidal and pupicidal property. Highest larvicidal and pupicidal activities were exhibited by Catharanthus roseus (LC50 ranged from 78.56-228.63ppm and LC90 ranged from 132.88 - 288.61ppm) compared to Lantana camara (LC50 ranged from 198.52-309.64ppm and LC90 ranged from 256.24-392.27 ppm) and Ficus religiosa (LC50 ranged from 223.25-339.16ppm and LC90 ranged from 289.3-419.42ppm). Catharanthus roseus leaves showed the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activities have contained alkaloids (catharanthine, tabersonine and ajmalicine). It can be used as an eco-friendly, repellent or anti-feeding and target-specific approach to control dengue and zika vector, Aedes aegypti. Further, advanced monitoring of the mode of intervention by the phytoconstituents, synthetic analogues, and field-based research is important for preparing strategies in the Aedes vector management programs.<#LINE#>Swale D.R., Engers D.W., Bollinger S.R., Gross A., Inocente E.A., Days E., Kanga F., Johnson R.M., Yang L., Bloomquist J.R., Hopkins C.R., Piermarini P.M. and Denton J.S. (2016).@An insecticide resistance-breaking mosquitocide targeting inward rectifier potassium channels in vectors of Zika virus and malaria.@Sci Rep., 6, 36954. doi: 10.1038/srep36954.@Yes$Musso D. and Gubler D.J. (2015).@Zika virus: following the path of dengue and chikungunya?@Lancet, 386, 243-244.@Yes$Paixao E.S., Teixeira M.G. and Rodrigues L.C. (2017).@Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases.@BMJ Glob Health, 3, e000530. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000530@Yes$Sarkar J.K., Chatterjee S.N. and Chakravarty S.K. (1964).@Haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta: some epidemiological observations.@Indian J Med Res., 52, 651-659.@Yes$World Health Organization (2017).@Zika virus infection - India.@URL: http://www.who.int/csr/don/26-may-2017-zika-ind/en/. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Gubler D.J. (2012).@The economic burden of dengue.@Am J Trop Med Hyg., 86(5), 743-744.@Yes$Report (2014).@Annual report of NVBDCP.@URL: http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/home.htm. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Whitehorn J. and Farrar J. (2010).@Dengue.@Br Med Bull., 95, 161-173.@No$Nicolini A.M., McCracken K.E. and Yoon J.Y. (2017).@Future developments in biosensors for field-ready Zika virus diagnostics.@J Biol Eng., 11, 7. doi: 10.1186/s13036-016-0046-z.@Yes$WHO (2016).@Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper-July 2016.@91, 349-364. URL: http://www.who.int/wer/2016/ wer9130.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Wattal B.L., Joshi G.C. and Das M. (1981).@Role of agriculture insecticides in precipitating vector resistance.@J Communicable Diseases, 13, 71-73.@Yes$Pillai M.K.K. (1996).@Vector resistance to insecticides.@Proc Nat Ac Sci India, 68(B), 77-97.@No$Kedia A., Prakash B., Mishra P.K., Singh P. and Dubey N.K. (2015).@Botanicals as eco friendly biorational alternatives of synthetic pesticides against Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)-a review.@J Food Sci Technol., 52(3), 1239-1257.@Yes$Feinstein L. (1952).@Insecticides from plants. In: Insects: The year book of agriculture, USA, Washington.@222-229.@No$Govindarajan M., Jebanesan A. and Pushpanathan T. (2008).@Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes.@Parasitol Res., 102, 289-292.@Yes$Anonymous (2014).@Global Invasive Species Database.@issg.org.uk. Retrieved 2014, 03-22. URL: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=56. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Anonymous (2019).@Flora of China: Catharanthus roseus.@URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx? flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018366. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Anonymous (2019).@Drug Digest: Catharanthus roseus.@URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032628/ http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/herbMonograph/0%2C11475%2C4108%2C00.html. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Chisholm Hugh ed. (1911).@Peepul. Encyclopædia Britannica.@21 (11th edition). Cambridge University Press, 45. URL: https://www.wikizero.com/en/Ficus_religiosa. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Bar A. and Andrew J. (2013).@Morphology and morphometry of Aedes aegypti larvae.@Annual Review and Research in Biology, 3(1), 1-21@Yes$World Health Organization. (2005).@Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides.@WHO, Geneva, 9. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/ 69101. Accessed 10 March 2019.@No$Abbott W.S. (1925).@A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide.@J Econ Entmol., 18, 265-267.@Yes$Dutta P., Prakash P., Bhattacharyya D.R., Khan S.A., Gogoi P.R. and Sharma C.K., et al. (2010).@Mosquito biodiversity of Dibru-Saikhowa biosphere reserve in Assam.@Ind J Environ Biol., 31(5), 695-699.@Yes$Tandon H.O. (1998).@Modern trends in Research of vectors of Medical importance.@Adv Med Entmol Human Welfare, 1, 29-37.@Yes$Sujatha C.H., Vasuki T., Mariappan T., Kalyanasundram M. and Das P.K. (1988).@Evaluation of plant extracts for biological activity against mosquitoes.@Int Pest Control, 30, 122-124.@Yes$Fallatah S.A. and Khater E.I. (2010). Potential of medicinal plants in mosquito control. J Egypt Soc Parasitol., 40, 1-26.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Rehman J.U., Ali A. and Khan I.A. (2014).@Plant based products: use and development as repellents against mosquitoes: A review.@Fitoterapia, 95, 65-74.@Yes$Pedro G., Aubrey A. and Bryle E. (2014).@Larvicidal activity of selected plant extract against Dengue vector Aedes aegypti Mosquito.@Int Res J Bio Sci., 3(4), 23-32.@Yes$Aziz M.A., Shawn M.M.A.K., Rahman S., Islam T., Mita M., Faruque A. and Rana M.S. (2013).@Secondary metabolites, antimicrobial, brine shrimp lethality & 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvicidal screening of organic & inorganic root extracts of Microcos paniculata.@J Pharmacy Bio Sci., 8(5), 58-65.@Yes$Remiya K.M. and Logaswamy S. (2010).@Larvicidal efficacy of leaf extract of two botanicals against the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Dippetra: Culicidae).@Ind J Nat Products Res., 1(2), 208-212.@Yes$Hemalatha P., Elumalai D., Janaki A., Babu M., Velu K., Velayutham K. and Kaleena P.K. (2015).@Larvicidal activity of Lantana camara aculeata against three important mosquito species.@J Entom Zol Studies, 3(1), 174-181.@Yes$Deepa J., Gokulakrishnan J., Baranitharan M. and Dhanasekaran S. (2015).@Larvicidal activity of Indian medicinal plants on the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus.@Int J Pure Applied Zoology, 3, 2, 130-136.@Yes$Brahmachari G., Gorai D. and Roy R. (2013).@Argemone mexicana: Chemical and pharmacological aspects.@Rev Bras Farmacogn., 23,559-575.@Yes$Kamatchi P.A.C., Maheswaran R. and Ignacimuthu S. (2016).@Evaluation of Larval Toxicity of Lantana Camara L. and Catharanthus Roseus L. against Culex Quinquefasciatus say and Aedes Aegypti L. Entom Ornithol Herpetol.,@5, 170. doi:10.4172/2161-0983.1000170@Yes$Rosario R., Mario A. and Norzagaray C. (2015).@Toxicity of Mexican native plant extracts against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).@Asian Pac J Trop Biomed., 5(4), 287-291.@Yes$Das N.G., Goswami D. and Rabha B. (2007).@Preliminary evaluation of mosquito larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts.@J Vector Borne Dis., 44, 145-148.]@Yes$Jaenson T.G., Pålsson K. and Borg-Karlson A.K. (2006).@Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau.@J Med Entomol., 43, 113-119.@Yes <#LINE#>Geospatial assessment of raphia palm wine production and consumption points in Owerri senatorial district, Imo State, Nigeria<#LINE#>Uche @OPARA,Abiodun Ayooluwa @AREOLA <#LINE#>55-63<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-108.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria@Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<#LINE#>27/12/2019<#LINE#>5/5/2020<#LINE#>Raphia palm wine occupies a very important position in the traditional activities of Owerri senatorial district and the Igbo ethnic group in Nigeria generally. A lot of benefits have been derived from Raphia palm, which can be grouped under cultural, health, religious, culinary and economic benefits. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the existing distribution of Raphia palm wine production and consumption points, to ascertain the best route and finally to map their hot spot and cold spot zones. The location coordinates of the existing Production and Consumption points were collected using a GPS based on snowball sampling technique. Nearest neighbour analysis was used to analyse the pattern of distribution, the route analyst tool was used to analyse the best route and lastly, Getis-OrdG* a spatial statistics tool was used to determine the hotspot and cold spot zones. One of the findings showed that Raphia palm wine production points are randomly distributed across the study area, while the consumption points were clustered particularly around Owerri North, Owerri West, and Mbaitoli Local Government Area. It was recommended that there should be the enactment of state laws to reduce the felling of Raphia palm trees in the face of rapid urbanization.<#LINE#>Obahiagbon F. I. (2009).@A Review of The Origin Morphology, Cultivation, Economic Products, Health and Physiological Implications of Raphia Palm.@African Journal of Food Science, 3(13), 447-453.@Yes$Ogbulie T, Ogbulie J. N. N. and Njoku, H. O. (2013).@Comparative Study on the Microbiology and Shelf Life Stability of Palm wine from Elaeis. Guineensis and Raphiahookeri obtained from Okigwe Nigeria.@African Journal of Biotechnology Research, 1(2), 015-022.@Yes$World Health Organization (WHO) (2004).@Global Status Report on Alcohol.@Pg. 12-65.@Yes$Nwachukwu M. (2012).@How we Drink Palm Wine.@Vanguard ngrnews, May 23, 2012, available at www.vanguard.com. page 4.@No$Aiyeloja A. A, Oladele A. T, and Tumulo O. (2014)@Potentials of Raphia Hookeri Wine in Livelihood Sustenance among Rural and Urban Populations in Nigeria.@International Journal of Social Behaviour, Education, Economic, Business, and Industrial Engineering, 8(7), 2325-2332.@Yes$Ndon D.S. (2003).@The Raphia Palm, Concept Publications Ltd, Lagos, Nigeria.@P17 NIFOR Pull. Page 1-55.@No$Ikegwu J.U. (2014).@The Value of Palm Wine Tapping in the Food Production Practices of Igbo Land: A Case Study of Idemili South Local Go. vernment Area, Anambra.@Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, l4(6), 49-54.@Yes$Mbuagbaw L, and Noorduyn S.G. (2012).@The Palm-Wine Trade: Occupational and Health Hazards.@The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 3(4), 157-164.@Yes$Tiepma N.E.E., Zambou N.F., Agbor. E.E. and Tehouanguep M. F. (2013).@Physicochemical Changes of Raffia sap (Raphiamambillensis) contents during spontaneous fermentation.@Africa Journal of Biotechnology, 12(41), 6013-6018.@Yes$Ewuim S.C., Akunne E., Anumba A.I., and Etaga H.O. (2011).@Insects Associated with Wine from Raffia Palm (Raphiahookeri) in Alor, Nigeria.@Animal Research International, l(8), 1328-1336.@Yes$Adakaren B., and Eneh F.K. (2001).@Economic Importance of Raphia Palms in Nigeria: A Review.@Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(4), 3154-3166.@No$Tony H.G., Alan T.M, William A.P., Loni P.T., Yin L. and Ran W. (2012).@Alcohol Beverage Control, Privatization and the Geographic Distribution of Alcohol outlets.@@Yes$Omodele T., Okere I.A., and Oladele-Bukola M.O. (2014).@GIS delineation of factors responsible for spatial distribution of poultry meat production in the Niger Delta: a case study of Delta State, Nigeria.@Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(11).@Yes$Ubokudom E. and Okorji E.C., (2014).@Economic Analysis of Raphia Palm (Raphia Spp.) wine Production in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.@International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science, 7(6), 347-352.@Yes @Short Communication <#LINE#>Use of chemically modified sugarcane bagasse pith and pine sawdust for removal of colour from coolant effluent<#LINE#>Viraj P. @Ghantani,Manoj M. @Mujumdar ,Akshay Rajan @Thorvat <#LINE#>64-66<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-047.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, MS, India@Department of Environmental Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, MS, India@Department of Environmental Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, MS, India<#LINE#>15/5/2019<#LINE#>15/12/2019<#LINE#>The present study aimed at preparation of chemically treated adsorbents from natural waste materials such as, sugarcane bagasse pith and pine sawdust. The experiment conducted by changing operating conditions as pH, contact time, dose of adsorbent. The agitation speed was constant and kept about 200rpm. This study revealed that, as the adsorbent dose was increased, the percentage of removal of colour was also greater than before. It was observed that the maximum removal of colour found between contact times of 90-120 min. The adsorbent materials used in the present study are found abundantly in local area and economic as well as effective.<#LINE#>Abdullah, A. L., Salleh, M. M., Mazlina, M. S., Noor, M. J. M. M., Osman, M. R., Wagiran, R., & Sobri, S. (2005).@Azo dye removal by adsorption using waste biomass: sugarcane bagasse.@International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 8-13.@Yes$Katheresan, V., Kansedo, J., & Lau, S. Y. (2018).@Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: a review.@Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 6(4), 4676-4697.@Yes$Antonija Kazerle, Katarina Kolak, Tihana Marcek, Damir Haseny, Darke Velic & Natalija Velic (2016).@Adsorptive Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Lignocellulosic Waste Material.@2nd International and 6th Croatian Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all.@No$Sartape, A. S., Mandhare, A. M., Jadhav, V. V., Raut, P. D., Anuse, M. A., & Kolekar, S. S. (2017).@Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution with adsorption technique using Limonia acidissima (wood apple) shell as low cost adsorbent.@Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S3229-S3238.@Yes$Namasivayam, C., & Kanchana, N. (1992).@Waste banana pith as adsorbent for color removal from wastewaters.@Chemosphere, 25(11), 1691-1705.@Yes$Saha, P., Chowdhury, S., Gupta, S., Kumar, I., & Kumar, R. (2010).@Assessment on the removal of malachite green using tamarind fruit shell as biosorbent.@CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 38(5‐6), 437-445.@Yes$Janoš, P., Coskun, S., Pilařová, V., & Rejnek, J. (2009).@Removal of basic (Methylene Blue) and acid (Egacid Orange) dyes from waters by sorption on chemically treated wood shavings.@Bioresource Technology, 100(3), 1450-1453.@Yes$Garg, V. K., Gupta, R., Yadav, A. B., & Kumar, R. (2003).@Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust.@Bioresource Technology, 89(2), 121-124.@Yes <#LINE#>Physico-chemical characterization of vegetable wastes for its proper management<#LINE#>V.S. @Patil,H.V. @Deshmukh <#LINE#>67-71<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-106.pdf<#LINE#>Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Satara-415002, MS, India@Department of Microbiology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara-415002, MS, India<#LINE#>15/12/2019<#LINE#>3/4/2020<#LINE#>Vegetable waste is a type of agricultural wastes. Daily huge quantity of vegetable wastes is produced in market. They are easily decomposed and are voluminous. The management of these wastes from disposal point of view is indeed important. Vegetable wastes have high pollution potential as far as environmental health is concerned. Unscientific disposal methods cause heavy damage to every component of environment. Biomethanation and vermicomposting are the two economical biological treatment methods. Biomethanation is however more economical than vermin-composting, since it generates energy in the form of biogas and effluent generated have manural value whereas vermi-composting generates only manure. The objective of the current study was to analyse physico-chemical characteristics of vegetable waste and in turn its amenability as a substrate for biogas production through biomethanation process. The vegetable waste was found to be slightly acidic with high percentage of organic material, macro and microelements. The results showed the selected vegetable waste mixture have potential as a substrate to produce biogas after its pretreatment.<#LINE#>Book (2017).@Horticultural Statistics at a Glance.@1st edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1-16.@No$Suthar S.S., Watts J., Sandhu M., Rana S., Kanwal A., Gupta D. and Meena M.S. (2005).@Vermicomposting of kitchen waste by using Eisenia foetida (SAVIGNY).@Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci., 7, 541-544.@Yes$Kumar S., Bhattacharyya J.K., Chakrabarti A.V., Devotta T.S. and Akolkar A. (2009).@Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight.@Waste Manag., 29, 883-895@Yes$Baffi C., Dell Abate M.T., Silva S., Beneditti A., Nassisi A., Genevini P.L. and Adani F. (2005).@A comparison of chemical, thermal and biological approach to evaluate compost stability.@Geophys, Res. Abstr., 7, 09-116.@Yes$Kumar D., Khare M. and Alappat B.J. (2001).@Leachate generation from municipal landfills in New Delhi, India.@27th WEDC Conference on People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health, Lusaka, Zambia.@Yes$Zurbrugg, C. (2002).@Urban solid waste management in low-income countries of Asia how to cope with the garbage crisis.@Presented for: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Urban Solid Waste Management Review Session, Durban, South Africa, 1-13.@Yes$Naik S.N., Vaibhav V., Goud Prasant K.R. and Ajay K.D. (2010).@Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review.@Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 578-597.@Yes$Lansing, S., Víquez, J., Martínez, H., Botero, R., & Martin, J. (2008).@Quantifying electricity generation and waste transformations in a low-cost, plug-flow anaerobic digestion system.@Ecological engineering, 34(4), 332-348.@Yes$Chami R. and Vivanco E. (2007).@Biogas potential: Identification and classification of different types of biomass available in chile for the generation of biogas.@Project for Renewable Energy and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German Technical Co-operation). pp.82.@Yes$Sarkar M.S.I. and Bhuyan M.S. (2018).@Analysis of physical and chemical composition of the Solid waste in Chittagong city.@Jr. Ind. Poll. Cont., 34(1), 1984-1990.@No$Hanc A., Novak P., Dvorak M., Habart J. and Svehla P. (2011).@Composition and parameters of household bio-waste in four season.@Waste Manag., 31, 1450-1460.@Yes$Chiang K., Chien K. and Lu C. (2012).@Characterization and comparison of biomass produced from various sources: Suggestions for selection of pretreatment technologies in biomass-to-energy.@Appl. Energy, 100, 164-171.@Yes$Zhang R., El-Mashad H.M., Hartman K., Wang F., Liu G., Choate C. and Gamble P. (2007).@Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion.@Bioresour. Technol., 98, 929-935.@Yes$Arya N. and Katariya H.C. (2018).@Study and evaluation of physicochemical parameters of organic Mannur derived from different waste materials.@Int. J. Biol. Res., 3(2), 71-74.@No$Asquer C., Pistis A. and Antonio S.E. (2013).@Characterization of fruit and vegetable wastes as a Single substrate for the anaerobic digestion.@Environ. Eng. Manag. J., 12 (S11) 89-92.@Yes$Das N.G., Huque K.S., Amanullah S.M., Dharmapuri S. and Makkar H.P.S. (2018).@Study of chemical composition and nutritional values of vegetable wastes in Bangladesh.@Veterinary and Animal Science, 5, 31-37.@Yes$Sharoba, A.M., Farrag, M.A. and Abd El-Salam, A.M. (2013).@Utilization of some fruits and vegetables waste as a source of dietary fiber and its effect on the cake making and its quality Attributes.@J. Agroaliment. Proc. Technol., 19(4), 429-444.@Yes$Nagy G., Wopera A. and Koos T. (2014).@Physical and chemical analysis of Canteen wastes for syngas production.@Mater. Sci. Engin., 39(2), 59-67.@Yes$Singh A., Kuila A., Adak S., Bishai M. and Banerjee R. (2012). Utilization of vegetable wastes for bioenergy generation, Agric. Res., 1(3), 213-222.@undefined@undefined@Yes$APHA, AWWA and WEF (1998).@Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.@20th edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington D.C.@Yes$Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K. (1984).@Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies.@Environmental Publications, Karad, India.@Yes$Bouallagui H., Lahdheb H., Romdan E., Rachdi B. and Hamdi M. (2009).@Improvement of fruit and vegetable waste anaerobic digestion performance and stability with co-substrates addition.@J. Environ. Manage., 90,1844-1849.@Yes$Hobson P.N., Bousfield S. and Summens R. (1981).@Methane production from agricultural and domestic waste.@Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London.@Yes$Dhanalakshmi S.V., Srinivasan S.V., Kayalvizhi R. and Bhuvaneswari R. (2012).@Studies on conversion of carbohydrate content in the mixture of vegetable wastes into biogas in a single stage anaerobic reactor.@Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2(6), 66-71.@Yes$Duran-Garcia M., Ramirez Y., Bravo R. and Rojas-Solorzano L. (2012).@Biogas home production assessment using a selective sample of organic vegetable waste - A preliminary study.@Interciencia, 37, 128-132.@Yes$Mondal C. and Biswas G.K. (2012). A comparative study on production of bio gas using green and dried vegetable wastes by anaerobic batch digestion process@. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Science, 1(6), 1-6 (2012).@undefined@Yes$Velmurugan B. and Ramanujam R.A. (2011).@Anaerobic digestion of vegetable wastes for biogas production in a fed-batch reactor.@Int. J. Emerg. Sci, 1(3), 478-486.@Yes$Ranade D.R., Yeole T.Y. and Godbole S.H. (1987).@Production of biogas from market waste.@Biomass, 13, 147-153.@Yes <#LINE#>Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kharun River Water in Raipur, CG, India<#LINE#>Shweta @Goyal,Shilpi @Shrivastava <#LINE#>72-74<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJEvS-2019-107.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, CG, India@Department of Chemistry, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, CG, India<#LINE#>15/12/2019<#LINE#>1/4/2020<#LINE#>It has been observed that the Kharun River got polluted from many more sources which has been found nearby river, so river water got polluted in terms of BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH value, Alkalinity, toxic metals, DO etc. We have taken the water sample during three different season like Summer season (W1), Winter season (W2), Rainy season (W3) and we found that the river water cannot be used for other purposes like drinking etc. So it has been suggested to implant the sewage treatment plant (STP) nearby Kharun River so that we can maintain the water quality of river. Dinking the polluted water of river creates negative impact on health cause jaundice, typhoid. SO it is very necessary to keep River water clean. After the determination of water it was found that the total hardness of the water has been more affected. Similarly calcium ion and value of pH also found varied from their standard values. So it can be say the water of the Kharun river cannot be used without any treatment process.<#LINE#>Gagan Matta, Chauhan Amit, Avinash Kumar and Ajendra Kumar (2016).@Impact of industrial effluent on ground water and surface water quality- A case study of Dhampur region (U.P.) India.@Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(2), 709-713.@Yes$Pelosi, B. T., Lima, L. K. S., & Vieira, M. G. A. (2014).@Removal of the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R from textile industry wastewaters by biosorption on the macrophyte Salvinia natans.@Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(4), 1035-1045.@Yes$Polluted River Stretches in Chhattisgarh., http://enviscecb.org/Data/Revised%20Action%20Plan%20for%20Rejuvenation%20of%20River_28_01_19.pdf, 28/01/2019.@undefined@undefined@No$Chheng V Seng (2018).@Assessment of physicochemical properties of the river water in Phnom Penh and its suburban area.@The Bulletin of Cambodian Chemical Society, 9(1-2), 29-35.@Yes$ENVIS Centre: Chhattisgarh Environment Conservation Board, http://chtenvis.nic.in/Rivers.html, 20/10/2016.@undefined@undefined@No$Gopalsami P.M., Kumar P.E. and Kulandaivelu A.R. (2003).@Study on the Quality of water in the Bhavani River, (S.India).@Asian Journal of Chemistry, 15, 306-310.@Yes$Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.S., Kanel, S.R. and Khan, S.P. (2007).@Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment.@Environ. Monit. Assess., 132, 93-110.@Yes$WHO (World Health Organization) (2006).@Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (1).@Recommendations, vol. 1., 3rd ed., pp. 491-493.@No$Kshirsagar, A. D. (2013).@Bioremediation of wastewater by using microalgae: an experimental study.@International Journal of Life Science Biotechnology and Pharma Research, 2(3), 339-346.@Yes$Bhumika banjara, Rajendra Kumar Singh and G P Banjara (2019).@A Study on Physico Chemical Parameters of River, Urban and Rural Ponds of Raipur.@International Journal of Development Research, 09(01), 24986-24989.@No$CWC (Central Water Commission) (2015).@Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) Atlas for Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati, and Luni River Systems and Rivers of Saurashtra and Kutch Regions Including Mahi.@Final Report. CWC, pp. 1-344.@No$De AK (2000).@Environmental Chemistry.@fourth edition, New Age International Limited, New Delhi.@No$Jeffery G.H., Bassett J., Mendham J. and Denney R.C. (1991).@Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis.@5th edition, ELBS, Harlow.@No$Iqbal, K., Ahmad, S., & Dutta, V. (2019).@Pollution mapping in the urban segment of a tropical river: is water quality index (WQI) enough for a nutrient-polluted river?.@Applied Water Science, 9(8), 197.@Yes$Ramakrishnaiah, C.R., Sadashivaiah, C. and Ranganna, G. (2009).@Assessment of water quality Index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India.@Electron. J. Chem., 6(2), 523-530.@Yes$Sanchez, E., Colmenero, M.F., Vicente, J., Rubio, A., Garcia, M.G., Travieso, L. and Borja, R. (2007).@Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution.@Ecol. Indic. 7 (2), 315-328.@Yes$Shah, A., Kosha and Geeta, J.S. (2015).@Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India.@Appl. Water Sci., 1-10.@Yes$Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., Dobhal, R. (2013).@Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index.@Am. J. Water Resour., 1 (3), 34-38.@Yes