@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Noise level and Annoyance in Mela Ground, Santiniketan, India during Poush Mela<#LINE#>Ali@SyedYakub,Shibani@Chaudhury<#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-232.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Science, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, INDIA<#LINE#>18/10/2014<#LINE#>26/2/2015<#LINE#>Noise level was monitored for two consecutive years of 2012 and 2013 during Poush Mela (fair) organized by VisvaBharatiUniversity, Santiniketan, West Bengal held during 23rdto 25th December every year. Poush Mela is one of the great occasions in Santiniketan, which draws thousands of people from all over India as well as neighboring countries.The Poush Mela ground become abuzz with various activities, excitement, and joy due to the mingling of almost 50,000 odd visitors, which is enough to give rise to noise pollution. In order to check the intensity of the pollution, noise data were recorded from various locations of the Mela (fair) ground during morning, evening and night hours. The various noise level indices like Equivalent Sound Level (Leq), Day Night Level (Ldn), Community Equivalent Level (Lden) and Noise Pollution Level (Lnp) were determined to compare them with the national standard levels. Probable measures which can keep the noise levels during Poush Mela in check were discussed.A social survey was adopted to study the impact of noise on the people during Poush Mela. <#LINE#> @ @ Datta J.K., Sadhu S., Gupta S., Saha R., Mondal N.K. and Mukhopadhyay B., Assessment of noise level in Burdwan town, West Bengal, Journal of Environmental Biology, 27(3), 609-612 (2006) @No $ @ @ Stansfeld S.A. and Matheson M.P., Noise pollution: Non-auditory effects on health, Br. Med. Bull., 68(1), 243-57 (2003) @No $ @ @ West Bengal Tourism, Poush Mela, Retrieved 2009-02-14, (2009) @No $ @ @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poush_Mela, (2015) @No $ @ @ Banerjee D., Ambient Noise Level around an integrated Iron & Steel works, Bulletin of National Institute of Ecology, 32(4), 144-146 (2006) @No $ @ @ Banerjee D., Chakraborty S.K., Bhattacharyya S. and Gangapadhya A., Appraisal and Mapping the spatial: temporal distribution of Urban and Traffic Noise, Int. J. Environ., Sci. Tech, 6(2), 325-335 (2009) @No $ @ @ Pani B., Text book of environmental chemistry, I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., 414 (2007) @No $ @ @ Smith C., Environmental Physics, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Gr., 236, (2001) @No $ @ @ Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ambient Air Quality Respect of Noise, Schedule: Part-II, Sec-3(II) (2000) @No $ @ @ http://www.acoustic-glossary.co.uk/leq.htm, (2015) @No $ @ @ https://www.noisemeters.com/apps/ldn-calculator.asp, (2015) @No $ @ @ http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-level-d_719.html, (2015) @No $ @ @ http://www.acoustic-glossary.co.uk/leq.htm, (2015) @No $ @ @ http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/noise_education/web/text/ENG_EPD_HTML/m2/types_3.html, (2015) @No $ @ @ Patil C.R., Modak J.P., Choudhari P.V. and Dhote D.S., Subjective Analysis of Road Traffic Noise Annoyance Around Major Arterials in Intermediate, City, European Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(2), 58-61 (2000) @No $ 
<#LINE#>Isolation and Characterization of Halotolerant Bacillus sp with extra Cellular A-Amylase production Potential from Sambhar salt lake, India<#LINE#>Archana@Gaur<#LINE#>7-10<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-257.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Zoology, J.N.V.U., Jodhpur, Rajsthan, INDIA <#LINE#>23/11/2014<#LINE#>8/6/2015<#LINE#>Sambhar lake (27 58 N, 75 55 E) is a halo-alkaline playa with water density varying from 3-27 Be (Baume). The lake was explored for the diversity of Halophilic microbes. The study led to the isolation of a Moderate halophilic bacterial strain from brine samples of the lake. The isolate showed a growth range of 3-15% NaCl in alkaline medium and was designated as SL-3. The isolate was aerobic, gram +ve, spore forming, rod-shaped and motile. It also tested positive for catalase and oxidase. The isolate was tested for exo-enzyme production and found positive for -Amylase and negative for lipase and protease production. The Isolates was not able to utilize citrate as a sole carbon source and failed to produce HS in TSI-medium. Carbohydrate fermentation revealed utilization of glucose, fructose and sucrose. Taxonomic Identification of isolate was confirmed by partial 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis that contained 1197 nucleotides. The phylogenetic study revealed that the isolate matches 100% with Bacillus licheniformis strain PS-6. Therefore the isolated bacterial strain belongs to phylum Firmicutes with low G+C contents and Genus Bacillus. Gene Bank Accession No. for the isolate is KP172152. <#LINE#> @ @ Ventosa A.,Nieto J.J. andOren A., Biology of Moderately Halophilic Aerobic Bacteria, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 62(2), 504-544 (1998) @No $ @ @ Kushner D.J., Life in high salt and solute concentrations: halophilic bacteria, In Microbial life in extreme environments, Ed. Kushner D. J. (Academic Press, Ltd. London, United Kingdom), 317–368 (1978) @No $ @ @ Dave S.R. and Desai H.B., Microbial diversity at marine salterns near Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India, Curr. Sci., 90, 497–499 (2006) @No $ @ @ Joshi A.A., Kanekar P.P., Kelkar A.S., Shouche Y.S., Wani A.A., Borgave S.B. and Sarnaik S.S., Cultivable bacterial diversity of alkaline Lonar Lake, India, Microb.Ecol., 55, 163–172 (2008) @No $ @ @ Raghavan T.M. and Furtado I., Occurrence of extremely halophilic Archaea in sediments from the continental shelf of west coast of India, Curr. Sci., 86, 1065–1067 (2004) @No $ @ @ Upasani V.N., Microbiological studies on sambhar lake (salt of Earth) Rajasthan India, Eds. Sengupta M. and Dalwani S. in proceedings of Taal2007, 12th world lake conference, 448-450 (2008) @No $ @ @ Upasani V. and Desai S., Sambhar Salt Lake, Archives of Microbiology, 154(6), 589-593 (1990) @No $ @ @ Ventosa A, Márquez MC, Garabito MJ and Arahal DR., Moderately halophilic gram-positive bacterial diversity in hypersaline environments, Extremophiles, 2(3), 297-304 (1998) @No $ @ @ Heyndrickx M., Lebbe L., Kersters K., De Vos P., Forsyth G. and  Logan N.A.,  Virgibacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) @No $ @ @ , Emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus, Int J Syst Bacteriol., 48,  99–106  (1999) @No $ @ @ Yoon J.H., Weiss N., Lee K.C., Lee I.S., Kang K.H. and Park Y.H., Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from jeotgal with L-lysine in the cell wall, and reclassification of Bacillus marinus Rüger 1983 as Marinibacillus marinus gen nov., comb. Nov, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol., 51, 2087–2093 2001. @No $ @ @ Yoon J.H., Oh T.K. and Park Y.H., Transfer of Bacillus halodenitrificans Denariaz et al., 1989 to the genus Virgibacillus as Virgibacillus halodenitrificans comb., Nov, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol., 54, 2163–2167 (2004)  Schlesner H., Lawson P.A., Collins M.D., Weiss N., Wehmeyer U., Völker H. and Thomm M.,  Filobacillus milensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new halophilic spore-forming bacterium with Orn–D-Glu-type peptidoglycan, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 51, 425–431 (2001) @No $ @ @ Waino M., Tindall B.J., Schumann P. and Ingvorsen K., Gracilibacillus gen. nov., with description of Gracilibacillus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov.; transfer of Bacillus dipsosauri to Gracilibacillus dipsosauri comb. nov., and Bacillus salexigens to the genus Salibacillus gen. nov., as Salibacillus salexigens comb. Nov, Int J Syst Bacteriol., 49, 821–831 (1999) @No $ @ @ Rahman A.A., Biological Management of Sambhar Lake Saltworks  (Rajasthan, India), wasterecycleinfo.com (2005) @No $ @ @ Shinde V.A. and More S.M., Study of Physicochemical Characterization of Lonar Lake Effecting Biodiversity Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India, Int Res J Environment Sci, 2(12), 25-28 (2013) @No $ @ @ Ventosa A., Unusual microorganisms from unusual habitats: hypersaline environments, in Prokaryotic Diversity: Mechanisms and Significance (Society for General Microbiology Symposium no. 66), Eds Logan N. A., Lappin-Scott H.M., Oyston P.C.F., editors. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 223–253 (2006) @No $ @ @ Guan T.W., Wu N., Xia Z.F., Ruan J.S. and  Zhang X.P., Saccharopolyspora lacisalsi sp. nov., a novel halophilic actinomycete isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang, China, Extremophiles, 15, 373–378 10.1007/s00792-011-0369-0  (2011) @No $ @ @ Phillips K., Zaidan F., Elizondo O.R. and Lowe K.L.,    Phenotypic characterization and 16S rDNA identification of culturable non-obligate halophilic bacterial communities from a hypersaline lake, La Sal del Rey, in extreme South Texas (USA), Aquat.Biosyst., 8, 5 10.1186/2046-9063-8-5 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sabet S., Diallo L., Hays L., Jung W. and Dillon J.G., Characterization of halophiles isolated from solar salterns in Baja California, Mexico, Extremophiles., 13, 643–656 10.1007/s00792-009-0247-1 (2009) @No $ @ @ Chen Y.G., Cui X.L., Pukall R., Li H.M., Yang Y.L. and Xu L.H. et al.,  Salinicoccus kunmingensis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt mine in Yunnan, south-west China, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 57,  2327–2332 (2007) @No $ @ @ Xiang W., Guo J., Feng W., Huang M., Chen H. and Zhao J. et al., Community of extremely halophilic bacteria in historic Dagong Brine Well in southwestern China, World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 24, 2297–2305 (2008) @No $ @ @ Weisburg W.G., Barns S.M., Pelletier D.A. and Lane D.I., 16s ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic  study, J. Bacteriol., 173, 697-703 (1991) @No $ @ @ Garabito. M.J., Arahal D.R., Mellado E., Marquez M.C. and Ventosa A., Bacillus salexigens sp. nov., a new moderately halophilic Bacillus species, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 735-741 (1997) @No $ @ @ Arahal D.R., Marquez M.C., Volcani B.E., Schleifer K.H. and Ventosa A., Bacillus marismortui sp. nov., a new moderately halophilic species from the Dead Sea, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49, 521-530 (1999) @No $ @ @ Caton T.M., Witte L.R., Ngyuen H.D., Buchheim J.A., Buchheim M.A. and Schneegurt M.A., Halotolerant aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from the Great Salt Plains of Oklahoma, Microbial Ecology., 48, 449-462 (2004) @No $ @ @ Upadhyay R., Pandey K. Arvind and Upadhyay S.K., Assessment of Lake Water Quality by Using Palmer and Trophic State Index- a Case Study of Upper Lake, Bhopal, India, Int.Res.J. Environment Sci.,2(5), 1-8 (2013) @No $ @ @ Akpomie O.O., Optimization and Characterization of Indigenous Microorganisms Isolated from Tannery Effluents in Nigeria, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,2(10), 14-21 (2013) @No $ @ @ Banat I.M., Characterization of biosurfactants and their use in pollution removal-State the art, Acta. Biotechnol., 3, 251-267 (1995) @No $ @ @ Sudha D and Balagurunathan R, Effect of Process Parameters on Anaerobic Decolourization of Reactive Azo Dyes Using Bacillus licheniform is isolated from Textile effluent contaminated site in Perundurai, India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,2(8), 37-43 (2013) @No $ @ @ Wainwright M, Wickramasinghe NC, Narlikar JV and  Rajaratnam P., Microorganisms cultured from stratospheric air samples obtained at 41 km, EMS Microbiol Lett., 218, 161-165 (2003) @No $ @ @ Boone DR, Liu YT, Zhao ZJ, Balkwill DL, Drake GR, Stevens TO and Aldrich HC., Bacillus infernus sp. nov., an Fe(III)-reducing and Mn(IV)-reducing anaerobe from the deep terrestrial subsurface, Int J Syst Bacteriol., 45, 441-448 (1995) @No $ @ @ Nicholson WL, Munakata N, Horneck G, Melosh H and Setlow P., Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 64, 548-572 (2000) @No $ @ @ Annapurna S.A., Amarnath S., Shashank G., Anupam K. and Harsh K., Screening, Isolation and Characterization of Protease producing moderately halophilic microorganisms, Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, 14(4), 603-612  (2012) @No $ @ @ Sahoo D, Barik G and Sahoo S., Identification and Characterization of Microbes from Industrial area for their Heavy metal Tolerance against Cadmium, Lead and Mercury, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,4(4), 64-73 (2015) @No $ @ @ Mohammed Mohammed, Abdu Al-Zazaee, Shivayogeeshwar Neelgund and Gurumurthy Rajeshwara A.N., Identification, Characterization of Novel Halophilic Bacillus Cereus Ms6: a Source for Extra Cellular A-Amylase: Identification, Characterization of Novel Halophilic Bacillus Cereus Ms6: a Source for Extra Cellular A-Amylase, Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(5), 992-999 (2011) @No $ @ @ Rose Margesin, Franz. Schinner, Potential of Halotolerent and halophilic microorganisms for biotechnology, Extremophiles., , 73-83 (2001) @No $ @ @ Haq H., Ashraf R., Abdullah, and Shah A.H., Isolation and screening of fungi for the biosynthesis of alpha amylase, Biotechnol., , 61-66 (2002) @No $ @ @ Gomes J. and Steiner W., The Biocatalytic potential of Extremophiles and Extremozymes, Food. Technol., 42(4), 223-239 (2004) @No $ @ @ Vasant K. and Valaparla, Purification and properties of a thermostable a-amylase by Acremonium sporosulcatum, Int. J. Biotechnol and Biochem., 6(1), 25-34 (2010) @No $  
<#LINE#>Removal of Cadmium from Wastewater using low cost Natural Adsorbents<#LINE#>F.@Ali,T.@Mussa,A.@Abdulla,A.@Alwan,D.@Salih<#LINE#>11-15<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-041.pdf<#LINE#> Material research Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, IRAQ<#LINE#>12/2/2015<#LINE#>9/3/2015<#LINE#>Adsorption is one of the effective techniques for heavy metals removal from wastewater. Removal of cadmium ion from aqueous solutions was studied using mixture of low cost material silica gel and calcium carbonate at different mole ratio. Influence of contact time, ph, initial concentration of metal ion, dosage of solid, ratio of SiO:CaCO and particle size of adsorbent on removal percentage were investigated. Experiments were carried out at room temperature. In present study, the optimum parameters required for maximum adsorption determined as follows: Contact time=120 minutes, pH=9, initial concentration of Cd2+= 105 ppm, ratio of SiO:CaCO= 1:3 adsorbent dosage =10 gm/L. <#LINE#> @ @ Gupta K., Gupta M. and Sharma S., Process development for the removal of the lead and chromium from aqueous solution using red mud-an aluminum industry waste, Water Res.,35(5), 1125-1134 (2001) @No $ @ @ Renge V., Khedkar S. and Pande S., Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using low cost adsorbents: A review, Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun., 2(4), 580-584 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kadirvelu K., Thamaraiselvi K. and Namasivayam C., Removal of heavy metal from industrial wastewaters by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from an agricultural solid waste, Bioresour. Technol., 76, 63-65 (2001) @No $ @ @ Esalah O., Weber M.E. and Vera J.H., Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium di(n-octyl) phosphinate, Can. J. Chem. Eng.,78, 948-954 (2000) @No $ @ @ Kang K.C., Kim S.S., Choi J.W. and Kwon S.H., Sorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+  onto acid and base pretreated granular activated carbon and activated carbon fiber samples, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 14, 131-135 (2008) @No $ @ @ Chan W.C. and Fu T.P., Adsorption/ion–exchange behaviour between a water insoluble cationic starch and 2-chlorophenol in aqueous solution, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 67, 1085-1092 (1998) @No $ @ @ Fahim N.F., Barsoum B.N. and Eid A.E., Removal of chromium (III) from Tannery Wastewater using activated carbon from sugar industrial waste, J. Hazard. Mater., 136(2), 303-337 (2001) @No $ @ @ Song Z., Williams C.J. and Edyvean R.G.J., Treatment of Tannery Wastewater by chemical coagulation, Desalination, 164, 249-259 (2004) @No $ @ @ Fabianil C., Rusciol F., Spadonil M. and Pizzichini M., Chromium (III) salts recovery process from Tannery Wastewaters, Desalination, 108, 183-191 (1996) @No $ @ @ Sari A., Tuzen M. and Soylak M., Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III)from aqueous solution on Celtic clay. J. Hazard. Mater., 144,41-46 (2007) @No $ @ @ Akar T.Z., Kaynak S., Ulusoy D., Yuvaci G. and Akar O., Enhanced biosorption of nickel(II) ions by silica gel – immobilized waste biomass: biosorption characteristics ,in batch and dynamic flow mode, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 1134-1141 (2009) @No $ @ @ Bailey S., Olin T.J.,  Bricka R. and Adrian D.D., A Review of potentially low cost sorbents for heavy metals, Water  Res., 33(11), 2469-2479 (1999) @No $ @ @ Mohana D. and Pittman Jr C.U., Arsenic removal from water: wastewater using adsorbents, A critical review, J. Hazard. Mater., 142(1-2), 1-53 (2007) @No $ @ @ Singanan M., Removal of lead (II) and cadmium (II) ions from wastewater using activated biocarbon, Sci. Asia, 37,115-119 (2011) @No $ @ @ Saeed A., Akhter M.W. and Iqbal M., Removal and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solution using papaya wood as a new biosorbent, Sep. Purif. Technol., 45, 25-31 (2005) @No $ @ @ Pavasant P., Apiratikul R., Sungkhum V., Suthiparinyanout P. and Marhaba T., Biosorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) using dried marine green macro algae caulerpa lentitifera, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 2321-2329 (2006) @No $  
<#LINE#>Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of the Residual Levels of Chemical Pesticides of the Shrimp Farms of Bangladesh<#LINE#>HasanMd@Mahmudul.,Parvin@Afroza,ZamanMd@Chowdhury.Alamgir,Md.@Hasanuzzaman,HasanMd.@Rakib,Sohel@Ahmed<#LINE#>16-27<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-056.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, BANGLADESH @ Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka 1344, BANGLADESH @ Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, BANGLADESH<#LINE#>25/2/2015<#LINE#>6/4/2015<#LINE#>A survey was conducted in five different Unions of Bagerhat Upazila under Bagerhat District, Bangladesh to know the various types of chemical pesticides applied by the farmers to boast up agricultural productivity. Ten water and ten soil samples were collected from shrimp-cum-paddy farms, and analyzed the presence of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) and Shaker Extraction (SE) method were used to extract the residual levels of pesticides from water and soil samples respectively. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the residual levels of the notorious organochlorine pesticide, Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) and its hydrolytic degradation product, Dichloro-Diphenyl-Dichloroethane (DDD) as well as three different frequently used organophosphorous pesticides namely Chloropyriphos, Diazinon and Malathion were determined by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Results revealed that none of the water and soil samples from the shrimp-cum-paddy farms of Bagerhat Upazila was contaminated with any of the pesticides examined. These results indicate that either these pesticides have not been indiscriminately applied at least in the shrimp-cum-paddy farms of this area or have degraded by the time the samples were collected. <#LINE#> @ @ Eunus M.M., Bangladesh: A Country Report in Fertilizer Policy in Asia and the Pacific, (1993) @No $ @ @ Environmental Aspects of Pesticides Regulation, Marketing and the ESCAP Region Committee on Agricultural Development., Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 60, (1987) @No $ @ @ UNEP, United Nation Environmental Program, (2001) @No $ @ @  Matin M.A., Malek M.A., Amin M.R., Rahman S., Khatoon J., Rahman M., Aminuddin and Mian A.J., Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in Surface and Underground Water from Different Regions of Bangladesh, J. Agriculture Ecosystems Environment,69,11-15 (1998) @No $ @ @ Alam M.M., Das N.G., Rahman M.M. and Malek M.A., Organochlorine insecticide residues in water and soil of the Meghna Dhanogoda irrigation project of Bangladesh, J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci., 25(1), 132-142 (1999) @No $ @ @ Anwar H.M.F. and Yunus A., Pesticide Leaching Potential in a Shallow Unconfined Aquifer, J Water Environ Technol., 8(1),(2010) @No $ @ @ WHO (World Health Organization), Guidelines for drinking water quality, Second edn, (Recommendation), Geneva, Switzerland, 1,(1993) @No $ @ @ Connell D.W. and Miller G.J., Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Pollution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 162-227 (1984) @No $ @ @ Harris C.R. and Lichtenstein E.P., Factors Affecting the Volatilization of Insecticidal Residues from Soils, J. Econ. Entomol,54, 1038-1045 (1961) @No $ @ @ Kaufmann D.D., Degradation of Pesticides by Soil Microorganisms, In W. D.  Guenzi (Ed.) Pesticides in Soil and Water, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, 134-202 (1974) @No $ @ @ Konard J.G., Armstrong D.E. and Chesters G., Soil Degradation of Diazinon, a Phosphorothioate Insecticide, Agron. J,59, 591-594 (1967) @No $ @ @ Bowman B.T., Adams R.S.J. and Fenton S.W., Effect of Water upon Malathion Adsorption onto Five Montmorillonite Systems, J. Agr. Food Chem,18, 723-727 (1970) @No $ @ @ Graham-Bryce IJ., The Behavior of Pesticides in Soil. In The Chemistry of Soil Processes, Edited By Greenland K.J. and Hayes M.H.B., John Wiley And Sons Ltd., 621-670 (1981) @No $ @ @ Nash R.G., Plant Uptake of Insecticides, Fungicides and Fumigants from Soils, In Guenzi W.D. (Ed.) Pesticides in Soil and Water, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin,  257-312 (1974) @No $ @ @ Lichtenstein E.P. and Schulz K.R., The Effects Of Moisture And Microorganism On The Persistence And Metabolism Of Some Organophosphorous Insecticides In Soil With Special Emphasis On Parathion, J. Econ. Entomol,57, 618-627 (1964) @No $ @ @ Corey R.A., Laboratory Tests with Bidrin Insecticide, J. Econ. Entomol,58, 112-114 (1965) @No $ @ @ Menn J.J., Bain B.M.C., Adelson B.J. and Patchett G.G., Degradation of N-(Mercaptomethyl)-Pathalimide-S-(O,O, dimethyl-phosphorodithioate) (Imidan) in soils. J. Econ. Entomol, 58, 875-878 (1965) @No $ @ @ Whitney W.K., Laboratory Tests with Dursban and Other Insecticides, Soil. J. Econ. Entomol,60, 68-74 (1967) @No $  
<#LINE#>Calcination and Microwave Assisted Biological Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Comparative Efficiency Studies for Domestic WastewaterTreatment<#LINE#>Mihir@Herlekar,Siddhivinayak@Barve<#LINE#>28-36<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-067.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Botany, KET’s V.G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mulund (E), Mumbai, INDIA<#LINE#>14/3/2015<#LINE#>24/4/2015<#LINE#>Owing to the limitations of conventional synthesis methods for iron nanoparticles and its wide range of environmental applications, there is a need to develop green synthesis protocols by exploring newer biological resources. In this study, for the first time, Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) leaves were used to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles by calcination (Fe NPCal) and microwave assisted method (Fe NPMw). The characterization of magnetic nanoparticles was done by different techniques. As prepared nanoparticles were compared for their efficiency to treat domestic wastewater in terms of orthophosphate (PO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal. Fe NPMw showed higher removal efficiency of PO and COD (82% and 83% respectively) than Fe NPCal (17%, 82% respectively) in 24 hours. Fe NPCal exhibited superior antimicrobial activity than Fe NPMw and completely inhibited E. coli.  <#LINE#> @ @ Koul N., Lokhande R.S. and Dhar J.K., Physico- Chemical, Bacteriological and Pesticide analysis of Tap Water in Millennium City Gurgoan, Haryana, India, I. Res. J. Environment Sci., 1(2), 1-7 (2012) @No $ @ @ Jesu A., Prabudoss Kumar L., Kandasamy K. and Dheenadayalan M.S., Environmental Impact of Industrial Effluent in Vaigai River and the Ground Water in and around the River at Anaipatti of Dindigul Distt, Tamil Nadu, India, I. Res. J. Environment Sci., 2(4), 34-38 (2013) @No $ @ @ Tiwari A., and Kathane P., Superparamagnetic PVA-Alginate Microspheres as Adsorbent for Cu2+ ions Removal from Aqueous Systems, , I. Res. J. Environment Sci., 2(7), 44-53 (2013) @No $ @ @ Tang S.C. and Lo I. M., Magnetic Nanoparticles : Essential Factors for Sustainable Environmental Applications, Water Res.,47(8), 2613-2632 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kim J. H., Tratnyek P. G. and Chang  Y. S., Rapid Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins by Bimetallic and Nanosized Zerovalent Iron, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(11), 4106-4112 (2008) @No $ @ @ Wu W., He Q. and Jiang C., Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Functionalization Strategies, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 3(11), 397-415 (2008) @No $ @ @ Herlekar M., Barve S. and Kumar R., Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles J. Nanoparticles, Article ID 140614, 9 (2014) @No $ @ @ Ravindran P. Chapter 1: Turmeric- The Golden Spice of Life, In Turmeric: The Genus Curcuma. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles; Ravindran, P.; Nirmal Babu, K.; Sivaraman, K. (Eds.); CRC Press: London, 1-2 (2007) @No $ @ @ Arutselvi R., Balasaravanan T., Ponmurugan P., Muthu Saranji, N. and Suresh P., Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Study of Anti Microbial Activity of Leaves and Rhizomes of Turmeric Varieties, Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2(2), 212-219 (2012) @No $ @ @ Lunge S., Singh S., Sinha A. J., Magnetic Iron Oxide (Fe) Nanoparticles from Tea Waste for Arsenic Removal, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 356, 21-31 (2014) @No $ @ @ Ramasahayam S., Gunawan G., Finlay C. and Viswanathan T., Renewable Resource-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites for Removal and Recovery of Phosphorous from Contaminated Waters, Water Air Soil Poll.,223(8), 4853-4863 (2012) @No $ @ @ Eaton A. and Franson M., (Eds.) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association: USA, (2005) @No $ @ @ Makarov V., Makarova S., Love A., Sinitsyna O., Dudnik A., Yaminsky I., Taliansky M. and Kalinina N., Biosynthesis of Stable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Aqueous Extracts of Hordeum vulgare and Rumex acetosa Plants, Langmuir, 30 (20), 5982-5988 (2014) @No $ @ @ Behera S.S., Patra J.K., Pramanik K., Panda N., Thatoi H., Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Chemically Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, World J. Nano Sci. Eng., 2(4), 196-200 (2012) @No $ @ @ Viswanathan T., Renewable Resource-based Metal Oxide-containing Materials and Applications of the Same. U.S. Patent 0233802 A1 (2013) @No $ @ @ Huang L., Weng X., Chen Z., Megharaj M. and Naidu R., Synthesis of Iron-based Nanoparticles using Oolong Tea Extract for the Degradation of Malachite Green, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 117, 801-804 (2014) @No $ @ @ Kuang Y., Wang Q., Chen Z., Megharaj M. and Naidu R., Heterogeneous Fenton-like Oxidation of Monochlorobenzene using Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 410, 67-73 (2013) @No $ @ @ Yan S.W. and Asmah R., Comparison of Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Turmeric Leaf, Pandan Leaf and Torch Ginger Flower, J. Int. Food Res., 17, 417-423 (2010) @No $ @ @ Tandon P., Shukla R. and Singh S., Removal of Arsenic (III) from Water with Clay-Supported Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized with the Help of Tea Liquor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52(30), 10052-10058 (2013) @No $ @ @ Wang T., Jin X., Chen Z., Megharaj M. and Naidu R., Green Synthesis of Fe Nanoparticles using Eucalyptus Leaf Extracts for Treatment of Eutrophic Wastewater, Sci. Total Environ., 466-467, 210-213 (2014) @No $ @ @ Dhoble R. M., Lunge S., Bhole A.G. and Rayalu S., Magnetic Binary Oxide Particles (MBOP): A Promising Adsorbent for Removal of As (III) in Water, Water Res., 45, 4769-4781 (2012) @No $ @ @ Konwar M. and Baruah G.D., On the Nature of Vibrational Bands in the FTIR Spectra of Medicinal Plant Leaves, Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(1), 214-221 (2011) @No $ @ @ Sangeetha N. and Kumaraguru A.K., Antitumor Effects and Characterization of Biosynthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar, Int. J. Pharm. Pharma. Sci., 7(2), 469-476 (2015) @No $ @ @ Yao Y., Gao B., Inyang  M., Zimmerman A.R., Cao X., Pullammanappallil P. and Yang L., Biochar Derived from Anaerobically Digested Sugar Beet Tailings Biochar Derived from Anaerobically Digested Sugar Beet Tailings, Biores. Technol., 102, 6273-6278 (2011) @No $ @ @ Abbassi R., Yadav A., Kumar N., Huang S., Jaffe P., Modeling and Optimization of Dye Removal using “Green” Clay Supported Iron Nano-particles, Ecol. Eng., 61(A), 366-370 (2013) @No $ @ @ Zhao L., Yang H., Li S., Yu L., Cui Y., Zhao X and Feng S., The Effect of Aging Time and Calcination Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of -Fe/FeComposite, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 301, 287-291 (2006) @No $ @ @ Wang T., Jin X., Chen Z., Megharaj M. and Naidu R., Green Synthesis of Fe Nanoparticles using Eucalyptus Leaf Extracts for Treatment of Eutrophic Wastewater, Sci. Total Environ., 466-467, 210-213 (2014) @No $ @ @ Sarkar S., Blaney L.M., Gupta A., Ghosh D. and Sengupta A.K., Arsenic Removal from Groundwater and Its Safe Containment in a Rural Environment: Validation of a Sustainable Approach, Environ.Sci.Technol., 42, 4268-4273 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ghorbani M. and Eisazadeh H., Removal of COD, Color, Anions and Heavy Metals from Cotton Textile Wastewater by Using Polyaniline and Polypyrrole Nanocomposites Coated on Rice Husk Ash, Composites , 45, 1-7 (2013) @No $ @ @ Shahmoradi B., Ibrahim I.A., Sakamoto N., Ananda S., Somashekar R., Row T.N. and Byrappa K., Photocatalytic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Using Modified Neodymium Doped TiO(2) Hybrid Nanoparticles, J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng., 45, 1248-1255 (2010) @No $ @ @ Sies H., Physiological Society Symposium: Impaired Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Function in Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, Exp. Physiol., 82, 291-295 (1997) @No $ @ @ Arokiyaraj S., Saravanan M., Udaya Prakash N.K., Valan Arasu M., Vijayakumar B. and Vincent S., Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles Treated with Argemone Mexicana L. Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study, Mater. Res. Bull., 48, 3323-3327 (2013) @No $ @ @ Jin Y., Liu F., Shan C., Tong M. and Hou Y., Efficient Bacterial Capture with Amino Acid Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles, Water Res., 50, 124-134 (2014) @No $ @ @ Central Pollution Control Board, Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants- Coliform Reduction. Control of Urban Pollution Series : CUPS/ 69 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kiruba Daniel S.C.G., Vinothini G., Subramanian N., Nehru K. and Sivakumar M., Biosynthesis of Cu, ZVI, and Ag Nanoparticles using Dodonaea viscosa Extract for Antibacterial Activity Against Human Pathogens, J. Nanopart. Res., 15, 1319 (2013) @No $  
<#LINE#>Hydro Chemical Evaluation of Groundwater in Pernampet Block in Palar River Basin at Vellore District, Tamilnadu, India<#LINE#>V@Tamilarasi,S@Murugesan,V@Pugazhendi<#LINE#>37-44<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-071.pdf<#LINE#>PG and Research Department of Botany, Pachaiyappa’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Department of Hydrogeology, TWAD Board, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA <#LINE#>20/3/2015<#LINE#>6/4/2015<#LINE#>Seventy two number of groundwater samples were collected from 6 locations in Pernampet block in Palar river basin at Vellore District has been evaluated for hydro-chemical quality during 2009 to 2011. The collected samples were analysed for various water quality parameters such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, iron, manganese, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate and chromium. Using water quality data, water quality Index (WQI) was calculated for the preparation of water quality rating. The present study reveals that the groundwater in Pernampet block, situated in the Palar river basin at Vellore district is contaminated by the parameters such as total dissolved solids, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, ammonia, nitrate and chromium. <#LINE#> @ @ Tiwari, Correlation among water quality parameters of industrial waters, Journal for Environmental Protection, 8(1), 44 (2000) @No $ @ @ Gadi S.D., Barvudhe S.B., Hazel D. and Dolly C., Physio-chemical characteristics of drinking water at Velsao,Goa, J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit.,13(3), 203-209 (2003) @No $ @ @ Handa B.K., Groundwater contamination in India, Regional Workshop at IAH, Kurushetra (1994) @No $ @ @ Chaudhary S., Anuradha and Sastry K.V., Groundwater quality of Faridabad, an industrial down of Harayana, J. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Monit., 15(3), 263-271 (2005) @No $ @ @ Garg et al., An appraisal of Groundwater quality in some villages of District Jind, Indian journal for Environmental Protection,19(4), 267-272 (1999) @No $ @ @ Agarkar S.V. and Thomas B.S., Status of drinking water quality awareness and its impact on student health, acase study of schools of Buldana district in Maharastra,Indian J. environ. Ecoplan,19(1), 67-70 (2005) @No $ @ @ APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water,21st. Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington D.C. (2005) @No $ @ @ BIS-10500, Indian Standards Specifications for drinking water, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (2012) @No $ @ @ Singh and Ghosh, Water quality index for river Yamuna, Pollution Research,18, 435-439 (1999) @No $ @ @ Eaton A.D., Clescer L. and Green Berg A.E., Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, 20th Edition, Washington, U.S.A.(1998) @No $ @ @ Sinha D.K., Shilpi S. and Ritesh S., Water Quality Index for Ram Ganga River  at Moradabad, Pollution Research,23(3), 527-531 (2004) @No $ @ @ Tiwari T.N. and Mishra M.A., A Preliminary assignment on water quality index on major Indian rivers, Indian. Jour. of Env. Prot.,5, 276-279 (1985) @No $ @ @ Dinesh K., Hari S.S., Mahavir P. and Singh R.V., Analysis and seasonal comparative study of Amanishah Nallah and Neighbouring Groundwater Sources in Sanganer Town, Jaipur, Indian J. Environ. And Ecoplan.,10(1), 71-76 (2005) @No $ @ @ Suthan S.S., Charan Singh, Rajeshkumar G.S., Divya, Mohan and Kaushik K., Groundwater quality of SRI Ganganagar City,Rajasthan, Nature Environ. Poll. Tech.,4(4),515-519 (2005) @No $ @ @ Pandian R.M., Sharmilabanu G., Kumar G. and Sarmila K.H., Physico-chemical characters of drinking water in selected areas of Namakkal town, Tamilnadu, India, Indian J Environ and Ecoplan.,10(3), 87 (2005) @No $ @ @ Mittal S.K. and Varma N., Critical analysis of groundwater quality parameters, Indian J. Env. Prot.,(17 (6), 426-429 (1997) @No $ @ @ Deepshikha G., Singh R.V. and Sathish K.M., PhysicoChemical analysis of Groundwater quality of Bharatpur District during the pre-monsoon season, 2007, Indian J. Environ. And Ecoplan.,15(1-2), 141-146 (2008) @No $ @ @ Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies, Environmental Publications, Karad, India (1986) @No $ @ @ Freeda G.R.D., Thamaraiselvi C. and Ebanasra J., Study of potability of water sources in cement industrial area,Ariyalur, J. of Industrial Pollution control, 17(2), (2003) @No $ @ @ Rao K.S., Prasad N.V.V.S., Ram babu C., Kishore M., Ravi M. and Naga Krishna Vani K., Physico-chemical analysis of water samples of A. Kondure Mandal, Krishna District, I. JEP.,24(9), 695-704 (2004) @No $ @ @ Sundar I. and Mohanraj R.., A study on water quality assessement in Barhur SIPCOT Indusrial Region, Indian J. Environ. And Ecoplan.,15(1-2), 153-160 (2008) @No $ @ @ Todd D.K., Quality of groundwater, In Groundwater hydrology (2ndEdn.), John Willey and Sons, New York., 267-310 (2001) @No $ @ @ Gupta A.K. and Saxena G.C., Nitrate contamination in groundwater of Agra and its correlation with various water quality parameters including heavy metals, Poll. Res.,16(3), 155-157(1997) @No $ @ @ Joshi J.D. et al., Underground water quality of VagdodTaluka, North Gujarat, India, Asian Journal of Chemistry,17(1), 103-108 (2005) @No $ @ @ Murugesan S., DhamodarKumar S. and Chandrika D., Comparative study of groundwater sources from central to western region of Chennai, India, Nature Environ. Poll. Tech.,4(1), 87-91 (2005) @No $ @ @ Abbas I S.A., Arya D.S., Hameed A.S. and Naseema Abbasi, Water quality of a typical river of Kerala, Punnurpuzha, Poll.Res.,15(2), 163-166 (1996) @No $ @ @ Borach R., Das P.K. and Bhattacharya K.G., Physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water samples of Palani, Tamilnadu, J.Ecotoxicol.Environ.monit.,15(3),235-238 (2001) @No $ @ @ Pradip D., Choudhauri D.K. and Adhikari S., Studies on some ecological parameters in a waste fed pond, Him, J. Env. Zool.,9, 43-44 (1995) @No $ @ @ Khairwal R., Ameena Meenakshi, Monika Rani and Kaushik A., Seasonal Variation in physico-chemical characteristics of River Yamuna in Haryana and its ecological best designated use, Environ.Monit.,5, 419-426 (2003) @No $ @ @ Kumar S., Shirka K.D., Pawar N.J., GIS-based colour compositions and overlays to delineate heavy metal contamination zones in the shallow alluvial aquifers, Angaleshwar industrial estate, south Gujarat, India, Environ. Geol.,54, 117-129 (2008) @No $ @ @ Krishna A.K. and Govil P.K., Heavy metal contamination in soils of Thane-Belapur industrial development area, Mumbai, Western India, Environ.Geol.,47, 38-44 (2005) @No $ @ @ Chattopadhyay S., Rani L.A. and Sangeetha P.V., Water quality variations as linked to land use pattern, A case study in Chalakudy river basin, Kerala, Current Science,89(2), 2163-2169 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ongley E.D. and Booty, Pollution remediation planning in developing countries: Conventional modelling versus knowledge -based prediction, Water International.,24,31-38 (1999) @No $  
<#LINE#>Determination of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter, non Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter and total Suspended Particulate Matter in Piduguralla Industrial Area India<#LINE#>Reddy@YanumulaBalaRami,Reddy@SingampalliMutta,Reddy@ChallaBalaSekhara<#LINE#>45-51<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-075.pdf<#LINE#>St.Ignatious Degree College,Gurazala, Guntur-522 415, INDIA @ Womens Degree College,Guntur-522 001, INDIA @ Vagdevi College of Pharmacy, Gurazala, Guntur-522 415, INDIA<#LINE#>23/3/2015<#LINE#>6/5/2015<#LINE#>Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Non Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (NRSPM) AND Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) were estimated in Piduguralla industrial area with the help of PM10 sampler (Respirable Dust Sampler). The PM10 sampler shell dram the air sampler into sampler inlet through the filter at a uniform face velocity. Discharge exhaust air at a sufficient discharge from the sample inlet to minimize the sampling of exhaust air. After the estimation TSPM is 656.01 µg /m3 height in summer season and 422.45 µg /m3) Lowest in Monsoon. It is more than permissible limit as per EPA. <#LINE#> @ @ J.Q. Koenig, Heath effects of Ambient air pollution, Springer, Washington, USA, (2000) @No $ @ @ Switt D.L. and Michael W. Foster, Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, (1999) @No $ @ @ Hester R.E. and Harrison R.M., Air Pollution and Health, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, (1998) @No $ @ @ Breuer D. and Breuer J., Monitoring Ambient Air Quality for Health Impact, WHO, Europe, (1999) @No $ @ @ Calbrese E.J., Pollutants and High Risk Groups, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, (1978) @No $ @ @ Shuman M.B., Woors A.W. and Gallbber, Bull. Environ. Contamination Toxicol., 12, 570 (1974) @No $ @ @ Albert R.E., Peterson H.T, Bohning  D.E. and Lippman M., Arch. Environ. Health,30, 361 (1975) @No $ @ @ Bates D., Particulate Air Pollution, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 669-674 (1995) @No $ @ @ Ostro B, Hurley S and Lipsett M., Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: A Study of  PM10 Dominated by Coarse Particles,  @No $ @ @ Ponka A, Savela M and Virtanen M, Mortality and Air Pollution in Helsinki, Arch Environ health, 53(4), 281-86 (1998 ) @No $ @ @ Choudhury A, Gordian ME and Morris S., Associations Between Respiratory Illness and PM10 Air Pollution, Arch Environ health, 54(2), 113-117 (1997) @No $ @ @ Neas LM, Dockery DW, Koutrakis P, Tollerud D and Speizer F, The Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Twice Peak Expiratory Flow Rate Measurements in Children, Am J Epidemiol, 141(2), 111-122  (1995) @No $ @ @ Roemer W, Hoek G and Brunekreef B, Effect of Ambient Winter Air Pollution on Respiratory Health of Children with Chronic Respiratory Symptoms, Am Rev Respir Dis, 147, 1187-124 (1993) @No $ @ @ Dockery DW, Schwartz J and Spengler JD, Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: Association with Particulates and Acid Aerosols, Environ Res, 59, 362-373 (1992) @No $ @ @ Am J Res Crit Care Med., 153,  4-50 (1996) @No $ @ @  Atkinson R, Bremner S, Anderson H, Strachan D and Bland JM, Short-term Association between Emergency Hospital Admissions for Respiratory and Cardiovascular Disease and Outdoor Air Pollution in London, Arch Environ health, 54(6), 399-411 (1999) @No $ @ @  Bates D., Particulate Air Pollution, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 669-674 (1995) @No $ @ @  Schwartz J et. Al., Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Room Visits for Asthma in Seattle, Am Rev Respir Dis, 147,  826-831 (1993) @No $ @ @  Schwartz J., Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Elderly in Birmingham, Alabama, Am J Epidemiol, 139(6), 589-598 (1993) @No $ @ @  Pope CA, Dockery DW, Spengler JD and Raizenne ME, Respiratory Health and PM10 Pollution, Am Rev Respir Dis,144, 668-674 (1991) @No $ @ @  .Pope CA and Dockery DW, Acute Health Effects of PM10 Pollution on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1123-1128 (1992) @No $ @ @ Pope CA, Bates D and Raizenne M, Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution: Time for Reassessment? , Environ Health Perspec, 103,  472-480 (1995) @No $ @ @  Burnett R, Smith-Doiron M, Stieb D and Cakmak S, Effects of Particulate and Gaseous Air Pollution on Cardiorespiratory Hospitalizations, Arch Environ health, 54(2), 130-1395 (1999) @No $ @ @  Dockery DW, Pope CA, XU X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG and Speizer F, An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities, N. Engl. J., 329(24), 1753-1759 (1993) @No $ @ @  Fairley D., Daily Mortality and Air Pollution in Santa Clara County, California: 1989-1996, Environ Health Perspec, 107(8), 637-41 (1999) @No $ @ @  Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R and Randal W, Zweidinger Daily Variation od Particulate Air Pollution and Poor Cardiac Autonomic Control in the Elderly, Environ Health Perspec, 107(7), 521-25 (1999) @No $ @ @  Koren H, Association between Criteria Air Pollutants and Asthma, Environ Health Perpec, 103(6), 235-242 (1995) @No $  
<#LINE#>Noise Pollution Assessment in Jamalpur Municipal Area, Bangladesh<#LINE#>AhsanMd.@Quamrul,HossenMd.@Shahadat*,IslamMd.@Azharul<#LINE#>52-58<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-076.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, BANGLADESH<#LINE#>23/3/2015<#LINE#>28/5/2015<#LINE#>Like other pollutions noise pollution is now a new threat for many cities of the world. The study was conducted to determine noise pollution in different zone of the Jamalpur sadar municipal area in the year of 2014. In total 45 samples were obtained from 15 locations covering 5 sensitive areas and the measurements were done at morning, afternoon and evening periods. The Noise level was determined by Sound Level Meter (Multi-function Environmental Meter, Model: ST-8820). All the studied areas showed higher than maximum allowable noise level where the highest average level of sound (87.33 dBA) was observed at traffic area during morning hours and lowest average level of sound (54.33 dBA) was observed at residential area during evening hours. A total of 100 respondents were selected to evaluate respondent’s perception and effects of noise pollution. In the studied area, main noise source was traffic (57%) where small vehicle like auto bike and rickshaw were main culprit. Majority of the respondents claimed headache and heart bit problems due to traffic noise. The proper utilization of traffic enforcement laws was suggested by most of the respondents, driver and public awareness on noise pollution was also suggested to minimize noise pollution. <#LINE#> @ @ Jamrah A., Al-Omari A. and Sharabi R., Evaluation of traffic noise pollution in Amman, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,120(1-3), 499-525 (2006) @No $ @ @ Berglund B., Lindvall T. and Schwela D.F., Guideliness for Community noise, Geneva, OMS (1999) @No $ @ @ Behzad M., Hodaei M. and Alimohammadi I., Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of a Speed Bump on Car Noise Emission Level, Applied Acoustics,68, 1346 (2007) @No $ @ @ Babish W.H., Ishing P.C., Elwood D.S., and Bainbton D., Traffic noise and cardiovascular risk, Archives Environmental Health,48, 406-413 (1993) @No $ @ @ Mansouri N., Pourmahabadian M. and Ghasenkhani M., Road traffic noise in downtown area of Tehran. Iran, Journal of environmental health science and engineering,3(4), 267-272 (2006) @No $ @ @ Singh N. and Davar S.C., Noise Pollution- Sources, Effects and Control, Journal of Human Ecology,16(3),181-187 (2004) @No $ @ @ Chowdhury K.I., State of Environment Report, Bangladesh, 2000,Forum of Environmental Journalist of Bangladesh (FEJB), Dhaka, Bangladesh (2000) @No $ @ @ Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOFF) Guidelines vide Environment (Protection) Act, Third amendment rules, dated 26/12/89 (ref.6), (1986) @No $ @ @ Deepak S., and Singh N.U, Study of Noise Pollution in Dhar Town MP, India with Special Reference to the Silence Zones, Res. J. Recent. Sci., 3(4), 76-80 (2014) @No $ @ @ Hoque M.M.M., Basak L.K., Rokanuzzaman M. and Roy S., Level of noise pollution at different locations in tangail municipal area, Bangladesh, Journal of Scientific Research,26(1 and 2), 29-36. (2013) @No $ @ @ Alam G.M.J., Environmental pollution of Bangladesh: It’s effect and control, Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering held on 26 - 28 December 2009, Dhaka, Bangladesh, (2009) @No $ @ @ Singh T.V. and Dadoriya N.S., Intensity of Noise Pollution in Morena City Madhya Pradesh, India, Int, Res. J. Environment Sci., 2(5), 68-71, (2013) @No $ @ @ Gaganija M.S., Mkoma S.L. and Lema E.S., Attitudes of community to urban traffic noise in morogoro, Tanzania, Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management,5(3), 218-224 (2012) @No $ @ @ Ouis D., Annoyance from road traffic noise; a review, Journal of Environmental Psychology,21(5), 101-20 2001) @No $ @ @ Molla M.S.I., Noise pollution and its impact on health, Bangladesh Environment 2010. An Outcome of the 3rdInternational Conference on Bangladesh Environment, 445-446 (2010) @No $ @ @  Nathaniel Mead. M., Noise Pollution: The Sound Behind Heart Effects Environ, Health Perspect,115(11), A536–A537 (2007) @No $  
<#LINE#>Bio monitoring of Suspended particulate matter and its effect on Relative Water Content and pH of selected Roadside plants in the urban areas of Mizoram, India<#LINE#>P.K.@Rai,M.M.@Singh,Lalengzuali@<#LINE#>59-62<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-081.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, INDIA <#LINE#>1/4/2015<#LINE#>6/5/2015<#LINE#>The signification increased in particulate pollution in the past few years cause serious deleterious effect on the living environment. The need of the hour is the abatement of this threading effect from the pollution. The present study on the biomonitoring of Suspended Particulates Matter (SPM) through selected roadside five plants species ‘(Artocarpusheterophylla, Bauhuniaverigata, Delonixregia, Ficusbenghalensis and Ficusreligiosa at different sites in urban area of Aizawl city determine tolerant species to air pollution in the prevailing atmospheric conditions. The physical parameters including Dust Deposition Capacity, pH and Relative Water Content of the plant were analyzed in order to check the effect of dust on the plants. Ficusbenghalalensis (Banyan), Artocarpusheterophylla (Jack fruit) and Ficusreliogosa(Peepal) plants have more tolerance of dust attraction and its effect to Relative Water content and pH is minimal. <#LINE#> @ @ Srivastava K.P. and Singh V.K., Impact of air-pollution on pH of soil of Saran, Bihar, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(4), 9-13 (2012) @No $ @ @ Rai P.K. and Panda L.L.S., Leaf dust deposition and its impact on biochemical aspect of some roadside plants of Aizawl, Mizoram, North East India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(11), 14-19, (2014) @No $ @ @ Rai P.K., Environmental magnetic studies of particulates with special reference to biomagnetic monitoring using roadside plant leaves, Atmos. Environ., 72, 113-129 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kunzli N., Kaiser R. and Medina M. et al., Factors associated with reduction in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in cement dust coated leaves, Photosynthetica, 20, 164-168 (2000) @No $ @ @ Katsouyanni K., Touloumi G. and Samoli E. et al., Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particls on total mortality: results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 project, Epidemiology12, 521-531 (2001) @No $ @ @ Pandey S.K., Tripathi B.D. and Prajapati S.K. et al., Magnetic properties of vehicles derived particulates and amelioration by Ficusinfectoria: a Keystone species, AMBIO, 35 645-647 (2005) @No $ @ @  Pandey S.K., Tripathi B.D. and Mishra V.K. et al., Size fractionated speciation of nitrate and sulphate aerosols in a sub-tropical industrial environment, Chemosphere, 63 49-57 (2006) @No $ @ @ Prajapati S.K., Pandey S.K. and Tripathi B.D., Monitoring of vehicles derived particulates using magnetic properties of leaves, Environ, monit. Asess., 120(1-3), 169-175 (2006) @No $ @ @ Joshi P.C. and Swami A., Physiological responses of some tree species under roadside automobile pollution stress around city of Haridwar, India, Environmentalist, 27, 365-374 (2007) @No $ @ @ Rai P.K. and Chutia B.M., Biomagnetic monitoring of atmospheric particulate pollution through roadside tree leaves in Aizawl city, Mizoram and their temporal and spatial variations, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(8), 46-53, (2014) @No $ @ @ Chouhan A., Iqbal S., Maheshwari R.S. and Bafna A., Study of air pollution tolerance index of plants growing in Pithampur Industrial area sector 1,2 and 3,Res.J.Recent Sci., 1(ISC-2011) @No $ @ @ , 172-177(2012) @No $ @ @  Prusty B.A.K., Mishra P.C. and Azeez P.A., Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur, Orissa, India, Ecotox. Environ. Safety.60, 228-235(2005) @No $ @ @  Singh A., Practical plant physiological. Kalyani Publishers, (1977) @No $ @ @  Kavuri N.C. and Paul K.K., Chemical characterization of Ambient pm10 aerosol in a steel city, Rourkela, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 2(1), 32-38(2013) @No $ @ @ 5.Singh S.N. and Verma A., Phytoremediation of air pollutants: A review, In: Environmental bioremediation technology, Singh S.N. and Tripathy R.D. (Eds), 293-314 (2009) @No $ @ @  Lakshmi P.S., Sravanti K.L. and Srinivas N., Air pollution tolerance index of varois plant species growing in industrial areas, The Ecoscan., 2, 203-206 (2009) @No $ @ @  Dedio W., Water relations in wheat leaves as screening test for drought resistance, J. Plant. Sci., 55, 369-378 (1975) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Effects of Heavy Metals (Cu and Cd) on Growth of Leafy Vegetables- Spinacia oleracea and Amaranthus caudatus<#LINE#>Chetan@Ahada,Ami@Patel<#LINE#>63-69<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-084.pdf<#LINE#>School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, INDIA @ Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Sardar Patel University,Vallabh Vidhyanagar-388120, Gujarat, INDIA<#LINE#>5/4/2015<#LINE#>11/5/2015<#LINE#>The sewage water has been recommended for crop and in some areas this is also being used for irrigation of vegetables incase non-availability of water sources. The wastewater contains several hazardous chemicals including heavy metal which may cause serious issues of plant growth and human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic impact of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) on the growth parameters (shoot and root length, leaf number, shoot, root and leaf fresh and dry weight) of Spinacia oleracea and Amaranthus caudatus seedlings. The experiment was conducted using earthen pots and CuCl and CdCl salts were selected for experimental set-ups to test the toxicity of Cu and Cd, respectively in plants. The experimental set-ups were prepared as per standard protocol for plant toxicity testing. Two concentrations of heavy metals: low (50 ppm) and high (250 ppm) were tested for plant toxicity assessment. A set-up without metal was used as experimental control. As compare to control the set-up with Cu showed slight decrease in growth parameters but Cd causes high impact at same dose. While at higher doses both metals caused significant toxic impact and all studied parameters were low as compared to control set-up. Comparatively, Amaranthus caudatus was more sensitive towards metal toxicity as compared to Spinacia oleracea. Toxicity caused by selected heavy metals was in order Cd&#65533;Cu while heavy metal tolerance level was in the order Cu&#65533;Cd.  <#LINE#> @ @ Ngayila N., Botineau M., Baudu M. and Basly J.P., Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC, Effect of low concentra-tions of copper and cadmium on somatic and photosynthetic endpoints: A chemometric approach, Ecol. Indicat., 9, 307-312 (2009) @No $ @ @ Liu D.H., Jiang W.S. and Gao X.Z., Effects of cadmium on root growth, cell division and nucleoli in root tip cells of garlic, Biol. Plant, 47, 79-83 (2003) @No $ @ @ Adriano D.C., Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment, New York: Springer, (2001) @No $ @ @ Marschner H, Mineral nutrition of higher plants, Academic Press London, Academic press limited, (1995) @No $ @ @ Vig K., Megharaj M., Sethunathan N. and Naidu R., Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review, Adv. Environ. Res., 8,  121-135 (2003) @No $ @ @ Wang L., Zhou Q.X., Ding L.L. and Sun Y.B., Effect of cadmium toxicity on nitrogen metabolism in leaves of Sola-num nigrum L. as a newly found cadmium hyperaccumula-tor, J. Hazard. Mater, 154, 818-825 2008)7.Pinto AP, Mota AM, de Varennes A and Pinto FC, Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron by Sorghum plants, Science of the Total Environment,326(1-3), 239-247 (2004) @No $ @ @  Abedin M.J. and Meharg A.A., Relative toxicity of arsenite and arsenate on germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Plant Soil, 243(1), 57-66 (2002) @No $ @ @  Yargholi B, Azimi AA, Baghvand A, Liaghat AM and Fardi GA, Investigation of Cadmium Absorption and Accumulation in Different of Some Vegetables, American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 3(3),  357-364 (2008) @No $ @ @  Walkley A. and Black I.A., An Examination of the Digestrates. Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and Propose Modification of the Chronic Acid Titration Method, Soil Sci., 37, 29-38 (1934) @No $ @ @ Hendershot W.H., Lalande H. and Duquette M, Ion exchange and exchangeable cations, In: Soil sampling and methods of analysis (Ed. Carter, M.R.), Lewis Publishers, Florida, USA, b, 167-176 (1993) @No $ @ @  Zeng X., Li L. and Mei X., Heavy metals contents in Chinese vegetable plantation land soil and related sources analysis, Agric. Sci. China., 7(9), 1115-1126 (2008) @No $ @ @  Shafeeq A., Ali Z. and Muhammad S., Response of nickel pollution on physiological and biochemical attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Bhakar-02, Pak. J.Bot., 44, 111-116 (2012) @No $ @ @  Arun K.S., Carlos C., Herminia L.Z. and Avudainaya-gam S., Chromium toxicity in plants, Environ. Int., 31, 739-753 (2005) @No $ @ @  Prasad M.N.V., Cadmium toxicity and tolerance in vascu-lar plants, Environm. Experim. Bot., 35, 525-545 1995)@No $ @ @  Liu W.J., Zhu Y.G., Smith F.A. and Smith S.E., Do iron plaque and genotypes affect arsenate uptake and translocation by rice, J. Exp. Bot., 55, 1707-1713 (2004) @No $ @ @  Bhanderi PD, Trivedi LD and Vyas AV, A study on root bioassay as technique for the assessment Cd toxicity in medicinal plants, Seminar on Biotechnology: A tool of environmental research. Organized by ISRCDE, Ahmedabad, (2004) @No $ @ @  Barcelo J and Poschenrieder CH, Plant water relations as affected by heavy metal stress A Review, J. Plant Nutri., 13, 1-37 (1990) @No $ @ @  Mysliwa-Kurdziel B, Prasad MNV and Stralka K, Photosynthesis in heavy metals stress plants, In: Prasad MNV (ed) Heavy metal stress in plants, 3rd edn, Springer, Berlin, 182-200 (2004) @No    
<#LINE#>Uranium in Ground water of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: A preliminary study<#LINE#>MeherPrabodhaKumar,Prerna@Sharma,Akash@Khare,Kaushala@PrasadMishra<#LINE#>70-74<#LINE#>11.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-085.pdf<#LINE#>Division of Life Sciences, Research Centre, Nehru Gram Bharati University, Allahabad- 211002, INDIA @ Department of Chemistry, Research Centre, Nehru Gram Bharati University, Allahabad-211002, INDIA<#LINE#> 5/4/2015<#LINE#>12/5/2015<#LINE#>Natural uranium is found in various sources of water and its assessment in drinking water is important from viewpoint of public health. Recent reports of higher concentrations of uranium in ground water of north-west (Punjab) regions of India have prompted similar study in ground water of other regions of India. Present report is a preliminary study on evaluation of uranium in ground water in a few districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Water samples were randomly collected from hand pumps and wells at many random locations of Varanasi, Allahabad, Kaushambi and Fatehpur districts. Concentrations of uranium in the samples were measured using the LED fluorimetric technique. Results showed variations in concentrations obtained from place to place and values ranged from 11±0.76 to 63.33±2.28 µg/l of uranium in the ground water of the designated locations. The measured values were found close to permissible limits of World Health Organisation (WHO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In presented preliminary data slightly higher concentration of uranium in samples from some of the wells requires attention if confirmed. Further detailed studies are in progress to collect and examine larger number of samples for drawing definite conclusions regarding uranium in ground water of the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh in India. <#LINE#> @ @ McCal W.l., Christy T.M., Christopherson T. and Issacsk H., Application of direct push methods to investigate uranium distribution in an alluvial aquifer, Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 29(4), 65-76, (2009) @No $ @ @ Carvalho F.P., Oliveira J.M., Lopes I. and Batista A., Radionuclides from past uranium mining in rivers of Portugal, J. Environ. Radioactivity, 98, 298-314 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sharma P., Meher P.K. and Mishra K.P.,  Distribution of non-radioactive heavy elements in water of river Ganges form Rishikesh to Allahabad: A study on possible health effects, J. Nehru Gram Bharati Univ., 1(1), 52-58 (2012) @No $ @ @ Reguillona A.F., Lebuzitb G., Muratb D., Foosb J., Mansourc C. and Drayed M., Selective removal of dissolved uranium in drinking water by nanofiltration, Water Research,42, 1160–1166 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kurttio P., Harmoinen A., Saha H., Salonen L., Karpas Z., Komulainen H. and Auvinen A., Kidney Toxicity of Ingested Uranium From Drinking Water, Am J Kidney Dis47, 972-982 (2006) @No $ @ @ Khare A., Meher P., Sharma P. and Mishra K.P., Measurement of Uranium in different seasons in Ganges river water in Allahabad region, Int. J. Engg. Res. and Sci. and Tech,4(1), 179-185 (2015) @No $ @ @ Garg V.K., Yadav A. and Singh K. et al., Uranium concentration in groundwater in Hisar city, India, Int. J Occup Environ Med,  , 112-114 (2014) @No $ @ @ Selden A.L., Lundholm C., Edlund B., Hogdahl C., Ek B.M. and Bergstroma B.E. et al., Nephrotoxicity of uranium in drinking water from private drilled wells, Environmental Research, 109, 486–494 (2009) @No $ @ @ Lariviere D., Tolmachev S.Y., Kochermin V. and Johnson S., Uranium bone content as an indicator of chronic environmental exposure from drinking water, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,121, 98-103 (2013) @No $ @ @ Meher P.K., Sharma P., Kumar A., Gautam Y.P. and Mishra K.P.,  Post monsoon spatial distribution of Uranium in water of Alaknanda and Ganges river, International Journal of Radiation Research. (in press) 2015) @No $ @ @ Ajay K., Usha N., Sawant P.D., Tripathi R.M. and Raj S.S. et al., Risk Assessment for natural Uranium in subsurface water of Punjab state, India, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 17, 381-393 (2011) @No $ @ @ Brindha K., Rajesh R., Murugan R., Elango L. and Nair R.N., Spatial and seasonal variation in groundwater level and uranium concentration in Peddagattu and Seripalli area of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Proceedings of the Seventh National Symposium on Environment, 256-260 (2010) @No $ @ @ Singh B., Garg V.K., Yadav P., Kishore N. and Pulhani V., Uranium in groundwater from Western Haryana, India, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, (in press) (2014) @No $ @ @ http://varanasi.nic.in/distinfo/dist_info.html (Retrieved on 06/07/2014), (2014) @No $ @ @ Sharma P., Meher P.K., Gautam Y.P., Kumar A. andMishra K.P., Changes in Water Quality Index of River Ganges at Different Locations in Allahabad, Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, (2014) doi:10.1016/j.swaqe.2014.10.002  @No $ @ @  Meher P.K., Sharma P. and Mishra K.P., Evaluation of water quality of Ganges river using Water Quality Index tool, Environment Asia, 8(1), 124-132 (2015) @No $ @ @ WHO (World Health Organisation), Guidelines for drinking-water quality-4th edition, World Health Organisation, Geneva, (2011) @No $ @ @ USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of water, Radionuclide’s in Drinking Water, (2000) @No $ @ @ Sharma P, Meher PK and Mishra KP, Terrestrial gamma radiation dose measurement and health hazard along river Alaknanda and Ganges in India, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 595–600 (2014) @No  
<#LINE#>Heavy Metal Content in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke of Common Cigarettes Sold in Kenya, and their Toxicological Consequences<#LINE#>M.O.@Omari,J.K.@Kibet,J.K.@Cherutoi,J.O.@Bosire,N.K.@Rono<#LINE#>75-79<#LINE#>12.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-088.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Moi University, P.O Box 3900, Eldoret, KENYA @ Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, KENYA<#LINE#>11/4/2015<#LINE#>14/5/2015<#LINE#>Over the years tobacco research has focused heavily on the toxic organic components of cigarette smoke while giving little attention to the toxicological implications caused by heavy metals in mainstream cigarette smoking. Whereas, it is not in doubt that organic toxins and their corresponding free radicals are directly responsible for a myriad of problems affecting smokers, the clinical effects caused by heavy metals in tobacco burning cannot be ignored. Accordingly, this study investigates the heavy metal content in the gas-phase mainstream cigarette smoke of common cigarettes sold in Kenya and their toxicological implications. Two cigarette brands (SM1 and ES1), and one traditional cigarette (Trd) were selected for this study. To mimic actual cigarette smoking conditions, smoking apparatus were designed according to ISO 3402:1999 standards. Five conditioned cigarettes were smoked per sample. All experiments were conducted in replicates to enhance reproducibility of data. The heavy metal content was determined using atomic absorption spectrometer, AAS, (Shimadzu 6200). The mean results showed that lead had the highest concentration in all cigarette brands; 6.776±0.02, 6.984±0.03 and 7.119±0.0.05 µgg-1 for traditional (Trd), SM1, and ES1 cigarettes respectively. On the other hand, the lowest heavy metal concentration was cadmium with respectively 0.084±0.004, 0.090±0.002, and 0.030±0.002 µgg-1 for SM1, ES1, and traditional cigarettes. Moreover, chromium, copper, and zinc were also investigated. The concentration of lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc partitioned in the cigarette ash of each cigarette blend is also reported in this work. <#LINE#> @ @ Kibet J.K., Mathenge A.B., Limo S.C. and Omare M.O., Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Propanol and Phenol in Mainstream Cigarette Smoking, The African Review of Physics, , 251-258 (2014) @No $ @ @ Zhou S., Wang C., Xu Y. and Hu Y., The pyrolysis of cigarette paper under the conditions that simulate cigarette smouldering and puffing, J. Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 104, 1097-1106 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ghosh A. et al., Toxicology, J.tox, 292, 78 (2012) @No $ @ @ Iwuoha G.N., Oghu E.I. and Onwuacu U.I., Levels of selected heavy metals in some brands of Cigarettes marketed in University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Ajol., 17, 561-564 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kazi T.G. et al., Evaluation of toxic metals in blood and urine samples of chronic renal failure patients, before and after dialysis, Renal failure, 30, 737-745 (2008) @No $ @ @ Espinoza E., Escudero R. and Tavera F., Waste Water Treatment by Precipitating Copper, Lead and Nickel Species, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, (2012) @No $ @ @  Harun Ç. and Ali Ö., Determination of Iron, Copper, Cadmium and Zinc in Some Cigarette Brands in Turkey, International Journal of Science and Technology, , 29-32 (2007) @No $ @ @ Afridi H.I. et al., Evaluation of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc status in biological samples of smokers and nonsmokers hypertensive patients, Journal of Human Hypertension, 24, 34-43 (2010) @No $ @ @ Rangnekar S., Sahu S., Pandit G. and Gaikwad V., Study of Uptake of Pb and Cd by Three Nutritionally Important Indian Vegetables Grown in Artificially Contaminated Soils of Mumbai, India, International Research Journal of Environment Science, , 1-5 (2013) @No $ @ @ Tiwari S., Tiwari H.L. and Tripathi I.P., Lead Effects on Health, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., , 83-87 (2013) @No $ @ @ Ajab H. et al., Evaluation of trace metals in tobacco of local and imported cigarette brands used in Pakistan by spectrophotometer through microwave digestion, The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 33, 415-420 (2008) @No $ @ @ Medici V. et al., Metallothionein and antioxidant enzymes in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats treated with zinc, Archives of toxicology, 76, 509-516 (2002) @No $ @ @ Ashish B., Neeti K. and Himanshu K., Copper toxicity: a comprehensive study, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2502 (2013) @No $ @ @ Solidum J., Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in Selected Local Cigarettes Available in the Philippines, International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, , 205-208 (2013) @No $ @ @ Agency for toxic substances and disease registry, A. chromium toxicity, (2008) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G., Okwagi P., Nwajei R. and Obi-Iyeke G., Analytical assessment of trace elements in soils, tomato leaves and fruits in the vicinity of paint industry, Nigeria, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, , 22-26 (2012) @No $ @ @ El-Agha O. and Gökmen ., Smoking habits and cadmium intake in Turkey, Biol Trace Elem Res., 88, 31-43 (2002) @No $ @ @ Chiba M. and Masironi R., Toxic and trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 70, 269 (1992) @No $ @ @ Husgavfel-Pusiainen K, Mutation Research, 567, 447 (2004) @No $ @ @ Demarini D.M, Mutation Reseach, 567, 447 (2004) @No $ @ @ Eyre H. et al., Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association, Circulation, 109, 3244-3255 (2004) @No $ @ @ Pappas R.S., Polzin G.M., Watson C.H. and Ashley D.L., Cadmium, lead, and thallium in smoke particulate from counterfeit cigarettes compared to authentic US brands, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45, 202-209 (2007) @No $ @ @ Chalouhi N. et al., Cigarette Smoke and Inflammation: Role in Cerebral Aneurysm Formation and Rupture, Mediators of Inflammation,12, (2012) @No $ @ @ Abdulkadir Levent, Yavuz Yardim and Demir., C. Determination of Trace Metal and Mineral Levels in the Tobacco and Cigarette samples using by FASS, J.Chem.Soc.Pak, 35, 257-261 (2013) @No $ @ @ Baker R.R. and Bishop L.J., The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 71, 223-311 (2004) @No $ @ @ WHO, Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise, (2006) @No $ @ @ Christian G.D., Analytical chemistry. 6th edn, (John Willy and Sons 2005) @No $ @ @ , (2015) @No $ @ @  Stephen N.M., Goom L.K., Flora M.B., Holow C.D. andAndy X.J., Contamination of Sedimentby leads, cadmium and zinc, Environmental Pollution, , 60-79 (2003) @No $ @ @  Feng J.W., Zheng S.K. and Maciel G.E., EPR investigations of charring and char/air interaction of cellulose, pectin, and tobacco, Energy and Fuels, 18, 560-568 (2004) @No $ 
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Anaerobic digestion of Vegetable waste for Biogas generation: A Review<#LINE#>V.S.@Patil,H.V.@Deshmukh<#LINE#>80-83<#LINE#>13.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-074.pdf<#LINE#>Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Satara-415002, M.S., INDIA @ Department of Microbiology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara-415002, M.S., INDIA<#LINE#>23rd/1/2015<#LINE#>28/4/2015<#LINE#>World’s vegetable production is strongly concentrated in Asia. India is next only to China in area and production of vegetables in the world. Vegetable waste is produced in huge quantities during the harvesting, poor and inadequate transportation, storage facilities, marketing practices and processing of vegetables. These serve as source of nuisance. The present methods used to dispose the vegetable wastes are inappropriate and cause environmental pollution. Biomethanation is an attractive option for vegetable waste treatment. Biomethanation is the anaerobic digestion of organic matter under controlled conditions of temperature, moisture and pH in an enclosed space to generate generates energy and nutrient rich effluent. The purpose of this review paper is to focus onto biomethanation studies on vegetable waste with respect to yield of biogas and pollution abatement studies. <#LINE#> @ @ Kumar S., Bhattacharyya J.K., Chakrabarti AV.,  Devotta T. and  Akolkar A., Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight, Waste Management, 29, 883–895 (2009) @No $ @ @ Paraskeva P. and Diamadopoulos E., Technologies for olive mill waste water (OMW) treatment: A review, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 81, 1475-1485 (2006) @No $ @ @ Naik S.N., Vaibhav V., Goud Prasant K.R. and Ajay K.D., Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 14, 578-597 (2010) @No $ @ @ Clemens J.M., Trimborn P., Weiland P. and Amon B., Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry, Agriculture, Ecosyst. Environ.,112, 171-177 (2006) @No $ @ @ Lansing S., Viquez J., Martinez H., Botero R. and Martin J., Electricity quantifying waste generation and transformations in a low-cost, plug-flow anaerobic digestion system,  Ecol. Eng.,34, 332-348 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ahring B.K., Mladenovska Z., Ianpour R. and Westermann P., State of the art and future perspectives of thermophilic anaerobic digestion, Water Sci Technol, 45, 298 – 308 (2002) @No $ @ @ Chami R. and Vivanco E., Biogas Potential: Identification and Classification of Different Types of Biomass Available in Chile for the Generation of Biogas. Project for Renewable Energy and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German Technical Co-operation). pp. 82 (2007) @No $ @ @ Dhanalakshmi S. V., Srinivasan S.V., Kayalvizhi R. and Bhuvaneswari R., Studies on Conversion of Carbohydrate content in the Mixture of Vegetable Wastes into Biogas in a Single Stage Anaerobic Reactor,Research Journal of Chemical Sciences,2(6), 66-71 (2012) @No $ @ @ Dhanalakshmi S.V. and Ramanujam R.A., Biogas Generation in a Vegetable Waste Anaerobic Digester: An Analytical Approach,  Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(3), 41-47 (2012) @No $ @ @ BabaeeA. and Shayegan J., Effect of organic loading rates (OLR) on production of methane from anaerobic digestion of vegetables waste. Proceedings of World Renewable Energy Congress-2011 Sweden, 411-417 (2011) @No $ @ @ Velmurugan B. and Ramanujam R. A., Anaerobic Digestion of Vegetable Wastes for Biogas Production in a Fed-Batch Reactor, Int. J. Emerg. Sci., 1(3), 478-486 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kumar S., Mukherjee S. and Devotta S., Anaerobic digestion of vegetable market waste in India, World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 7(3) 217-224 (2010) @No $ @ @ Kameswari S.B.K, Velmurugan B., Thirumaran K. and RamanujamR. A., Biomethanation of Vegetable Market Waste – Untapped Carbon Trading Opportunities, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Chennai,India, 415-420 (2007) @No $ @ @ Biswas J., Choudhary R. and Bhattacharya P.,Experimental studies and mathematical modeling of a semibatch  bio-digestor using municipal market waste as feed stock, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, , 498-505(2006) @No $ @ @ Shashikant R. M. and Abande U.K., Anaerobic digestion of vegetable solid waste as a method of solid waste management, Journal of IPHE, India, , 90-99 (1995) @No $ @ @ Ranade D.R.,Yeole T.Y. and Godbole S.H., Production of biogas from market waste, Biomass, 13,147-153(1987) @No $ @ @ Lama L., Lohani S.P., Lama R., and Adhikari J.R., Production of biogas from kitchen. Rentech Symposium Compendium, ,14-18 (2012) @No $ @ @ Liu Y., Zhu B., Zou D., Fang G., Mao J. and  Li  X., Performance of vegetable wastes anaerobic digestion at different inoculums and organic loads,  Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Waste 2011- Moving Towards Sustainable Resource Management, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China, 2 – 6 May 2011, pp.462-465(2011) @No $ @ @ Voegeli Y., Lohri C., Kassenga G., Baier U. and Zurbrugg C. Technical and biological performance of the ARTI compact biogas plant for kitchen waste-Case study from Tanzania. Proceedings Sardinia 2009, Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari,Italy, (2009) @No $ @ @ Chen W.C., Chen W.C. and Geng D.S., The strategy and bioenergy potential for kitchen waste recycling in Taiwan, J. Environ. Eng. Manage., 18(4), 281-287 (2008) @No $ @ @ Labatut R.A., Angenent L.T. and Scott N.R., Biochemical methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates, Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 2255–2264 (2011) @No $ @ @ Nguyen P.H.L., Kuruparan P. and Visvanathan C., Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste as a treatment prior to landfill, Bioresource Technology, 98, 380-387 (2007) @No $ @ @ Selina K. E. and Joseph K., Biomethanation of vegetable wastes, Journal of the IPHE, India. , 9-12 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ojolo S.J., Bamgboye A.I., Ogunsina B.S. and Oke S.A., Analytical approach for predicting biogas generation in a municipal solid waste anaerobic digester, Iran. J. Environ.Health. Sci. Eng., 5(3), 179-186 (2008) @No $ @ @ Davidsson A., Gruvberger C., Christensen T. H., Hansen T.L. and Jansen J.L.C., Methane yield in source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste, Waste Management, 27(3), 406-414 (2007) @No $ @ @ Zhu B.N., Song L., Cai W.T., Liu Y.P., Zou D.X. and  Li X.J., Optimization of the operational param-eters of a mesophilic two phase anaerobic digester for vegetable waste, Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Waste 2011- Moving Towards Sustainable Resource Management, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China, 2 –6 May 2011, pp-452 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kamaraj S., Biogas based power generation from fruit and vegetable waste through bi-phasic digestion, NSTI Nanotech, The NanotechnologyConference and Trade show, Boston (2008) @No $ @ @ Rajeshwari K.V., Lata K., Pant D. C. and   Kishore V. V. N.,A novel process using enhanced acidification and a UASB reactor for biomethanation of vegetable market waste, Waste Manag Res.,19(4) 292-300 (2001) @No $ @ @ Biswas J., Chowdhury R. and Bhattacharya P., Mathematical modeling for the prediction of biogas generation characteristics of an anaerobic digester based on food/vegetable residues, Biomass and Bioenergy,  31, 80-86 (2007) @No $ @ @ Mondal C. and Biswas G.K., A comparative study on production of biogas using green and dried vegetable wastes by anaerobic batch digestion process, RESEARCH INVENTY: International Journal of Engineering and Science, 1(6), 01-06 (2012) @No $ @ @ Duran-Garcia M., Ramirez Y., Bravo R. and Rojas-Solorzano L., Biogas home production assessment  using a selective sample of organic vegetable waste a preliminary study, Interciencia, 37(2), 128-132(2012) @No $ @ @ Kumar A., Miglani P., Gupta R.K. and Bhattacharya T.K., Impact of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) on biogassification of potato waste,  Journal of Environmental Biology, 27(1), 61-66 (2006) @No  
<#LINE#>Prospect of Financing Protected Areas through Payment for Ecosystem Services in Nepal<#LINE#>Kamal@Thapa<#LINE#>84-91<#LINE#>14.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-079.pdf<#LINE#> Wetland for the Future Project, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Kupondole, Lalitpur P.O. Box 3923, Kathmandu, NEPAL<#LINE#>29/3/2015<#LINE#>28/4/2015<#LINE#>Protected Areas (PAs) are recognized worldwide for their role in conserving biodiversity and ecosystems. They are also the place to enhance peoples’ livelihoods and ensure environmental sustainability goals, as in Biosphere Reserves. As a result there are more than 155,000 different types and sizes of PAs globally. In Nepal, 23.23 % of its territory is covered by some sorts of PAs. But, lack of finance to effectively run these valuable PAs may have threatened the existence of the park. The main aim of this study is to find the prospects of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in securing sustainable finance for the management of protected areas. The study is based on reviewing the existing scientific literature in order to highlight the issues regarding the emerging concept of PES with reference to Nepalese PAs; specifically, the question arises on how these sources can be used to secure sustainable financing of PAs. Findings suggest that there are ample opportunities in Nepalese PAs for PES that can be used as a new financial tool in conservation. However, design of appropriate legal and policy frameworks is highly recommended in participation with concerned stakeholders. <#LINE#> @ @ Dudley N., Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland (2008) @No $ @ @ Getzner M., Jungmeier M. and Lange S., People, Parks and Money, Stakeholder Involvement and Regional Development: A Manual for Protected Areas, Verlag Johannes Heyn, Klagenfurt, ISBN 978-3-7084-0413-4 (2010) @No $ @ @ WDPA, World Database on Protected Areas: Incorporating the UN List of Protected Areas, (online) http://www.wdpa.org/Statistics.aspx (accessed on 15 June, 2013), (2013) @No $ @ @ DNPWC, Annual report (2066/67; 2009/10. Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, MoFSC/GoN, Kathmandu (2010) @No $ @ @ IUCN/The Nature Conservancy/The World Bank, How Much Is An Ecosystem Worth?, Assessing the Economic Value of Conservation, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Washington, DC. (2004) @No $ @ @ WTLCP, Sustainable Financing Mechanism for  Landscape Conservation: Existing Practices and Future Prospects, Western Terai Landscape Complex Project, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal (2012) @No $ @ @ Emerton L. and Mfunda I., Making Wildlife Economically Viable for Communities Livingaround the Western Serengeti, Tanzania.  IIED, London and IUCN, Eastern Africa regional office, Nairobi,(1999) @No $ @ @ Spergel B., Raising Revenue for Protected Areas: A Menu of Options, Center for Conservation Finance, WWF Washington DC, (2001) @No $ @ @ Hunt C., Economic Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Conservation and Management in the South Pacific, Working paper in Ecological Economics No. 9706, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, (1997) @No $ @ @ Seidl A., Financing Open Space in Colorado, USA. Paper Presented At a Workshop on Financial Innovations for Biodiversity, Bratislava, (1998) @No $ @ @ Chomitz K., Breenes E. and Constantino L., Financing Environmental Services: The Costa Rica Experience and Its Implications. Environmentally and Socially Development, Latin America and Caribbean Region, World Bank. Washington DC, (1998) @No $ @ @ Emerton L., Building a Secure Financial Future for Asia’s Protected Areas, In: Sharma U.R. and Yonzon P.B. (editors), People and Protected Areas in South Asia, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas and Resources Himalayan Foundation, Kathmandu. ISBN 99946-32-53-1, (2005) @No $ @ @ McNeely, J. and Weatherly P., Investing In Biodiversity Conservation, A Paper Prepared for the Conference of the Parties to the CBD, Gland (1995) @No $ @ @ UNEP, Funding Protected Areas in the Wider Caribbean, A Guide for Managers and Conservation Organizations. UNEP, Nairobi (2000) @No $ @ @ Wunder S., Payment for Environmental Services: Some Nuts and Bolts, CIFORO ccasional paper No. 42, Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, (2005) @No $ @ @ Turner R.K. and Daily G.C., The Ecosystem Services Framework and Natural Capital Conservation, Environ Resource Econ, 39, 25-35 (2008) @No $ @ @ ICIMOD/Forest Action/NETIF, Protected Areas and Payment for Ecosystem Services: Feasibility study in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal, ICIMOD, Kathmandu (2011) @No $ @ @ Arriagada R. and Perrings C., Making Payments for Ecosystem Services Work: Ecosystem Services Economics, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, (2009) @No $ @ @ FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture: Paying Farmers for Environmental Services, FAO, Rome (2007) @No $ @ @ Karn P.K., Making Payment for Environmental Services (PES) Work: A Case Study of Shivapuri National Park, Nepal, In: Bajracharya S.B. and Dahal N. (editors) Shifting Paradigm in Protected Area Management, NTNC, Kathmandu, (2008) @No $ @ @ DNPWC/MoFSC., Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park (2006) @No $ @ @ (online) http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/ protected-areas/national-parks/2-shivapuri-nargunnationalpark.html (retrieved 27 August, 2012), (2012) @No $ @ @ Amatya N.M., Investing in Ecosystem Services: Opportunities and Challenges for Shivapuri National Park, Nepal, M.Sc. (Graduate) Thesis, Lund University Master of Environmental Studies and Sustainability Science, Sweden, (2008) @No $ @ @  Khatri D.B., Payments for Ecosystem Services in Kulekhani Watershed of Nepal: An Institutional Analysis of Mechanisms for Sharing Hydroelectricity Revenue, (online) http://www.forestaction.org/ app/webroot/js/ tinymce/editor/plugins/filemanager/files/3.%20IASC%20paper%20Khatri.pdf (accessed on 20 December, 2012), (2012) @No $ @ @  .Kunwar K.J., Payment for Environmental Services in Nepal: A Case Study of Shivapuri National Park, The Initiation:, 63-72 (2008) @No $ @ @  Purkait S. and Chalise M., Park People Conflict and its Management in Shivapuri National Park: A Case Study of Sundarijal Village Development Committee. Life Sc. Journo-Magazine, 2(1): 14-19 (2010)  (online) http://lifesciencemag.edu.np/Sampa_article%20 (14-19)     pdf (accessed on 5 August, 2012), (2012) @No $ @ @  Eagles P., International Trends in Park Tourism: A Macro View of Park Tourism Finance. Paper presented at the World Parks Congress, Durban, South Africa, September 8-19, (2003)  (online) http:// www.conservationfinance.org/guide/WPC/WPC_documents/Apps_12_Eagles_v1.pdf (accessed on 21 December, 2012), (2012) @No $ @ @ Gurung H., Trends in Protected Areas, CRC, Sustainable Tourism Co-Operative Research Centre, Australia, (2010) (online) http://www.crctourism.com.au/wms/ upload/resources/STCRC001_Gurung_Trends%20In%20Protected%20Areas_WEB.pdf (accessed on 20 December, 2012), (2012) @No $ @ @  Baral N., Stern M.J. and Bhattarai R., Contingent Valuation of Ecotourism in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Park Finance and Local Development, Ecological Economics, 66(2-3), 218-227 (2008) @No $ @ @ Baral N. and Dhungana A., Diversifying Finance Mechanisms for Protected Areas Capitalizing on Untapped Revenues, Forest Pol. and Eco, 41, 60-67  (2014) @No $ @ @  Wrobel C. and Kozlowski A., Tourists Willingness to Pay for Entry to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, Himalayan J. of Democracy, , 97-109 (2011) @No $ @ @  Cook J.M., Valuing Protected Areas Through Contingent Evaluation, A Case Study of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. M.Sc. Thesis, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada (2011) @No $ @ @ .Baradecki M. and Cook J.M., Resource Rich and Income Poor: Payment for Access to Protected Areas in Nepal, Himalayan J. of Democracy, , 120-125 (2011) @No $ @ @ Thapa K., Contingent Valuation of Ecotourism in Langtang National Park, Nepal, Master Thesis, Klagenfurt University, Austria, (2014) @No $ @ @  Thapa K. and Getzner M., Tourists Willingness to Pay for Entry Fee in Langtang National Park, Nepal, In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas, Tallinn, Estonia 260-261 (2014) @No $ @ @  GoN, Nepal Gazette, Section 12, No. 2, Part 5, Kathmandu, http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/images/ binder1.pdf (accessed on 26 December, 2012)(2069/03/04 B.S.), (2012) @No $ 
<#LINE#>Soil Conditioner: Conversion of black Liquor Waste by Natural and Artificial Ammoxidation to value added product<#LINE#>ShailajaV@Kamble.,Y.C.@Bhattacharyulu<#LINE#>92-98<#LINE#>15.ISCA-IRJEvS-2015-086.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Cellulose Technology, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur INDIA @ Department of Chemical Engineering, Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli, Ex HOD, Petrochemical Technology, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur INDIA <#LINE#>31/1/2015<#LINE#>14/4/2015<#LINE#>Soil no longer sustains beneficial quality in compact; its fertile status has been altered, deteriorated, and destroyed, primarily attributable to massive use of conventional fertilizers, improper land use, rapid industrialization and deforestation. As a consequence of that soil became deficient in necessary carbon content, mineralized nutrient, and micronutrients. Inorganic fertilizer, used on a large scale and constant basis, causes many harmful effects on the environment, leading to soil erosion and leaching problems. Hence, there is a need of materials with a slow-nitrogen releasing effects, in huge quantity and quality to combat all these losses. Lignin is a major precursor of soil humic substances and source of plant nutrient capable of acting as slow-release fertilizer, if enriched with nitrogen by converting it to a suitable form. The richest source of lignin is black liquor (BL) a waste product obtained from pulp and paper industries in huge quantity. The conventional methods adopted by these industries for the recovery and disposal of lignin and lignin derivatives in black liquor causes air pollution. Further such installations are unaffordable for small non-wood mills, which are in need of value added products from BL. Preparation of soil conditioner from BL, could be the solution to above said problems. The objective here is to explore the field of lignin research to utilize Kraft lignin as a feedstock for production of soil conditioner, both by biological and chemical pathways. Present paper reviews the advances taking place in both natural and artificial ammoxidation methods of conversion of lignin to soil conditioner with the aim, to use black liquor waste completely in both higher molar mass fraction (HMMF) and lower molar mass fraction (LMMF). The key parameters influencing the processes were identified and reported. <#LINE#> @ @ Lu Q., Yang Y., Wang S., Wu B., Ren G., Ju H., Chinese Forestry Science and Technology, 2(4), 1-13 (2 003) @No $ @ @ Schroder D., Haubold M. and  Henkers L., Zeitschrift, 21, 1466-1469 (1987) @No $ @ @ Liebner F., Fischer K., Katzur J. and Bocker L., Tsinghua University Press und Springer Verlag Beijing, 183-207,  (2006) @No $ @ @ Katzur J., Fischer K., Bocher L. Liebner F., and Schiene R., Aech. Acker-pf1 48, 637-646, Borde(2002) @No $ @ @ Hubbe A., Mousa N., and Carmen S., Composting of Lignocellulosics, Bioresources5(4), 2808-2854  (2010) @No $ @ @ Huang Hong, Ding Ying-xiang, Zhang Huan-chao, LI Zhong-zheng, Ammoxidized Kraft Lignin Fertilizer Tested on A. bettzickiana (Regel) Nichols, Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, (2001) @No $ @ @ Gosslink RJA, De Jong E., Guran B., Abacherli A.,Coordination network of lignin standardization ,production and applications a requirements (Eurolignin), Ind. Crop. Prod., 20, 121-229 (2004) @No $ @ @                Buzzini A.P., Pires E.C., Cellulose pullp mill effluent treatment in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor,Process Biochem 38, 707-713(2002) @No $ @ @ Rousu p., Anttila J., Sustanable pulp production from agricultural waste Resources, Conser. Recy.35, 85-103 (2002) @No $ @ @ Derek S., Lignin as base material for material applications: Chemistry,application and economics, Industrial crops and products,27(2),202-207 (2008) @No $ @ @ Klaus Fischer, Rainer Schiene , Nitrogenous fertilizers from lignins – A Review, Chemical modifications, properties and usage of lignin,167-198 (2002) @No $ @ @ LiaoJun-he,Physical and chemical properties and its  study as carrier of fertilizer, Journal of Cellulose Science  and Technology, 2004)  LI Yang-Jie et al, Application of Lignin and its Derivatives in Agriculture and Forestry, Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 33(2007) @No $ @ @  Kamble Shailaja V., Bhattacharyulu Y.C., Selective separation of biomass from black liquor by inorganic and organic acids, International Journal of Advanced Research, 1(3),684-692 (2015) @No $ @ @ Mikaela H., Hans T., Martin L., Gunnar H.,Limimg Z.,Mikael E.L., Fractionation of technical lignin :Molecular mass and pH effects, BioResources8(2), 2270-2282 (2013) @No $ @ @ Uloth V.C.,and Wearing J.T., Kraft lignin recovery: Acid precipitation versus ultrafiltration Part-II: Technology and Economics, Pulp and Paper Canada, 1, T357-T360 (1990) @No $ @ @ Mate N., Matyas K., Hans T., Arthur J.R., Mate N. Matyas K., Characterization of CO precipitated Kraft lignin Precipitated Kraft Lignin to promote its utilization, Green. Chem.12, 31-34, (2010) @No $ @ @ Miyuru K., Mariya M., Louis F., Jean P., Removal of lignin by acid precipitation: Impact on evaporation fouling, 8th International black liquor colloquium, Black liquor to biorefinery, Federal University of Minas, Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil, (2013) @No $ @ @ Methacanon, Ubolrat Weerawatsophon, optimum conditions for Selective Separations of Kraft Lignin,  Kasetsart J. (Nat.Sci.), 44 , 680-690 (2010) @No $ @ @ Randolph S. Porubcan, Fertilizer Compositions and method of making and using same, U.S. Patent 6878179, 200821.Zeng Zhaoxiang, Pulping Technology without the discharge of concentrated BL and treatment methods for the reuse of the BL and Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu , Chem.Mech., 264, 771 , 115, 265, 12, (2000) @No $ @ @ Hassan E., Treatment of spent pulping liquor with Lignin separation to recover alkali pulping chemicals in manufacturing of paper pulp, 6830696, http:// www freepatents online .com/, (2004) @No $ @ @  Zhang, Meihua; BaoYu, Li, Process for preparing multi-elemental organic  fertilizer from extract of black pulping liquor, Guozhong Faming Zhuanli CN, 1, 330, 059 113847, 5 (2000) @No $ @ @  Garcia M.C., Duez J. A.,Vallejo A.,Garcia L., and Cartagena M.C.,Use of Kraft pine lignin as slow release fertilizer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 245-249 (1996) @No $ @ @  Klaus Fischer et. al. Organic Fertilizer & method of manufacturing it, U.S. Patent  No. 5720792, Technische Universifaet Dresden, 24 (1998) @No $ @ @  Hatakka A. Biodegradation of lignin biopolymers lignin humic substances and coal. A multivolume handbook Wiley, (Steinbuchel A., ed) , (2001) @No $ @ @  Hatakka A., Itavaara M., Tuomela M.,Vikman M., Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment : A Review Biores. Technol.72,169-133 (2000) @No $ @ @  Alfred Abaecherli, Valentin I. Popa, Lignin crop cultivation and bioremediation, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal4(3),273-292 (2005) @No $ @ @   Lic Rolando Cruz Suarez, Lic Jose Antonie Siso, Ing eloy Camacho, Synthesis of useful products from bagasse lignin, IPPTA,4(2)(1992) @No $ @ @ Shah M., Reddy G.V., Banerjee R., Babu P.R., Kothari I.L., Microbial degradation of banana waste under solid state bioprocessing using two lignocellulolytic fungi (Phylosticta spp. MPS-001 and Aspergillus spp. MPS-002), Proc.Biochem, 40, 445–451 (2005) @No $ @ @  Sahoo N., Rohella R.S., Choudhary S., Preparation  of value-added products from black liquor , IPPTA, 8( 3)(1996) @No $ @ @  Van H. I., Cronje C., Swart S.H., Kotze J.M., Microbial, chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting. Bioresource Technol, 8171-76, (2002) @No $ @ @ Tuomela M., Vikman M., Hatakka A., Itavaara M., Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review, Bioresource Technology, 72169-183, (2000) @No $ @ @  Golueke C.G., Principles of composting In: The Staff of Bio Cycle, Journal of Waste Recycling. The Art and Science of Composting, The JG press Inc., Pennsylvania, USA, 14-27, (1991) @No $ @ @  Zhu Zhao – hua, Wang De-han,  Agro-environmental Protection20, 98 (2001) @No $ @ @  Chen Qian, mu Huan-zheni, Chinese Journal Agro-environment Science,22, 41 (2003) @No $ @ @ Franz A., Palm A.,Verfahren zur Herstellung organischer Düngemittel, Deutsches Patent DE561487, (1930) @No $ @ @  C. Gonzalez, R. Alvarez and J. Coca, Use of Kraft block liquors from a pulp mill for the production of soil conditioners, Waste Manag. Res. 10.195.http// wmr.sagepub.com/content/10/2/195, (1992) @No $ @ @  Kim Y. K. Plain, W.M. & Hatfield J.D., Fertilizer from oxidative ammoxidation of saw dust, Ind. 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