International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 4(4), 90-95, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 90 Seasonal Monitoring of Water quality of a Ramsar site in an Indo-Burma Hotspot region of Manipur, India Rai P. K. and Singh M.M. Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 21st February 2015, revised 22nd March 2015, accepted 7th April 2015 AbstractThe seasonal monitoring of the water quality study of Loktak Lake has been undertaken to know the deteriorating water quality status. Twelve water quality parameters including Temperature, pH, Transperancy, Total Solids (TS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demands (BOD), Acidity, Alkalinity, Chloride, Hardness, Turbidity and Nitrate were analysed. Temperature ranges from 16.8±0.98°C to 28.6±0.4°C, pH ranges from 6.3±0.2 to 7.4±0.05, Transparency ranges from 0.74 m to 1.7±0.03 m, Total Solids ranges from 23.3±5.77 mg/Lto 43.3±20.81 mg/L, Dissolved Oxygen ranges from 6.9±0.26 mg/L to 9.6±0.26 mg/L, Biologica Oxygen Demand ranges from 0.5±0.45 mg/L to 2±0.51 mg/L, Acidity ranges from 9.3±1.15 mg/L to 32.6±7.57 mg/L, Alkalinity ranges from21.3±1.15 mg/L to 73.3±1.15 mg/L, Chloride ranges from 20.9±2 mg/L to 42.3±1.52 mg/L, Total Hardness ranges from 18.7±3.05 mg/L to 68±4 mg/L, Turbidity ranges from Turbidity ranges from a maximum of 15.8±1.05 NTU in Site IV of summer season and a minimum of 0.4±0.05 NTU to 15.8±1.05 NTU and Nitrate ranges from 0.21±0.02 mg/L to 0.62±0.05 mg/L. pH and the Turbidity were not under the permissible limit range set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS-10500). The results refer to the polluted water status of the lake due to increasing discharge of waste and higher agricultural activities in the surrounding of the lake. Keywords: Wetland, Ramsar, pollution, monitoring, eutrophication, permissible limit. Introduction Wetland resources of a region are inextricably linked with the sustainable development of the particular region. They are the major freshwater resources which are the rapidly deteriorating. Potable water is derived either from surface water (rivers, lakes, streams, ponds etc.) or ground water (aquifers, ranney wells etc). Loktak Lake, which is a Ramsar site in the Indo-Burma hotspot, is a major freshwater source of the state of Manipur. People are depending on this lake directly or indirectly. Important features of wetlands become severely ruined with unacceptable levels of pollutants from human activities. The rivers which drain directly in the lake bring a heavy load of agricultural chemicals as well as domestic waste from different sources of the Imphal city and other adjoining areas around the lake and contribute significantly to water quality deterioration and if it is not taken into consideration then it may results in eutrophication. The increasing pollution and continuous silting of the lake lead to its shrinkage. The monitoring of the water quality is a must to prevent further pollution of the Loktak lake and also to prevent people from certain diseases after their consumption of the polluted water. Seasonal investigations of the physico-chemical parameters were performed in order to examine the ecological condition of lake ecosystems and the quality of water used for drinking in Lake Celije, Serbia. Physicochemical of the 16 lakes in Drawienski National Park (DNP) have been investigated. Water Quality Investigation and phytoplankton survey of Loweswater, Cumbria was also performed. Periodic investigations of freshwater bodies were carried out by various workers to determine the water quality status of the water body in the regulated water bodies of BudhaPuskarlake, Rajasthan, India and Egypt. Because of the importance in maintaining the human health and health of the ecosystem, the environmental quality is greatly focused on water . Present study has been undertaken to know the deteriorating water quality status of the lake that affect the life around and environment of the lake with its content. From the study, future effect of water pollution can be controlled by taking up various measures for its abatement and sustainable development. It will also make an important contribution to the biodiversity conservation of the lake. The result will play a key role in the management approach of this Ramsar Lake. Material and Methods Description of the study area and study site: The research work was done in Loktak Lake, which is located at Bishnupur district of Manipur and is the largest natural freshwater lake in northeast India. Its size is 26,600 hactares. The lake is rich in biodiversity and considered to be the lifeline of Manipur valley and has been recognised as a Wetland of International Importance. The Loktak Lake lies between the latitude of 24°25’-24°42’N and longitude of 93°46-93°55’E. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(4), 90-95, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 91 Figure-1 Map showing study area, the Loktak Lake at Manipur, India A total of four sampling sites i.e. Site I (Loktak Nambul vicinity), Site II (Loktak Nambol vicinity), Site III (Loktak Yangoi vicinity) and Site IV (Loktak proper) were selected for analysis (in triplicates) of various physico-chemical characeristics of the water. Sampling and analysis: Water samplings were performed in rainy season (August, 2013 to July, 2014). Samplings were done in the morning and the samples were immediately transported to the laboratory for the analysis. Wide mouth bottles were used to collect samples for the analysis. Tag/Labels were used for easy identification. The analyses were carried out using ‘Standard methods’10 and the results were compared using WHO and BIS-10500 standard11,12. Twelve water quality parameters i.e. Temperature, pH, Transperancy, Total Solids (TS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demands (BOD), Acidity, Alkalinity, Chloride, Hardness, Turbidity and Nitrate were studied. Temperature was measured by digital thermometer and is expressed in degree celcius, pH was determined by Hanna digital pH-meter, Transperancy is measured by using Secchi disc, TS is measured by using filtration and evaporation method, DO and BOD by Winkler Titrimetric method, Alkalinity and Acidity by using potentiometric titration method, Chloride content was measured by using Mohr’s argentiometric method, Total Hardness by using EDTA titration method, Turbidity by digital turbidity meter and Nitrate content by using Spectrophotometric method. Results and Discussion Temperature: The Temperature of water is directly related with ambient air temperature of different seasons. The Temperature of water is an important parameter which directly influences number of physical, chemical, and biological processes in natural aquatic systems. The rate of activities of the biological species present in water also governs by temperature13. The highest mean value of Temperature was measured 28.6±0.4°C in Site II of rainy season and the lowest was measured 16.8±0.98°Cin Site II of winter season. The mean Temperature were 26.5±0.17°C in Site I of rainy season,26.9±0.2°C in Site III of rainy season, 27.7±0.49°C in Site IV of rainy season, 17.2±0.26°C in Site I of winter season, 18.3±0.28°C in Site III of winter season, 20±0.64°C in Site IV of winter season, 24.1±0.98°C in Site I of summer season, 26.3±1.79°C in Site II of summer season, 24±0.56°C in Site III of summer season, and 26.2±0.35°C in Site IV of summer season. There is no permissible limit for Temperature. pH: The mean pH were ranges between a maximum of International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(4), 90-95, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 92 7.4±0.05in Site I and Site IV of summer season and a minimum of 6.3±0.2in Site IV of rainy season. The mean pH were 6.4±0.05in Site I of rainy season, 6.6±0.2 in Site II of rainy season, 6.5±0.15in Site III of rainy season, 7±0.05 in Site I of winter season, 6.5±0.17 in Site II of winter season, 7.2±0.05 in Site III of winter season, and 6.8±0.05 in Site IV of winter season, 7.03±0.05 in Site II of summer season, and 7.2±0.05 in Site III of summer season. The Site I and Site IV value i.e. 6.4±0.05 and 6.3±0.2are lower from the permissible limit value set by WHO. pH also varies usually often due to several factors such as interaction with suspended matter, polluting material, decays etc. Most of the chemical and biochemical activities are influenced by the pH of waters. The standard set by WHO and BIS in terms of pH is 6.5-8.5. Transparency: Mean Transparency ranges from a maximum of 1.7±0.01m in Site IV and 1.7±0.03m in Site IV of winter and rainy season respectively and a minimum of 0.74m in Site III of summer season. Mean Transparency were 1±0.05m in Site I of rainy season, 1.23±0.05min Site II of rainy season, 1.04±0.03min Site III of rainy season, 1±0.02m in Site I of winter season, 1.2±0.0m in Site II of winter season, 1.04±0.01m in Site III of rainy season, 0.97±0.05m in Site I of summer season, 0.94±0.26m in Site II of summer season, and 1.01±0.06m in Site IV of summer season. Transparency varies with the number of minute impurities present in the water bodies. During winter and summer, high transparency occurred in aquatic bodies due to absence of rain, flood water, and runoff which leads gradual settling of suspended particles14. There is no permissible limit for Transparency. Total Solids (TS): Total Solids are the substances present in the water bodies dissolved or non-dissolved. They disturbed the penetration of light in the water bodies. Higher the TS, lower will be the survival of the aquatic organisms. Mean TS ranges from a maximum of 43.3±20.81mg/L in Site III of rainy season and a minimum of 23.3±5.77 mg/L in Site III of winter season, 23.3±5.77mg/L in Site I and Site III of summer season. Mean TS were 40±20mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 36.7±5.77mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 36.6±5.77mg/L in Site IV of Rainy Season, 26.6±5.77mg/L in Site I of winter season, 33.3±5.77mg/L in Site II of winter season, 33.3±5.77mg/L in Site IV of winter season, 33.3±5.77mg/L in Site II of summer season, and 30±10mg/L in Site IV of summer season. There is no permissible limit for TS. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): DO is one of the most important parameters of water quality which reflects the various processes of physical and biological in water. The mean DO ranges between a maximum of 9.6±0.26mg/L in Site IV of winter season and a minimum of 6.9±0.26 mg/L in Site III of summer season. The mean DO were 8±0.36mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 7.7±0.35mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 7.8±0.32mg/L in Site III of rainy season, 7.5±0.46mg/L in Site IV of rainy season, 8.7±0.37mg/L in Site I of winter season, 8±0.5mg/L in Site II of winter season, 8.6±0.87mg/L in Site III of winter season, 7.3±0.15mg/L in Site I of summer season, 7.1±0.15mg/L in Site II of summer season, and 7.6±0.26mg/L in Site IV of summer season. There is no permissible limit for DO. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD is one of the important water parameter. The mean BOD ranges from a maximum of 2±0.51 mg/L in Site I of rainy season and minimum 0.5±0.45 mg/L in Site III of winter season. The mean BOD were 1.8±0.25mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 1.6±0.55mg/L in Site III of rainy season, 1.7±0.51mg/L in Site IV of rainy season, 1.7±0.61mg/L in Site I of winter season, 1.4±0.26mg/L in Site II of winter season, 1.9±1.15mg/L in Site IV of winter season, 1.4±0.15mg/L in Site I of summer season, 1.1±0.3mg/L in Site II of summer season, 1.3±0.34mg/L in Site III of summer season, and 1.4±0.45mg/L in Site IV of summer season. The high BOD of the Site I is due to the polluted Nambul River and also from the domestic waste from the local areas including the residence in the lake itself. The enormous growth of aquatic plants may leads to high BOD of the site1. Permissible limit for BOD of WHO is 6 mg/L. Acidity: Acidity of water refers to the amount of acids bases present.Mean Acidity ranges from a maximum of 32.6±7.57mg/L in Site III of rainy season and a minimum of 9.3±1.15 mg/L in Site IV of winter season. Mean Acidity were 27±7.81mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 23.3±4.16mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 26±3.6mg/L in Site IV of rainy season, 15.3±1.15mg/L in Site I of winter season, 14±3mg/L in Site II of winter season, 14.3±0.57mg/L in Site III of winter season, 27±4mg/L in Site I of summer season, 24.6±4.04mg/L in Site II of summer season, 29.6±2.08mg/L in Site III of summer season, 23±2mg/L in Site IV of summer season. Acidity has been not desirable in municipal water system because it tends to increase corrosion.There is no permissible limit set for acidity. There is no permissible limit for Acidity. Alkalinity: The Alkalinity of water is the capacity of neutralising acid. The main cause of Alkalinity in water is the presence of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxides15. The mean value of Alkalinity in the study sites ranges from a maximum of 73.3±1.15 mg/L in Site IV of winter season and 21.3±1.15 mg/L in Site III of rainy season. The mean Alkalinity were 24.6±1.15mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 26.3±3.05mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 23±1mg/L in Site IV of rainy season, 58.6±5.03mg/L in Site I of winter season, 48.6±4.16mg/L in Site II of winter season, 56±3.46mg/L in Site III of winter season, 49±6.24mg/L in Site I of summer season, 47±2mg/L in Site II of summer season, 50±3.6mg/L in Site III of summer season, 64.6±6.02mg/L in Site IV of summer season. There is no permissible limit set for Alkalinity. Chloride: Chloride is one of the important water parameters and it is found in nature in the form of salts of sodium, potassium and calcium. The mean Chloride ranges from a maximum of 42.3±1.52mg/L in Site III of winter season and a minimum of 20.9±2 mg/L in Site II of winter season. Mean International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(4), 90-95, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 93 Chloride were 23.9±3.46mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 22.9±2.64mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 24.6±2.3mg/L in Site III of rainy season, 26.6±1.15mg/L in Site IV of rainy season, 39.3±1.15mg/L in Site I of winter season, 21.3±2.3mg/L in Site IV of winter season, 31.6±2.08mg/L in Site I of summer season, 23.6±1.51mg/L in Site II of summer season, 37.3±3.78mg/L in Site III of summer season, and 23.3±1.52 in Site IV of summer season. The water is under permissible value of WHO is 200-600 mg/L and that of BIS-10500 is 250 mg/L. Chlorides are the indicators of non-point source pollution of water by pesticides, grease, oil, metals and other toxic materials in large amount16. Such type of polluting material may be drained into the lake by the Nambul river passing through many localities of the Imphal city as it is the only river which passes through the middle of the market area. Most of the market waste dumping is found in this river. Total Hardness: Total hardness is the sum concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ expressed as calcium carbonate in mg/L. Calcium hardness is due to Ca2+ only and magnesium hardness is due to Mg2+17,18. Mean Total Hardness ranges in between a maximum of 68±4 mg/L in Site III of winter season and a minimum of 18.7±3.05mg/L in Site III of rainy season. Mean Total Hardness were25.3±1.15mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 26.6±1.15mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 23.3±3.05mg/L in Site IV of rainy season, 62±1.73mg/L in Site I of winter season, 28.3±6.42mg/L in Site II of winter season, 29±1mg/L in Site IV of winter season, 55.6±5.68mg/L in Site I of summer season, 33.6±7.5mg/L in Site II of summer season, 51±14.93mg/L in Site III of summer season, and27±1mg/L in Site IV of summer season. The amount of hardness indicates less concentration so there may be less presence of calcium and magnesium in the water bodies. The permissible value set by WHO and BIS-10500 is 200 mg/L. Turbidity: Turbidity is important parameters of water. Mean Turbidity ranges from a maximum of 15.8±1.05 NTU in Site IV of summer season and a minimum of 0.4±0.05 NTU and 0.4±0 NTU in Site III and Site IV of winter season respectively. Mean Turbidity were 4.8±2.16NTUin Site I of rainy season, 6.3±0.87NTU in Site II of rainy season, 2.8±2.06NTU in Site III of rainy season, 3.3±1.49NTU in Site IV of rainy season, 0.5±0.05NTU in Site I of winter season, 0.5±0NTUin Site II of winter season, 5.9±1.68NTU in Site I of summer season, 12.5±1.11NTU in Site II of summer season, and8±0.4NTU in Site III of summer season. The Turbidity of Site IV of summer season exceeds the permissible value set by WHO and BIS-10500 i.e. 5 NTU. The higher turbidity is due to decaying of the organic matter of plant and other polluting material in the water. Higher temperature and other factors in the summer season influences higher turbidity of the water. Nitrate: Mean Nitrate ranges from a maximum of 0.62±0.05mg/L in Site II of summer season and a minimum of 0.21±0.02mg/L in Site IV of rainy season. Mean Nitrate were 0.26±0.1mg/L in Site I of rainy season, 0.37±0.05mg/L in Site II of rainy season, 0.3±0.04mg/L in Site III of rainy season, 0.39±0.05mg/L in Site I of winter season, 0.43±0.02mg/L in Site II of winter season, 0.4±0.04mg/L in Site III of winter season, 0.23±0.005mg/L in Site IV of winter season, 0.54±0.1mg/L in Site I of summer season, 0.41±0.026mg/L in Site III of summer season, and 0.33±0.11mg/L in Site IV of summer season. High concentration of Nitrate in drinking water is toxic19. The permissible value set by WHO and BIS-10500 is 45 mg/L. Table-1 Variation in the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water in the Different Study Sites in Rainy Season (2013) Rainy Season Sl. No. Parameters Site I Site II Site III Site IV 1 Temperature (°C) 26.5±0.17 28.6±0.4 26.9±0.2 27.7±0.49 2 pH 6.4±0.05 6.6±0.2 6.5±0.15 6.3±0.2 3 Transparency(m) 1±0.05 1.23±0.05 1.04±0.03 1.7±0.03 4 TS (mg/L) 40±20 36.7±5.77 43.3±20.81 36.6±5.77 5 DO (mg/L) 8±0.36 7.7±0.35 7.8±0.32 7.5±0.46 6 BOD (mg/L) 2±0.51 1.8±0.25 1.6±0.55 1.7±0.51 7 Acidity (mg/L) 27±7.81 23.3±4.16 32.6±7.57 26±3.6 8 Alkalinity(mg/L) 24.6±1.15 26.3±3.05 21.3±1.15 23±1 9 Chloride (mg/L) 23.9±3.46 22.9±2.64 24.6±2.3 26.6±1.15 10 Hardness (mg/L) 25.3±1.15 26.6±1.15 18.7±3.05 23.3±3.05 11 Turbidity (NTU) 4.8±2.16 6.3±0.87 2.8±2.06 3.3±1.49 12 Nitrate (mg/L) 0.26±0.1 0.37±0.05 0.3±0.04 0.21±0.02 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 4(4), 90-95, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 94 Table-2 Variation in the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water in the Different Study Sites in Winter Season (2013-14) Winter Season Sl. No. Parameters Site I Site II Site III Site IV 1 Temperature (°C) 17.2±0.26 16.8±0.98 18.3±0.28 20±0.64 2 pH 7±0.05 6.5±0.17 7.2±0.05 6.8±0.05 3 Transparency(m) 1±0.02 1.2±0.01 1.04±0.01 1.7±0.01 4 TS (mg/L) 26.6±5.77 33.3±5.77 23.3±5.77 33.3±5.77 5 DO (mg/L) 8.7±0.37 8±0.5 8.6±0.87 9.6±0.26 6 BOD (mg/L) 1.7±0.61 1.4±0.26 0.5±0.45 1.9±1.15 7 Acidity (mg/L) 15.3±1.15 14±3 14.3±0.57 9.3±1.15 8 Alkalinity(mg/L) 58.6±5.03 48.6±4.16 56±3.46 73.3±1.15 9 Chloride (mg/L) 39.3±1.15 20.9±2 42.3±1.52 21.3±2.3 10 Hardness (mg/L) 62±1.73 28.3±6.42 68±4 29±1 11 Turbidity (NTU) 0.5±0.05 0.5±0 0.4±0.05 0.4±0 12 Nitrate (mg/L) 0.39±0.05 0.43±0.02 0.4±0.04 0.23±0.005 Table-3 Variation in the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water in the Different Study Sites in Summer Season (2014) Summer Season Sl. No. Parameters Site I Site II Site III Site IV 1 Temperature (°C) 24.1±0.98 26.3±1.79 24±0.56 26.2±0.35 2 pH 7.4±0.05 7.03±0.05 7.2±0.05 7.4±0.05 3 Transparency(m) 0.97±0.05 0.94±0.26 0.74±0.015 1.01±0.06 4 TS (mg/L) 23.3±5.77 33.3±5.77 23.3±5.77 30±10 5 DO (mg/L) 7.3±0.15 7.1±0.15 6.9±0.26 7.6±0.26 6 BOD (mg/L) 1.4±0.15 1.1±0.3 1.3±0.34 1.4±0.45 7 Acidity (mg/L) 27±4 24.6±4.04 29.6±2.08 23±2 8 Alkalinity(mg/L) 49±6.24 47±2 50±3.6 64.6±6.02 9 Chloride (mg/L) 31.6±2.08 23.6±1.51 37.3±3.78 23.3±1.52 10 Hardness (mg/L) 55.6±5.68 33.6±7.5 51±14.93 27±1 11 Turbidity (NTU) 5.9±1.68 12.5±1.11 8±0.4 15.8±1.05 12 Nitrate (mg/L) 0.54±0.1 0.62±0.05 0.41±0.026 0.33±0.11 Conclusion From the result of the physico-chemical parameters obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that the water of the Lake is polluted as some of the parameter exceeds the permissible limits set by WHO and BIS-10500 standards. 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