International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 4(5), 12-17, May (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 12 Water quality analysis of Disposal site and its adjacent area of Guwahati, Assam, India Ali Sayed, Singh Raghvendra Kumar and Kalamdhad S Ajay Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 4th February 2015, revised 16th March 2015, accepted 27th April 2015 AbstractDue to increase of human population and life style, the solid waste is also in increasing manner. Guwahati is one of the major commercial and business places of Northeast India and its holding 149865.9 million populations in a density of 2700 per square kilometer. Due to rapid growth of urbanization 500 hundred metric tonne waste is generated daily from the entire Guwahati city and is dump in Boragaon disposal site near Deepor Beel (A wildlife sanctuary). The present paper investigated the water quality in around the disposal site. The sample was collected from different sampling station like Well, Hand pump, Surface water for a period of one year. Results suggested that the water quality parameters were changing with time and locations but there is no specific pattern is observed. Therefore, it is very difficult to predict whether these changes are due to leachate produced by waste disposal site or some other source. However, water bodies near to the dump site are showing some frequent changes in water quality parameters, may be because of leachate formation. Keywords: Solid waste, disposal site, deepor beel, water qualityIntroduction The term municipal solid waste refers to solid waste from houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals. Management of municipal solid waste is most often the responsibility of municipal/urban local body (ULB) or other governmental authorities. The overall responsibility for Solid waste management in cities is come under Indian municipalities for proper management. But they are failing to fulfill their duty in proper way of Management like dealing with waste generation, collection, transport, treatment and disposal in sustainable way. Although there are no comprehensive data regarding waste generation rates, collection coverage, storage etc. The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) estimated a per capita waste generation in Indian cities and towns in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 kg/day. According to Central Pollution Control Board, average collection coverage ranges from 50-90 %. Moreover, almost 94% collected waste is disposed in an unacceptable manner without any consideration of state-of-the-art engineering principles. Although insufficient solid waste disposal creates serious problem to city dwellers, the uncollected waste is indiscriminately dumped in the roads or in drains which contributing artificial flooding, breeding of insect and rodent vector, and spreading of diseases. Even waste that is collected is often disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites or burned, polluting the air and water resources. Out of the various problems due to the lack of sanitary landfill, one is the improper management of the leachate generated in the dumping sites. A release of leachate to the groundwater may present several risks to human health and the environment. The release of hazardous and non-hazardous components of leachate may render an aquifer unusable for drinking water purposes and other uses. Guwahati is one of the major commercial and business places of Northeast India and its holding 149865.9 million populations in a density of 2700 per square kilometer. An analysis of the trend of waste disposal in many cities shows that 75% of the wastes are disposed of to dumpsites, indicating a lack of adequate treatment and disposal facilities. Like other cities Guwahati is also neglected in solid waste management. Per day Five hundred metric tonne waste is generated from the entire Guwahati city and these wastes is dumped in Boragaon near Deepor Beel in unscientific manner. Deepor Beel is one of the most important Birds sanctuaries of India. Now, Deepor Beel faces lots of problem due to dumping site by Guwahati Municipal Corporation. The present paper investigated the water quality in around disposal site of Guwahati and its effect on surface and ground water. Material and Methods Study area: The disposal site is located at Boragaon, Guwahati, and one kilometer away from NH-37 and 12 kilometer from city area (figure-1). The disposal site is surrounded by Phatasil Hills on the east side and Meghalaya Hills on south side. Mora Nala (Bharalu River) is close to the study site which streaming from Garchug village and connected to Deepor Beel about 1.5 km. The coordinates of the site is 2606.872// N and 9140.896// E, 46.9m elevation. Sampling Strategy: Sampling strategy was planned to cover a International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(5), 12-17, May (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 13 range of physico-chemical parameters at key sites in order to accurately represent the quality of surface and ground water of the study area. In order to study the seasonal variations of the water quality, sampling was conducted during rainy (July month), winter (October month), spring (January month) and summer (April month) seasons. A preliminary survey work for this project began in early July 2010 with the aim to select the sampling points around the disposal site. Based on the survey, 15 sampling points were selected (figure-2) Analytical procedure: Analytical procedures described in the Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste water, (table-1) was followed throughout the analysis for determining the parameters indicated in table below. Certain parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, sulphate and nitrate were analysed as early as possible in the laboratory. A quality control procedure was maintained throughout, including recalibration of instrument. All chemicals and reagents used in the analysis were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated. Distilled water was used for all dilutions. Standard solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solutions. Table-1 Methods of determination of water quality parametersSr. No. Name of parameter analysis Equipment/ method 01 Alkalinity Titration method 02 Electrical Conductivity (EC) Conductivity meter 03 Hardness EDTA method 04 pH Digital pH meter 05 Total Iron UV Visible Spectrophotometer 06 Total Solid (TS) Gravimetric method 07 Turbidity Nephloturbidity meter 08 Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Flame photometer 09 Potassium (K + ) Flame photometer 10 Sodium (Na + ) Flame photometer 11 Chloride (Cl - 1 ) Argentometric method 12 Fluoride (F-1) UV Visible Spectrophotometer 13 Sulphate (SO 4 2 - ) Nephloturbidity meter Figure-1 Study Area (Boragaon, Garchug village, Maghuwapara village, Ahomgaon, Assam Engineering College and Deepor Beel International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(5), 12-17, May (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 14 Figure-2 Sampling Stations (W = Well P = Pond H = Hand pump D = Deepor Beel)Results and Discussion Analysis of Water Samples: pH: The seasonal variations of pH are represented in table-2. It was observed that for all well waters the pH showed decreasing trend from July to April. However, in well 1 pH in April showed higher than October and January. For pond the trend is reverse (from July to April it showed increasing trend) except in April of pond 2. In case of hand pump the trend showed inconsistent pattern. The variations in pH showed decreasing trend except for third location of Deepor Beel which is far away from dumping site. Electric Conductivity (EC): The seasonal variations of EC are represented in table-2. It is apparent that the EC of well water in July was observed higher than other months, whereas for pond the same was observed almost equal for all seasons. In case of hand pump and Deepor Beel not much variation were observed. Turbidity: The seasonal variations of turbidity are represented in table-2. Turbidity of the wells showed higher value in January (winter season) when compared to the other months including rainy season, which is contradictory to general situation. This is possibly due to unusual rain before sampling day. Same is the case with pond also. In January it should be less but it is almost equal to rainy season. In hand pump as expected it is almost negligible. For Deepor Beel turbidity values were increasing from July to April, not following the trend of well and pond possibly because of other factors like disposal of industrial waste in Deepor Beel. Hardness: The seasonal variations of hardness are showed in table-2. It is apparent that the hardness values of well water showed irregular pattern, whereas for pond the same showed increasing pattern from July to April. In the case of hand pump the hardness values showed increasing pattern for the samples withdrawn away from the dumping site while it showed irregular pattern for the samples withdrawn near to the dumping site. Hardness values of Deepor Beel samples showed increasing trend from July to January and thereafter decreasing from January to April. Alkalinity: The seasonal variations of alkalinity are represented in table-2. Alkalinity values of well water samples were observed to be irregular pattern. Pond 1 showed decreasing values of alkalinity while pond 2 were observed to be conflicting. In the case of hand pump the alkalinity values were observed to be lower values for the samples taken away from the dumping site while the same showed higher values for the samples taken close to the dumping site, besides this the alkalinity values were observed higher in the month of April for all samples of hand pump. Not many variations were observed in Deepor Beel. Fluoride: The seasonal variations of fluoride are represented in table-2. The fluoride concentrations for the samples were observed to be decreasing pattern for almost all well. Moreover, the values also showed highest concentration of fluoride in July. For pond the values were showed decreasing pattern, whereas for hand pumps values showed irregular pattern. The fluoride values for the samples taken from Deepor Beel showed increasing pattern from July to January and thereafter decreasing from January to April. Chloride: The seasonal variations of chloride are represented in International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(5), 12-17, May (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 15 table-2. Chloride concentrations were observed to be decreasing from July to October and thereafter increasing from October to April for the samples taken from well 1, well 2 and well 4 but the same observed to be increasing from July to January and then decreasing from January to April. Sulphate: The seasonal variations of sulphate are represented in table-2.The concentrations of sulphate showed irregular pattern for the samples of well water and hand pump whereas the same showed increasing trend July to April in almost all samples. Potassium: The seasonal variations of potassium are represented in table-3. Potassium concentrations showed decreasing trends for well 1 and well 4 whereas the same showed increasing trends for well 2 and well 3 from July to April. While in the case of pond the concentrations showed increasing trends from July to April. Not much Variation was found in the case of hand pump samples. For Deepor Beel trend showed decreasing pattern from July to April for almost all samples. Calcium: The seasonal variations of calcium are represented in table-3. Values of calcium concentration showed the decreasing pattern from July to January and thereafter the same showed increasing for almost all wells except in well 1. For well 1 the concentration of calcium was found to be decreasing from July to April. The calcium concentrations for pond 1 were found to be in increasing trend from July to April while for pond 2 the same was conflicting. It is apparent that the concentration was found to be decreasing from July to January thereafter; it increases from January to April. Same pattern (increasing from July to January and thereafter it decreases from January to April) was also observed in Deepor Beel 1 and 2 whereas for Deepor Beel 3 the pattern was found irregular. Table-2 Showing the Analytical dataParameters (Unit) Month Well Pond Deepor Beel Hand Pump w1 w2 w3 w4 p1 p2 D1 D2 D3 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 pH July 6.90 6.70 6.56 6.90 6.12 7.10 7.04 6.84 6.90 6.24 6.30 6.80 7.00 7.45 7.06 October 6.60 6.65 6.52 6.80 7.23 7.30 6.85 6.50 7.08 6.17 6.23 6.50 6.32 7.00 6.85 January 6.54 6.49 6.53 6.49 7.24 7.42 6.60 6.30 7.32 6.04 6.00 6.68 7.00 6.68 6.85 April 6.68 6.12 6.23 6.26 7.35 6.79 6.30 6.12 7.12 6.07 6.32 6.72 6.79 6.63 6.85 Electric Conductivity July 0.921 0.482 0.215 0.449 0.173 0.118 0.168 0.200 0.182 0.127 0.156 0.258 0.299 0.298 0.365 October 0.652 0.356 0.256 0.318 0.179 0.941 0.176 0.220 0.266 0.125 0.146 0.256 0.288 0.275 0.365 January 0.440 0.220 0.310 0.240 0.180 0.150 0.240 0.260 0.190 0.110 0.120 0.230 0.270 0.250 0.310 April 0.402 0.400 4.200 0.367 0.185 0.160 0.203 0.253 0.185 0.119 0.125 0.240 0.279 0.274 0.342 Turbidity (NTU) July 0.50 4.20 1.00 3.00 10.90 5.00 0.10 4.30 2.30 0.20 0.50 3.20 2.30 0.10 1.80 October 1.20 23.40 3.60 10.80 10.60 5.60 2.60 4.65 5.20 0.20 0.80 2.30 1.70 0.60 1.20 January 2.20 31.70 4.50 16.20 10.20 6.70 4.70 5.00 5.80 0.30 0.90 0.70 1.00 0.80 0.80 April 10.60 5.70 3.50 4.80 12.20 6.70 12.50 7.80 6.50 0.10 0.80 1.20 7.40 1.20 2.10 Hardness (mg/las CaCO3) July 214 140 52 102 42 58 42 80 56 22 42 84 90 98 126 October 230 110 69 95 56 70 64 95 64 23 56 110 142 156 165 January 254 94 130 84 72 80 90 102 80 22 70 154 182 162 188 April 68 58 65 70 83 86 42 68 72 38 82 165 76 86 94 Alkalinity (mg/las CaCO3) July 130 62 184 90 52 60 40 48 52 40 56 96 106 108 136 October 110 65 110 75 49 63 42 52 86 38 59 90 110 102 116 January 102 68 90 60 46 0 41 49 52 40 58 80 142 98 120 April 38 136 225 88 42 53 42 46 50 54 65 102 142 156 198 Fluoride (mg/l) July 0.997 0.085 0.723 0.772 0.506 0.547 0.112 0.560 0.745 0.232 0.322 0.830 0.780 0.020 0.690 October 0.569 0.081 0.562 0.678 0.300 0.237 0.135 0.621 0.960 0.152 0.231 0.450 0.560 0.120 0.560 January 0.000 0.065 0.574 0.155 0.150 0.014 0.160 0.625 0.330 0.000 0.050 0.484 0.332 0.147 0.238 April 0.428 0.056 0.690 0.052 0.102 0.015 0.060 0.135 0.320 0.217 0.040 0.612 0.238 0.000 0.610 Chloride (mg/l) July 364 220 66 174 80 74 50 70 56 30 27 38 14 42 34 October 110 136 78 110 75 72 56 62 90 30 33 30 28 37 33 January 165 178 110 125 70 68 63 78 64 42 36 38 26 35 36 April 168 152 45 148 71 85 58 52 65 38 45 32 22 20 30 Sulphate (mg/l) July 21.11 14.08 12.99 24.80 7.01 5.65 8.07 2.01 4.35 4.46 2.85 4.76 10.16 2.21 1.70 October 22.38 20.65 12.65 20.35 8.37 7.56 9.64 2.35 5.94 3.30 2.63 4.56 5.56 2.36 2.56 January 35.52 23.42 12.96 17.80 16.84 10.84 14.00 6.00 14.32 3.71 2.48 5.16 2.23 2.61 3.10 April 25.40 34.43 20.54 14.44 12.32 11.26 22.83 9.68 16.49 4.84 2.56 3.65 4.11 3.72 6.28 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(5), 12-17, May (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 16 Sodium: The seasonal variations of sodium are represented in table-3. Sodium concentrations were found to be inconsistent for all water wells, while the concentrations were found to be almost increasing from July to April in case of all samples of pond and Deepor Beel. The concentration of sodium for samples of hand pump showed irregular pattern. Total Solids: The seasonal variations of total solids are represented in table-3. Almost decreasing trend from January to April for almost all samples of water wells, pond and Deepor Beel were seen. However, the concentrations showed irregular pattern for samples of hand pump. Total dissolved solids: The seasonal variations of total solids are represented in table-3. All Wells showed a decreasing pattern in the TDS concentration from July to April, whereas Ponds showed almost no variation for the first pond but the second one showed a decreasing pattern. While the Hand pump and Deepor Beel water showed an irregular pattern. Total suspended solids: The seasonal variations of total suspended solids are represented in table-3. Almost all samples of Deepor Beel, pond and hand pump showed decreasing trend of concentration whereas the concentrations showed irregular pattern for water well. Iron: The seasonal variations of iron are represented in table-3. It is clear well 1 showed drastic increment in April, not much variation was observed for other seasons. For well 2 the concentrations showed decreasing whereas well 3 showed increasing trend from January to April. Not many variations were observed in pond 2 while pond 1 showed decreasing trend. From the figure-2 it is clear that the hand pumps 4 and 6 showed the higher concentrations values in all seasons which are nearer to the dumping yard site. The concentrations of Deepor Beel showed irregular pattern. Table-3 Showing the Analytical data Parameters (Unit) Month Well Pond Deepor Beel Hand Pump w1 w2 w3 w4 p1 p2 D1 D2 D3 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 Potassium (ppm) July 42.4 7.28 4.12 8.66 3.93 3.76 5.33 6.32 6.32 2.59 1.67 2.03 1.37 1.73 1.07 October 26.3 15.63 4.15 6.52 6.53 3.86 5.65 6.68 6.57 1.56 1.7 1.89 0.89 1.65 0.98 January 19.7 20.57 4.06 1.54 10.2 3.86 5.78 7.02 1.41 0.64 1.72 1.63 0.87 1.65 0.94 April 15.8 24.99 16.6 3.09 12.2 10.36 2.03 4.36 2.48 2.1 1.32 1.65 0.05 1.34 0.64 Calcium (ppm) July 34.2 15.55 4.81 17.77 4.35 9.03 4.35 5.17 4.02 3.72 3.56 4.43 4.97 4.52 5.42 October 20.4 12.36 2.86 10.75 4.67 5.03 3.26 4.59 6.77 2.76 3.02 3.45 3.96 2.56 1.23 January 14.2 5.71 0.29 4.62 5.7 0.12 1 2.06 5.36 1.32 2.13 2.36 2.61 1.51 0.14 April 11.6 12.3 3.65 7.4 6.3 4.03 5.2 5.67 6 4.11 4.02 5.65 3.36 4.7 6 Sodium (ppm) July 33.63 12.53 14.96 26.06 11.09 4.02 9.78 10.71 10.36 10.90 12.80 14.53 14.15 15.15 17.18 October 22.36 12.36 16.56 20.36 12.03 5.20 10.65 10.78 11.46 12.30 12.60 15.63 13.65 14.12 15.63 January 20.65 12.56 18.36 22.14 10.23 6.32 12.69 11.01 11.49 10.80 5.56 16.32 12.36 16.35 17.56 April 18.1 12.21 16.3 23.69 13.2 8.32 13.34 12.03 12.1 11.46 13.2 15.53 13.5 14.34 18.18 Total Solids (mg/l) July 265 256 265 289 251 415 250 456 265 223 400 182 256 450 270 October 189 278 226 265 198 389 236 402 125 140 165 156 225 326 220 January 221 216 156 132 152 221 150 265 170 210 260 260 165 402 186 April 169 132 96 132 124 152 126 165 156 136 198 173 153 265 210 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) July 150 146 148 156 65 98 65 98 56 96 185 125 132 200 152 October 149 135 126 129 60 86 60 86 39 45 67 110 115 148 126 January 130 125 113 118 65 69 65 69 56 89 156 136 96 251 112 April 110 96 54 89 45 58 45 58 60 46 96 130 53 123 97 Total suspended solid (mg/l) July 130 156 145 189 186 356 186 356 193 126 180 56 112 265 120 October 65 89 150 152 164 310 164 310 65 110 123 63 105 168 96 January 110 123 68 45 95 159 95 159 85 94 103 102 78 156 86 April 68 48 65 56 85 110 85 10 78 95 96 65 85 125 115 Iron (mg/l) July 0.309 1.525 0.480 0.451 3.210 1.113 0.824 0.827 0.800 0.297 0.268 1.230 2.450 0.920 1.920 October 0.322 1.230 0.602 0.485 2.165 1.265 1.260 0.100 0.920 1.180 1.020 1.650 3.450 1.380 2.130 January 0.421 0.503 0.800 0.572 0.051 0.749 1.590 2.350 1.200 0.000 0.565 0.503 3.510 0.390 2.543 April 0.618 0.843 1.230 0.585 1.360 1.254 1.160 2.870 0.926 2.180 2.320 3.250 5.350 1.670 4.870 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(5), 12-17, May (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 17 Conclusions Results showed that the water quality parameters were changing with time and locations but there is no specific pattern is observed. So it is very difficult to predict whether these changes are due to leachate produced by waste disposal site or some other source; because of dump site area is surrounded by hills, Bricks industries and agricultural land and one outlet of Bharalu river is go through the Disposal site and connected to Deepor Beel. Waste water generated by industry or house hold, and water flowing through the agricultural land may also affect the water quality. However water bodies near to the dump site is showing some frequent changes in water quality parameters. So it clear that the leachate is affecting the water bodies, but how and how much, it cannot be predict from the present work. 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