@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Prevalence of Culturable Airborne Fungi in Fruit Markets of Delhi and Noida, India<#LINE#>M.@Vermani,N.@Bedi,M.S.@Hussain<#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-99.pdf<#LINE#> Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, INDIA <#LINE#>20/5/2014<#LINE#>6/6/2014<#LINE#>Fungi have been identified as the foremost agents responsible for deteriorating fruits kept in storage after harvesting, leading to significant economic losses. The present study involves the qualitative and quantitative assessment of various airborne fungi in the three fruit markets of Delhi and Noida. An aerobiological survey was conducted using gravity settling technique.  The frequently isolated fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium and Heliminthosporium. The most dominant species of Aspergillus were A. niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus.  Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria were also isolated from rotten fruit samples collected from these markets.  The present study identified major airborne fungi associated with post harvest rot in fruit markets. The information may help in efficient control of post-harvest and storage diseases of fruits.  <#LINE#> @ @ Salunkhe, D.K. and Desai, B.B., Post-harvest biotechnology of fruits. Boca Rata, FL, CRC Press, 168 (1984) @No $ @ @ Singh D. and Sharma R.R., Postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables and their management, In Sustainable Pest Management, Eds. D. Prasad, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi (2007) @No $ @ @ Kelman A., Opportunities for future research in postharvest pathology, In Post harvest pathology of fruits and vegetables: Post-harvest losses in perishable crops, Eds. H.E. Moline, University of California Agricultural Experimental Station, Bulletin, 76–80 (1984) @No $ @ @ Droby S., Improving quality and safety of fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest by the use of biocontrol agents and natural materials, Acta Horticul.,709, 45–51 (2006) @No $ @ @ Zhu S.J., Non-chemical approaches to decay control in postharvest fruit, In Advances in Postharvest Technologies for Horticultural Crops, Eds. B. Noureddine, B. and S. Norio, Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India, 297–313 (2006) @No $ @ @ Surendranathan K.K., Post harvest biotechnology of fruits with special reference to banana-Perspective and Scope, Indian J. Biotech., , 39-46 (2005) @No $ @ @ India’s post-harvest losses over 2 lakh crore annually: Assocham, The Economic Times,  August 6, 2013. Web. November 22, (2013) @No $ @ @ Kakde U.B. and Kakde H.U., Incidence of post-harvest disease and airborne fungal spores in a vegetable market,  Acta Bot. Croat., 71 (1), 147–157 (2012) @No $ @ @ Drusch S. and Ragab W., Mycotoxins in fruits, fruit juices, and dried fruits, J. Food Prot., 66(8), 1514-1527 (2003) @No $ @ @ Monso E.M., Occupational asthma in greenhouse workers, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 10, 147-150 (2004) @No $ @ @ Arya C. and Arya A., Aeromycoflora of fruit markets of Baroda, India and associated diseases of certain fruits,  Aerobiologia, 23, 283–289 (2007) @No $ @ @ Pande B.N., Dere P.K. and Arsule C.S., Atmospheric fungal diversity over the vegetable market at Aurangabad (M.S.), Bionano Frontier, 145-150 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sarmah P.S. and Sarma T.C., Occurrence of aeromycoflora in the fruit markets of Goalpara district (Assam), The Ecoscan, , 299-302 (2012) @No $ @ @ Ahire Y.R. and Sangale M.K., Survey of aeromycoflora present in vegetable and fruit market, Elixir Appl. Botany52, 11381-11383 (2012) @No $ @ @ Raper K.B. and Fennell D.I., The genus Aspergillus. The Williams andWilkins Co., Baltimore (1965) @No $ @ @ Raper K.B. and Thom C., A manual of Penicillia. Hafner Publishing Co., NewYork, (1968) @No $ @ @ Smith G., An introduction to industrial mycology, Edward Arnold Ltd, London (1969) @No $ @ @ Ainsworth G.C., Sparrow F.K. and Sussman A.S., The fungi, 4 A. Academic Press, New York (1972) @No $ @ @ Ellis M.B., Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Publisher Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surrey (UK) (1971) @No $ @ @ Chenulu V.V. and Thakur D.P., Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae were considered to be responsible to cause major diseases in various fruits, Indian Phytopath., ,  65-70 (1968) @No $ @ @ Kakde U.B., Kakde H.U. and Saoji A.A., Seasonal variation of fungal propagules in a fruit market environment, Nagpur (India), Aerobiologia, 17177–182 (2001) @No $ @ @ Mullins J., Harvey R. and Seaton A., Sources and incidence of airborne Aspergillus fumigatus (Fres), Clin. Allergy, 6(3), 209-17 (1976) @No $ @ @ Wicklow D.T. and Shottwell O.L., Intra-fungal distribution of aflatoxin among conidia and sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, Can. J. Microbiol., 29, 1–5 (1982) @No $ @ @ Ghatge M.M., Salunkhe V.S. and Jadhav R.R., Diversity of airborne fungi in Kadegaon Tahsil, District Sangli, MS, India, Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 2(7), 26-29 (2013) @No
<#LINE#>Processing of Rice and Wheat Husk for the Potential utilization of the Material for Pottery Products<#LINE#>Ammara@Shahid,Fakhra@Aslam,Amber@Aleem<#LINE#>7-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-103.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Environmental Science, Lahore College for Women University, Jail road, Lahore PAKISTAN <#LINE#>22/5/2014<#LINE#>29/6/2014<#LINE#>In the past few decades, widespread adoption of green revolution technologies in agricultural practices has increased the crop yield. But this intensive mechanization of agriculture is generating wastes from the irrational applications like wastes produced from rice and wheat harvesting constitute about 81-90% residues as rice and wheat husk. These crop residuesare considered as waste but in actual these are natural and valuable resources reflected as potential black gold. However the management of these residuesis a great challenge and the forgoing disposal method of burning the husks has contributed adversely to the environment and causes greenhouse effect. In the present study we proposed a treatment method for rice and wheat crop residues which has no drawbacks as processing of rice and wheat husk for the potential utilization of the material for pottery products. Some physical properties were also measured both of husk paste and pots these include dry shrinkage rate, moisture content, porosity rate, plasticity, color comparison, drying time, absorption rate, wall strength and biodegradation rate. These properties were measured to assess the quality of product and to establish which husk material is more suitable for pottery. Wall strength of different samples was found out by Vickers hardness test which were in the range of 26.5-33.87HV and the values of biodegradation rate ranged from 15-33days. Due to excellent binding ability and appropriate wall strength both the rice and wheat husk material are applicable to form pots. They took very less time and biodegrade easily reducing pollution effects, loads on disposal sites and preserving the non-renewable petroleum resources. <#LINE#> @ @ Science and Technology Committee Report, reduction, 9-10, (2007) @No $ @ @ Pender J.L., Population growth, agricultural intensification, induced innovation and natural resource sustainability: An application of neoclassical growth theory, economics 19(2), 99-112 (1998) @No $ @ @ Akhtar M.R., Impact of resource conservation tefor sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Punjab Pakistan,  Journal of Agricultural Research, 44 (3), 239-254 (2006) @No $ @ @ Rabbani M.A., Masood M.S., Shinwari Z.K. and Shinozaki K.Y., Genetic analysis of basmati and nonPakistani rice (oryza sativa) Cultivars using Microsatellite markers, Pakistan Journal of Botany, (2010) @No $ @ @ Chen Y.K., Agricultural solid waste composition product made from the same, US Patent # 6,869,990 (2005) @No $ @ @ Smil V., Crop residues: Agricultura’s Largest Harvest, Bioscience, 49(4), 299-307 (1999) @No $ @ @ Sharma A.R., Kharol S.K., Badarinath D., Impact of agriculture crop residue burning on atmospheric aerosol loading – a study over Punjab State, India, Annales Geophysicae,  28(2), 367–379 (2010) @No $ @ @ Chen C.H., Method for manufacturing food containers, Patent # 5,897,827 (1999) @No $ @ @ ASTM D4318-10, Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils,(2010) @No $ @ @ ASTM C326-09, Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays,(2011) @No $ @ @ ASTM C32401, Standard Test Method for Free Moisture in Ceramic Whiteware Clays, 1061-1068 (2007) @No $ @ @ ASTM C378-88, Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products, 85(2006) @No $ @ @ ASTM E384 - 11e1, Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials, 691-694 (2011) @No $ @ @ Evans M.R., Taylor M. and Kuheny J., of biocontainers for greenhouse crops productionTechnology, 20(3), 549-555 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ahn H.K., Sauer T.J., Richard T.L. and Glanville T.D., Determination of thermal properties of composting bulking materials, Bioresource Technology(2009) @No $ @ @ Kushaha R.L., Vashnav A.S. and Zoerb G.C., Shear strength of wheat straw, Engineering, 25(2), 163-166 (1983) @No $ @ @ Mansaray K.G. and Ghaly A.E., Physical and thermochemical properties of rice husk, 19(9), 989-1004 (1997) @No $ @ @ Olayemi O.J., Oyi A.R. and Allagh T.S., Comparative evaluation of maize, rice and wheat starch powders as pharmaceutical excipients, Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 131-138 (2008) @No $ @ @ Zareiforoush H., Komarizadeh M.H. and Alizadeh M.R., Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of paddy grains, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 1(3), 132-133 (2009) @No $ @ @ Lawel S.A. and Ugheoke B.I., Investigation of alphacellulose content of agro-waste products as alternatives for paper production, Assumption University Journal of Technology, 13(4), 258-260 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bristow K.L., Measurement of thermal properties and water content of unsaturated sandy soil using dual-probe heat-pulse probes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 89(13), 75–84 (1998) @No $ @ @ Jindal V.K. and Siebenmorgen T.J., Effects of oven drying temperature and drying time on rough rice moisture content determination, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 30(4), 1185-1192 (1999) @No $ @ @ Bledzki A.K., Mamun A.A. and Volk J., Physical, chemical and surface properties of wheat husk, rye husk and soft wood and their polypropylene composites, Composites A: Applied Sciences and Manufacturing, 41(2010), 480-488 (2010) @No $ @ @ Yang H.S., Kim D.J. and Kim H.J., Rice straw–wood particle composite for sound absorbing wooden construction materials, Bioresource Technology, 86(2003) @No $ @ @ , 117-121 (2002) @No $ @ @ Kalia S., Kaith B.S. and Kaur I., Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites-a review, Polymer Engineering and Science, 49(7), 1253–1272 (2009) @No $ @ @ Abbas M., Rehman A., Manzoor F and Farooq A., A quantitative analysis and comparison of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in rice husk and wheat bran samples, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Biology, 1(1), 14-15 (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Invertebrate Fauna in Flyash Discharge Pond<#LINE#>Lekhika@Shrivastava,Shikha@Shrivastava<#LINE#>15-23<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-105.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, Govt. V.Y.T.P.G. Auto. College, Durg, Chhattisgarh, INDIA <#LINE#>26/5/2014<#LINE#>5/7/2014<#LINE#>Fly ash is a by-product. It was produced during the coal combustion process at high temperature in thermal power plants. This fly ash is disposed-off outside of the power-plant in fly ash dyke in form of slurry. Fly ash discharge pond is made for the discharged water storage and settlement of the slurry to allow it to drain in natural water body. Present research work deal with the presence of invertebrates’ community in fly ash discharge pond. To study the invertebrate community, fly ash discharge pond was divided into 5 zones and samples were collected with the help of nets and sieves of different mesh sizes. Physico-chemical parameters of pond were also tested. During the study period of two years, presence of Protozoan, Rotifers and Arthropods were reported in fly ash discharge pond. <#LINE#> @ @ Verma A. and Pandey G. , A Study of Groundwater Quality in Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Gorakhpur City in India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(1), 6-8 (2014) @No $ @ @ Sugirtha P. Kumar and M.S. Sheela, Studies on the Sediment Characteristics of Manakudy Estuary, South west coast of India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 2(11), 78-83 (2013) @No $ @ @ Hower J.C., M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, S. Mardon and G. Lis, Chemical Properties and Petrographic Composition of Coal and Fly Ash, Indian Geological Survey (2011) @No $ @ @ Shrivastava S., Biodiversity in fly ash dykes, Nature environment and pollutiontechnology,5(4), 617-620(2006) @No $ @ @ Thorat P.B. and Charde V.N., Physicochemical Study of Kanhan River Water Receiving Fly Ash Disposal Waste Water of Khaperkheda Thermal Power Station, India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 2(9), 10-15 (2013) @No $ @ @ Shrivastava S., Surface fauna at reclaimed ash dykes in Korba, Nature environment and pollution technology, 6, 677-680 (2007) @No $ @ @ Shrivastava S. and Shrivastava L., Studies on Fly Ash and Animals, Discovery Sci., 2(5),48-54 (2012) @No $ @ @ Shrivastava S., Shrivastava L, Rajput R. and Diwedi S., Fly-ash: Few facts from Chhattisgarh, Shodh Anusandhan Samachar, 6, 2-10 (2012) @No $ @ @ APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Standard method for the examination of water and waste water, Washington D.C. (1989) @No $ @ @ Workbok on Limnology by Adoni A.D., Joshi G., Ghosh K., Chourasia S.K., Vaishya A.K., Yadav M., Verma H.G. (1985) @No $ @ @ Allen M.W. and Birge E.A., Fresh water Biology, 2ndedition edited by Edmondson W.T. (1992) @No $ @ @ Rajagopal T.,  Thangamani A., Sevarkodiyone S.P. , Sekar M. and  Archunan G., Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical conditions in three perennial ponds of Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu, Journal of Environmental Biology, 31, 265-272 (2010) @No $ @ @ Jiang H.G. and Shen Y.F., Development of a biotic index using the correlation of protozoan communities with chemical water quality, New Zealand journal of marine and fresh water research, 37, 777-792 (2003) @No $ @ @ Farshad H. and Venkataramana G.V., Impact of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water on Zooplankton Diversity  in Nanjangud Industrial Area, India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 1(4), 37-42 (2012) @No $ @ @ Walia A. and Mehra N.K., A seasonal assessment of the impact of coal fly ash disposal on the river Yamuna, Delhi, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 103, 277-314 (1998) @No $ @ @ Mounjid J., Cohen N., Fadlaoui S. and Oubraim S., Study of physicochemical and Microbiological quality of Oued Bouskoura: Peri-Urbain of Casablanca, Morocco, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(5), 60-66 (2014) @No $ @ @ Sharma K.K., Antal N., Kour S., Devi A. and Sharma V., Biodiversity and Abundance of Benthic Macro Invertebrates Community 0f  Datte-Da-Talab Pond, Birpur (J&K) India, International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(1), 13-17 (2013) @No $ @ @ Spencer D.F., Yeung H.Y. and Greene R.W., Alteration in the zooplankton community of a fly ash treated lake, Hydrobiologia, 107, 123-130 (1983) @No $ @ @ Sharma D.K. and Singh R.P., Seasonal variation in zooplankton diversity in Tighra reservoir, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh), Indian J.Sci.Res., 3(2), 155-161 (2012) @No $ @ @ Dorgham M.M., El-Tohamy W.S., N.E.A. Aziz, El-Ghobashi A. and Qin J.G., Protozoa in a stressed area of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast of Damietta, Egypt, doi:10.5697/oc.55-3.733, Oceanologia, 55(3), 733–750(2013) @No $ @ @ Skowronek E.,  Cudak A., Bielaska-Grajner I., Effect of Recreation on the Species Richness and Diversity of Rotifers in Ponds, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4, 795-799 (2012) @No $ @ @ Vaishali S., Goldin Q. and Pejaver M.K., Occurrence of Rotifers and its Relation to the Water Quality during theBioremediation process in Lake Kacharali, Thane, MS, India, ISCA J. Biological Sci.,1(3), 54-58,  (2012) @No $ @ @ Summarwar S., Studies on Plankton Diversity in Bisalpur Reservoir, Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 1(4), (2012) @No $ @ @ Singh R.K., Pandey M.K., Kumari R. and Ranjan P., Study on the Diversity and Seasonal Variation of Zooplankton in Mahendra Nath Pond, Siwan, Bihar, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 3(4), 867-870(2012) @No $ @ @ Ahmad U., Parveen S., Abdel Mola H.R., Kabir H.A., Ganai A.H., Zooplankton population in relation to physic-chemical parameters of Lal Diggi pond in Aligarh, INDIA, J.Environ.Biol., 33, 1015-1019 (2012) @No $ @ @ Amsha D.V. and Suresh K.R., Diversity of Rotifer (Rotifera) With Special Reference to Physico-Chemical Parameters from a Tropical Reservoir, Kullurchandai, Virudhunagar District, India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,3(5), 80-85 (2014) @No $ @ @ Ahmadi R., Mohebbi F., Hagigi P., Esmailly L. and Salmanzadeh R., Macro-invertebrates in the Wetlands of the Zarrineh estuary at the south of Urmia Lake (Iran), Int. J. Environ. Res., 5(4), 1047-1052 (2011) @No $ @ @ Amer A.S. and Abd El-Gawad A.H., Rapid bio-indicators assessment of macrobiotic pollution on aquatic environment, International Water Technology Journal, 2(3), (2012) @No $ @ @ Parker and Haswell, Text book of Zoology Invertebrates, Edited by Marshall and Williams, thEdition, Volume 1, First Indian Reprint1992 , ISBN 81-239-0035-X (1992) @No
<#LINE#>Production of Ethanol by fermentation process by using Yeast Saccharomycescerevisae<#LINE#>Zainab@Bibi,Fakhra@Aslam<#LINE#>24-32<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-106.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Environmental Science, Lahore College for Women University, Jail road, Lahore PAKISTAN<#LINE#>26/5/2014<#LINE#>4/7/2014<#LINE#>The world is facing a serious energy crisis all over the world due to development in industrial and transportation sectors and population explosion as well. So there is a need to find out the alternative techniques. Ethanol is a renewable energy resource derived from the domestic resources like the waste tissue paper, corn, wheat straw, algae, food and newspaper waste mixture and also from paper waste. Present study deals with the Production of Ethanol from the waste tissue paper by the simultaneous saccharification. Waste tissue paper samples were collected from different restaurants. Sampling strategy was the composite sampling. Ethanol was prepared from tissue paper waste and paper waste with different ratios of sulfuric acid. The variation in the quality of ethanol is due to the raw material used. Quality assessment parameters were also measured. All the results of quality parameters were within the range of pure ethanol. Quality assessment parameters showed that ethanol produced meet the ASTM quality standards indicating that used/waste tissue paper can be used as a substitute to the traditional energy fuels as well as protect the environment.  <#LINE#> @ @ Amer M. and Daim T.U., Selection of renewable energy technologies for a developing county: A case of Pakistan, Jounal of Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(4), 420-435 (2011) @No $ @ @ Asif M., Energy Crisis in Pakistan: Origins, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions, OUP Lahore, Pakistan, 170-215 (2012) @No $ @ @ Hansson A., Energy Crisis: Solution From Space, Journal of Space Policy, 34(4), 306-308 (2012) @No $ @ @ Harijana K., Uqailib M.A. Memona M. and Mirzac U.K., Forecasting the diffusion of wind power in Pakistan, Jounal of Energy, 36(10), 6068–6073 (2011) @No $ @ @ Amjid S.S., Bilal M.Q., Nazir M.S. and Hussain A., Biogas, renewable energy resource for Pakistan, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(6), 2833–2837 (2011) @No $ @ @ Mirza U.K., Ahmad N. and Majeed T., An overview of biomass energy utilization in Pakistan, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(7), 1988–1996 (2008) @No $ @ @ Pimentel D., Global Economic and Environmental Aspects of Biofuels (Vol. 17) CRC Press. New York, 24-403 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bhuttoa A.W., Bazmib A.A. and Zahedib G., Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan-Solar energy prospective, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2762–2780 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kaygusuz K., Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(2), 1116–1126 (2012) @No $ @ @ Tyagi V.K. and Lo S.L., Sludge: A waste or renewable source for energy and resources recovery, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25(5), 708–728 (2013) @No $ @ @ Bhuttoa A.W., Bazmib A.A. and Zahedib G., Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan-wind power prospective, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20(4), 519–538 (2013) @No $ @ @ Sheikh M.A., Energy and renewable energy scenario of Pakistan, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1) 354–363 (2010) @No $ @ @ Chaudhry M.A. and Hayat S., Renewable energy technologies in Pakistan: Prospects and challenges, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7),1657–1662 (2009) @No $ @ @ Refaat A.A., Biofuels from Waste Materials, Journal of Comprehensive Renewable Energy,  5(3), 217-261 (2012) @No $ @ @ Pereira F.B., Guimarães P.M., Teixeira J.A. and Domingues L., Optimization of low-cost medium for very high gravity ethanol fermentations by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using statistical experimental designs, Journal of Bioresource Technology, 101(20), 7856–7863 (2010) @No $ @ @ Pereira F.B., Guimarães P.M., Teixeira J.A. and Domingues L., Optimization of low-cost medium for very high gravity ethanol fermentations by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using statistical experimental designs, Journal of Bioresource Technology, 112(2), 130-136 (2011) @No $ @ @ Pasquini C. and Bueno A.F., Characterization of petroleum using near infrared spectroscopy: Quantitative modeling for the true boiling point curve and specific gravity, Journal of Fuel., 86(12-13), 1927-1934 (2007) @No $ @ @ Chakrabartia M.H., Alib M., Usmanic J.N., Khanc N.A., Hasana D.B. and Islama M.S., Status of biodiesel research and development in Pakistan, Jounal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 4396–4405 (2012) @No $ @ @ Xin Z., Yinbo Q. and Peiji G., Acceleration of ethanol production from paper mill waste fiber by supplementation with -glucosidase, Journal of Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 15(1), 62–65 (1993) @No $ @ @ Parka I., Kima I., Kanga K., Sohnd H., Rheeb I. and Jina I., Cellulose ethanol production from waste newsprint by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377,  journal of Process Biochemistry, 45(4), 487–492 (2010) @No $ @ @ ASTM 2002. D 4806, D 1298, D 6423, D 445, D 1298, American society for testing and materials @No $ @ @ Pasquini C. and Bueno A.F., Characterization of petroleum using near infrared spectroscopy: Quantitative modeling for the true boiling point curve and specific gravity, Journal of Fuel., 86(12-13), 1927-1934 (2007) @No $ @ @ Moreiraa R., Chenloa F. and Saint-Olympeb A., Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethanol and Glucose in the Range of Temperatures from 20 to 45°C, International Journal of Food Properties.,12(4), 834-843 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kotay S.M. and Das D., Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource—Prospects and potentials, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(1), 258–263 (2008) @No
<#LINE#>Studies on Benthic Fauna as Bio Indicators of Pollution in River Benue at Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria<#LINE#>T.J.A.@Akaahan<#LINE#>33-38<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-108.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makuedi Benue state NIGERIA <#LINE#>27/5/2014<#LINE#>24/6/2014<#LINE#>Macro benthic fauna of River Benue at Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria was studied for two years from July 2011- June 2013 at five sampling stations along the river course. Sediments samples were collected monthly using Van Veen Grab and analyzed for the presence of macro benthic fauna at the five different sample stations. The result of the sediments showed that a total of 4,451 macro benthic fauna individuals comprising of 21 taxa were obtained. More individuals were recorded during the dry seasons as compared to the rainy seasons. Station II (570, Individuals) and Station III (649 Individuals) recorded low population as compared to the other locations: Station I (1,177 Individuals), Station V (1,043 Individuals ) and Station IV (1,012 Individuals). Pollution sensitive benthic fauna specie like Stonefly and Mayfly were not observed at stations II and III throughout the period. This is indication that these stations are polluted with organic waste through the human impact on the river at these stations. There was generally low biodiversity of benthic fauna community which indicate the perturbed nature of the study area. Diversity indices result showed a variation in the community structure of River Benue. It is recommended that the discharged of effluents and other waste into the River Benue should be controlled and enforced. <#LINE#> @ @ Ogbeibu, A. E. and Oribhabor, B. J., Ecological Impact of River Impoundment using Benthic Macro invertebrates as Indicators, Water Research,36, 2427-236 (2002) @No $ @ @ Barbour M.T., Gerrison J., Synder B.D. and Sribling J.B., Rapid Assessment Protocols for use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macro invertebrates and Fish. 2nd Ed., United States Environmental protection Agency, Washington D.C. 339 (1999) @No $ @ @ Adakole J.A. and Anunne P.A., Benthic Macro Invertebrates as Indicators of Environmental Quality of an Urban Stream, Zaria Nigerian, J. of Aqua.  Sci., 18(2), 85-92 (2003) @No $ @ @ Waters and Rivers Commission, Water Facts. ndEdRetrieved at http://www.wrc.wa.gov.au/ribbon on the 30th July, 2010, 11 (2001) @No $ @ @ Yagow G., Wilson, B., Srivastava, P. and Obrofta, C. C., Use of Biological Indicators in Total Maximum Daily Load (Tmdl), Assessment and Biological Implementation, Ameri. Soc. of Agric and Eng. J.,2351, 1023–1032 (2006)  @No $ @ @ ChirhartJ., Development of A Macro Invertebrate Index of Biological Integrity for Rivers and Streams of the St. Croix River Basin in Minnesota, Biol. Monit. J.,, 23-36 (2003) @No $ @ @ Austen M.C. and Widdicombe S., Comparison of the Response of Micro and Macro Benthons to Disturbance and Organic Enrichment, J. of Experi. Mar. Bio and Eco.,330, 96-104 (2006) @No $ @ @ Olomukoro J.O. and Egborge ABM, Hydro Biological Studies on Warri River, Nigeria, The Composition, Distribution and Diversity of Macro Benthic Fauna, J. of Aqua. Poll.15(4), 15-22 (2003) @No $ @ @ Olomukoro J.O. and Ezemonye L., Studies on the Macro Benthic Fauna of Eruvbi Stream, Benin City, Nigeria, Trop. Environ. Res.,7(2), 125-136 (2000) @No $ @ @ Olomukoro J.O., Ezemonye L. and Igbinosuu E., Comparative Studies of Macro Invertebrates Community Structure in two River – Catchment Areas (Warri And Forcados Rivers) in Delta State, Nigeria, Afri. Sci., 5, 4-12 (2004) @No $ @ @ Teferi M., Haileselasie T.H., Asmelash T., Selasie H.G., Alem G., Amare S.,  Weldegenimra K., Tesfan S., Kros S., Equar C. and Bitew H.L., Influence Of Water Quality On The Diversity and Distribution of Macro-Invertebrates in High Land Streams Northern Ethiopia, J. of Agric. Sci., (2), 11-25 (2013) @No $ @ @ Welcomme, R.L., Fish of the Nigerian System. The Ecology of River   Systems. In: Havies, B.R. and Walker, K.F.(Eds)., Dr. Junk Publishers, Dordierch Netherlands.,  25-48 (1986) @No $ @ @ Udo K.R., Geographical Regions of Nigeria. Morrison and Gibbs Ltd  London, 138-149 (1981) @No $ @ @ Nyagba J.L., The Geography of Benue State, In: A Benue Compendium, Denga, D.I. (ed)., Rapid Educational Publishers Ltd   Calabar, 85-87 (1995) @No $ @ @ Esenowo I.K. and Ugwumba A.A.A., Composition and Abundance of   Macro Benthos in Majidun River Ikorordu, Lagos State Nigeria, Res. J. Bio. Sci.,5(8),  556-560 (2010) @No $ @ @ George A.D.I., Abowei J.F.N. and Daka E.R., Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Physico-chemical Parameters in Okpoka Creek Sediments Niger Delta, Nigeria, Int. J. of Ani. And Vet. Adv., 1(2), 59-65 (2009) @No $ @ @ Day J.A., A Monograph on the Polychaetae of Southern African part I Errantia, British Museum of Natural History, London, 458 (1967) @No $ @ @ Pennak R.W., Freshwater Invertebrates of United States nded., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 810 (1978) @No $ @ @ Merrit R.W. and Cummins K.W., An Introduction to Aquatic Insects   of  North America, 3rd  ed., Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque Iowa, 456 (1996) @No $ @ @ Shannon C.E. and Weaver W., The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of IIIinonois, Urban Press IIIinois, 177,  (1963) @No $ @ @ Margalef R., Diversity and Stability: A Practical Proposal and a Model of Interdependence, Brookhaven Symposium on Biology, 22, 25-37 (1967) @No $ @ @ Pielou E.C., An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology, John Wiley  New York, 286 (1969) @No $ @ @ Ogbeibu A.E., Biostatistics: A Practical Approach to Research  and Data Handling,  Mindex Publishing Company Limited, Benin city, Nigeria 264 (2005) @No $ @ @ Nkwoji J.A. Yakub A, Ajani G.F. Balogun K.J., Renuer K.O., Igbo J.K., Ariyo A.A. and Bello B.O., Seasonal Variations in the Water Chemistry and Benthic Macroinvertebrates of a South Western Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria, J. Ameri. Sci.,6(3), 85-92 (2010) @No $ @ @ Hussan Q.A. and Pandit A.K., Macroinvertebrates In Streams: A Review Of Some Ecological Factors, Int. J. of  Fish. and Aquaculture, 4(7), 114-123(2012) @No $ @ @ Gasith A. and Resh V.H., Streams In Mediterranean Climate Region: Abiotic Influences and Biotic Response to Predictable Seasonal Events, Anu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 30, 51-81 (1999)  @No $ @ @ Nkwoji J.A. and Edokpayi, C.A., Hydrochemistry and Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria, Res. J. of Phar. Bio. and Chem. Sci.,4(1), 1119-1131 (2013)  @No $ @ @ Okorafor K.A., Andem, A.B., Okete, J.A. and Ettah, S.E., The Composition, Distribution and Abundance of Macroinvertebrates in the Shores of the Great Kwa River Cross River State South East Nigeria, Euro. J. of Zoo. Res., 1(2), 31-36 (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water using Different Biomaterials and Evaluation of a Phytotechnology Based Filter<#LINE#>Eid I.@Brima,Parvez I.@Haris<#LINE#>39-44<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-109.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, KSA @ De Monfort University, School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK<#LINE#>28/5/2014<#LINE#>11/7/2014<#LINE#>This study established efficiency of arsenic removal from drinking water using different plant-based biomaterials that are widely available in the arsenic affected regions of Bangladesh. Dried and powdered roots of the water hyacinth (WH) plant was best at removal of As (III) and As (V) followed by banana pseudostem (BN), sugar cane bagasse (SC) and Jute. Small quantities (2 mg/ml) of each material in the form of a powder was agitated in 25 ml of drinking water, spiked with 300 µg/l of As(III)/As(V), at pH 7.0 for 2 hours in a flask using a shaker. The percentage removal of As (III) and As (V) using WH, SC, BN and Jute were (78%, 81%), (66%, 47%), (64%, 67%) and (26%, 11%), respectively.  A prototype filter was prepared from WH (20 g) which was capable of removing  80%  and 84% of arsenic from drinking water with concentrations of 250 and 1000 µg/l, respectively.  Further studies are needed to improve the design of this filter and evaluate its performance with arsenic contaminated groundwater at the field level. <#LINE#> @ @ Samanta G., Roychowdhury T., Mandal B.K. , Biswas B.K.,  Chowdhury U.K., Basu G.K., Chanda C.R., Lodh, D. and Chakraborti, D., Flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of arsenic in water and biological samples from arsenic-affected districts of West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh, Microchem. J.,62(1), 174–191 (1999) @No $ @ @ Al Ramalli S.W.,  Harrington C.F.,  ayub M. and  Haris P.I.,  A biomaterial based approach for arsenic removal from water,  J.Environ. Monit.,, 279-282 (2005) @No $ @ @ Tokunaga H., RoychowdhuryT., Chandraskaran N., Uchino, T. and Ando, M., Urinary arsenic species in an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India Appl, Organomet. Chem.,16 (8), 406 – 414 (2002) @No $ @ @ Mohan  D. and  Pittman C. U., Arsenic removal fromwater/ wastewater using adsorbents—A critical review, J. Haz. Mater.,142 (1-2), 1-53 (2007) @No $ @ @ Mahamadi C., Water hyacinth as a biosorbent: A review, Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5(13),1137-1145 (2011) @No $ @ @ Anamika S. and  Gopal P., Efficiency of DHR as a Biosorption of Arsenic, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,2(10), 71-76 (2013) @No $ @ @ Govindasamy C., Arulpriya  M., Ruban P., Francisca L.J.and Ilayaraja A., Concentration of heavy metals in seagrasses tissue of the Palk Strait, Bay of Bengal, Int. J. Environ. Sci., 2 (1), 145–153 (2011) @No $ @ @ Brima E.I., Haris P.I.,  Jenkins R.O.,  Polya D.A.,  Gault, A.G. and   Harrington,C.F., Understanding arsenic metabolism through a comparative study of arsenic levels in the urine, hair and fingernails of healthy volunteers from three unexposed ethnic groups in the United Kingdom, Toxicol. Appl. Pharm.,216 (1),122-30 (2006) @No $ @ @ Nham T.T., Direct determination of As, Cu and Pb in seawater by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Varian instruments at work, AA-92, 1 - 4 (1989) @No $ @ @ Jain C.K. and Ali I., Arsenic: occurrence, toxicity and speciation techniques, Water Res.,34 (17), 4304-4312 (2000) @No $ @ @ Morrison  G.M.P.,  Batley G.E. and  Florence T.M., Metal speciation and toxicity, Chem. Br.,25 (8), 791-796 (1989) @No $ @ @ Murugesan G.S., Sathishkumar M. and Swaminathan K., Arsenic removalfrom ground water by pretreated tea fungal waste biomass, Biores. Technol., 97(3), 483-487 (2006) @No $ @ @ Kamala C.T., Chu  K.H., Chary  N.S.,  Pandey  P.K.,  Ramesh  S.L.,  Sastry, A.R.K.  and  Sekhar, K. C., Removal of arsenic(III) from aqueous solutions using fresh andimmobilized plant biomass. Water Res.,  39 (13), 2815-2826 (2006) @No $ @ @ Saha J.C., Dikshit K. and   Bandyopadhyay, M., Comparative Studies for Selection of Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water. In Proc. of the BUET-UNU international worksop on Technologies for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water. Edited by Ahmed M.F., Ali M.A. and  Adeel Z., Daka, Bangladesh University of engineering and Technology and United nation University (2001) @No
<#LINE#>Health Impact Assessment for the Construction of Ring Rad Southern Loop in Lahore, Pakistan<#LINE#>A.@Abrar,M.@Habib,S.@Waheed,K.@Roshan<#LINE#>45-52<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-112.pdf<#LINE#>Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, PAKISTAN <#LINE#>31/5/2014<#LINE#>7/7/2014<#LINE#>Health Impact Assessment of general public is carried for the construction of southern loop of ring Road in Lahore, Pakistan. The methodologies adopted for conducting the assessment were survey, baseline information, interviews using questionnaires, evaluation in the Environmental Impact Matrix and measurements of various health parameter, drinking water quality assessment and air quality assessment. To carry out the assessment 300 people from the project area were randomly selected and were interviewed. Water quality monitoring and air quality monitoring was conducted by collecting water and air samples. The parameters were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the drinking water and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the ambient air quality. Results of health status assessment showed that common diseases in the area were hepatitis, skin allergy, stomach problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, fever, flu and respiratory problems. The results of ground water quality showed that total Coli forms, fecal coli forms and fecal entero cocci were found to be high as compared to WHO Guidelines. Chemical parameters were well within the permissible limits except Total Dissolve Solids (TDS). Analysis of wastewater showed that samples were having a very high COD content of 263 mg/l in comparison to the prescribed limits of 150 mg/l, while all other parameters are well within the permissible limits of NEQS. In case of ambient air quality the results showed that PM10 was found to be 426 g/m3 which was substantially high as compared with USEPA standard value of 150g/m3. However, the CO, NO2 and SO2 were well within limit. Prediction and evaluation of impacts of the project revealed that construction of road will pose some temporary health issues during the construction phase of the project implementation but those problems were of mild nature and temporary, and ended with the completion of construction of the project.  <#LINE#> @ @ Tsunokawa K. and Hoban C., Roads and the Environment: a hand book, Work paper no. 378, The World Bank, Washington D.C, 6-11 (1997) @No $ @ @ Baxter M., Managing compliance with environmental law: a good practice guide, IEMA Practitioner,Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment, Lincoln, UK (2005) @No $ @ @ Government of Pakistan, Planning and Development Division, Draft Transport Policy, Islamabad, Pakistan (2000) @No $ @ @ Holder J., Environmental assessment: The Regulation of Decision Making, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 21(4), 348–362 (2004) @No $ @ @ Krieger N., Northridge M., Gruskin S., Quinn M., Kriebel D., Smith G., Bassett M., Rehkop D. and Miller, C., Assessing health impact assessment: Multidisciplinary and international perspectives,  Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 659–662 (2003) @No $ @ @ Suter G.W., Integration of human health and ecological risk assessment, Environmental Health Perspectives, 105, 1282–1283 (1997) @No $ @ @ Corburn J., Toward the Healthy City: People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning,MIT press, Cambridge, USA, 1–5 (2009) @No $ @ @ Greenspan C.A., Moure E.R., Wegman D.H. and Oliver L.C., Occupational hygiene characterization of a highway construction project: A pilot study, Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene, 10, 50–58 (2005) @No $ @ @ Wilson L., A Practical Method for Environmental Impact Assessment Audits, Environ Impact Assess Rev, 18, 59-71 (1998) @No $ @ @ The SUSTRAN Network, Taking Step: A Community Action Guide to People-Centered Equitable and Sustainable Urban Transport, Kuala Lumpur, SUSTRAN Network press (2000) @No $ @ @ Briggs D.J., A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks, Environmental Health, , 61–78 (2008) @No $ @ @ Roemer M., Global Health, National Development and the Role of Government, American Journal of Public Health, 80(1), 88-92 (1990) @No $ @ @ Steenland P., All cause and cause specific death rates by educational status for 2 million people in two American Cancer Society cohorts, American journal of Epidemiology, 156(1), 11-21 (2002) @No
<#LINE#>Analysis of Physic-Chemical Parameters for Pollution and Water Quality Status of Cherlapally Lake, Hyderabad, AP, India<#LINE#>R.@Amruthakalyani,S. Gangadhar@Rao<#LINE#>53-57<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-113.pdf<#LINE#> University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, AP-500007, INDIA <#LINE#>3/6/2014<#LINE#>5/7/2014<#LINE#>Experiments were conducted to analyse the physic-chemical parameters in water samples from Cherlapally Lake, Cherlapally village, Ranga Reddy district, A.P. India. The lake was constructed in the year 1970’s. The water flows all time of the year and the lake appears like full-tank. In the recent 15 years Cherlapally Lake receiving waste water (drainage) coming from Kapra Village and Kushaiguda areas in addition to heavy metal pollution from heavy metal and other industries. The main aim of this study is to assess the pollution status and quality of water of this lake. Water samples were collected from three sites of the lake that are in-let of the lake (site-1), out-let of the lake (site-2), middle of the lake (site-3), and analysed for various Physical-Chemical parameters. The outcome of the results is showed as: Temperature from 27.1C to 28.2C. pH ranged from 7.42   to 7.68, Electrical conductivity from 1419 to 1709 µS/cm,  Total dissolved solids from 971 to 1162 mg/L; alkalinity ranged  from 500 to 675 mg/L; Total hardness [CaCo3] from 306 to 380 mg/L; Acidity from 0.1 to 0.2    mg/L;  COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) from 232 to 1360 mg/L;  BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) from 58 to 380 mg/L; Nitrate [No-3] from  8 to 12 mg/L; Chloride[Cl-] from 224 to 276 mg / L; Sulphate [So4-] from 191 to 239 mg/L; Phosphate [Po4-] from  0.11 to 0.15 mg/L respectively. Parameters like BOD, COD from Cherlapally Lake were exceeded BIS and WHO standards. Because of these reason the Lake can be regarded as polluted Lake. <#LINE#> @ @ APHA, (American Public Health Association) Standard method for examination of water and waste water 18th Edn. Washington, (1992) @No $ @ @ Janakiraman A., Naveed M.S., Altaf K., in Adyar Estuary, International Journal of Environmental Science, 3(1) (2012) @No $ @ @ Narayana J., Puttaiah E.T. and Basavaraja D., Water quality characteristics of Anjanapura reservoir near Shikaripur, District Shimoga, Karnataka, J.Aqua.Biol.,23(1), 59-63(2008) @No $ @ @ Garg R.K., Rao R.J. and Saksena D.N., Water quality and conservation management of Ramsagar reservoir, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(5),909-916 (2009) @No $ @ @ Verma P.U., Chandawat D.K. and Solanki H.A., Seasonal variation in physic-chemical and Phytoplankton analysis of Kankaria Lake, Ahembabad, Life science Leaflet, 19, 842–854 (2011) @No $ @ @ Prabhakar C., Saleshrani K., Tharmaraj K. and Kumar V.M., Seasonal variation in hydrological parameters of Krishnagiri dam, Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archieves, 3(1), 134-139 (2012) @No $ @ @ Furhan Iqbal, Ali M., Abdus Salam., Khan B.A., Ahmad S., Qamar M. and Kashif Umer., Seasonal variation of  physical-chemical characteristics of river Soan water at Dhoak Pathan Bridge(Chakwal), Pakistan, International Journal of Agriculture &Biology,1(8),  (2012) @No $ @ @ Dorairaju S.V., Narsimha Rao C., Bujandra Raju  M and Chalapathi P.V., Chemical properties of drinking water of Renigunta near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Current World Environment,7(1), 37-39 (2012) @No $ @ @ Khandekar J.D., Bhagwata P.H., and Wasub M.B., Study of physic-chemical parameters and presence of heavy metals in bore well water at Himalaya Viswa residential area Wardha, Sci.Revs.Chem.Commun. 2(3), 179-182 (2012) @No $ @ @ Singh R.S., Marwaha S.S. and Khanna P.K., Characteristics of pulp and paper mill effluents, J. Indian Pollut. Control,12(2), 163-172 (1996) @No $ @ @ Piyush India, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 37(1&2), 80-90 (1995) @No $ @ @ Kalaiarasi M., Paul P., Lathasumathi C. and  Stella C., Seasonal Variations in the Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the two coastal waters of Palk-Strait in Tamil Nadu, India, Global J. of Environ. Res., 6(2), 66–74(2012) @No $ @ @ Basavaraja Simpi., Hire math S.M., Murthy K.N.S., Chandrashekarappa K.N., Anil, Patel N. and Puttiah E.T., Analysis of water quality using physical-chemical parameters Hosahalli tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 11(3), (2011) @No $ @ @ Mohan Raj V., Sivakumar S. and Padma S., Comparative study on the water quality parameters of Muttukadu estuary and near coastal zone of Muttukadu, TamilNadu, India, International Journal of Environmental BiologyMalaviya and. Rathore V. S., Seasonal variations in different physic-chemical parameters of the effluents of Century Pulp and Paper Mill, Lal Kuan, Uttarakhand, Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2) 219-224 (2007) @No $ @ @ Chakravarthi K.R., Singanan and Rao K.S., A correlation study on physicochemical characteristics of paper mill effluent, Nuzvid, Indian J. Environ.Protec.,16(1), 46-49 (1995) @No $ @ @ Sahoo C., Patel R.N. and Patel M.K., Chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids in effluent water - An empirical relation, Indian J.Environ Protect,17(12), 886-888 (1997) @No
<#LINE#>The Role of Ecotourism in Development of Local Market and Environmental conservation in the Shir-Ahmad wildlife refuge, Iran<#LINE#>Roohollah@Behzad,RavindraG.@Jaynhaye,G. Praveen@Saptarshi<#LINE#>58-62<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-121.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Science, University of Pune, INDIA @ Department of Geography, University of Pune, INDIA <#LINE#>12/6/2014<#LINE#>26/6/2014<#LINE#>Ecotourism is a fast growing industry in all over the world and there are only few number of people may not know about it. It is usually connected to environmental conservation, economic incentives of local people. Ecotourism is the key of successful management and conservation of protected area and natural resources and it is knotted to the well-being of local people by creating job opportunities and promotion of local market. This paper tends to find out the impact of successful local market fluctuation on conservation of the Shir-Ahmad wildlife refuge in Iran. To find out local people satisfaction regarding selling their product a question has been circulated among them. The result reveal that they are not satisfy with the selling of their products and mostly prefer to find out alternate income like hunting animal species or even cutting vegetation cover from the wildlife refuge.<#LINE#> @ @ Honey M., Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, DC: Island Press, 29–31 (2006) @No $ @ @ Dinerstein E., A representation approach to conserving the earth’s distinctive Eco regions, Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund-US (1998) @No $ @ @ Wunder S., Payments for environmental services: some nuts and bolts. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 42. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia, (2005) @No $ @ @ WCMC. GEO3 Endangered Animals Snapshot. United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre http://valhalla.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/geo3.cfm, (2001) @No $ @ @ Kiss A., Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds?. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, Elsevier, 19(5),(2004) @No $ @ @ Ranjith B. and Clem T., Comparison of Rural and Urban Attitudes to the Conservation of Asian Elephants in Sri Lanka, Biological Conservation, 110, 327-342 (2003) @No $ @ @ Behzad R. and Jaybhaye R.G., The Role of Environmental Traditional Knowledge on Biodiversity Conservation in the Shir-Ahmad Wildlife Refuge- Iran, (2)6, 288-290 (2013) @No
<#LINE#>Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Water Samples in Suttur Village, Nanjangud Taluk, Mysore, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>M.@Sravani,L.@Divya,George@Jessen,S.@Suriyanarayanan<#LINE#>63-69<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-125.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Water and Health, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka-570015, INDIA<#LINE#>18/6/2014<#LINE#>25/6/2014<#LINE#>A study was conducted in Suttur village, Nanjangudtaluk of Mysore District, Karnataka to determine the physico-chemical, biological, and microbiological parameters of drinking water quality from surface water, bore wells and open wells. The water samples were collected from suttur village and analysed for a period of three months from January 2014 to March 2014. The results were compared with the BIS standard and they revealed that the most of the parameters are exceeding the permissible limit for drinking water. Higher values were observed for most of the parameters except pH, Alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD. Higher values of certain parameters indicate the unfitness of water for drinking purpose. Therefore, it is suggested more emphasis should be given to reduce microbial load, total hardness, conductivity, TDS, chloride etc contents wherever these parameters exceeding the limits of the standards.<#LINE#> @ @ Patil V.T. and Patil P.R., Physicochemical Analysis of Selected  Groundwater Samples of Amalner Town in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India, E-Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 111-116 (2010) @No $ @ @ Suriyanarayanan S., Jayakumar D., Devi M.P. and Balasubramanian S., Monitoring of ground water in and around waste paper based paper mill in Kanchipuram, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 23(9), (2003) @No $ @ @ NithulLal K.P., Karthikeyan K., Praveesh V., Devi., Suriyanarayanan S. and Vijay Kumar, Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Ground Waters of Bhachau -Kachchh, Gujarat, India with special reference to major Anions and Cations, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 3(5), 67-72 (2014) @No $ @ @ Raja R.E., Lydia Sharmila, Princy Merlin, Chritopher G., Physico-Chemical analysis of some groundwater samples of Kotputli Town Jaipur, Rajasthan, Indian J Environ Prot, 22(2), 137 (2002) @No $ @ @ Suriyanarayanan S., Jayakumar D., Balasubramanian S., Physico-chemical characteristics of paper industry effluents--a case study, J Environ Sci Eng., 47(2), 155-6 (2005) @No $ @ @ APHA, Standard  Methods  for  the  Examination  of  Water  and  Wastewaters, 20th Edn American public health association, Washington DC, (1998) @No $ @ @ Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian standard Method of sampling and Microbiological examination of water, Fourth Reprint (2003) @No $ @ @ Bureau of Indian Standards, Drinking water specification Second revision (2012) @No $ @ @ Rajanna A H, Belagali SL., Assessment of seasonal variations of physic-chemical profile of Kabaniriver, Nanjangud, Mysore, Karnataka, The Ecoscan, 5(3&4), 147-151 (2011) @No $ @ @ Parihar S.S., Kumar Ajit, Kumar Ajay, Gupta R.N., Pathak Manoj, ShrivastavArchana and Pandey A.C., Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Underground Water in and Around Gwalior City, MP, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(6), 62-65 (2012) @No $ @ @ Alessandra Giulia Chiara Marincola, Luisa Ruffolo, Davide Cozza., Radiana Cozza, Phytoplankton Communities in a Coastal Site of Natural Reserve “Lake of Tarsia-Mouth of River Crati”-Northern Ionian Sea, Calabria (Italy),Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 5, 1087-1096 (2013) @No $ @ @  WHO Guidelines for drinking water Quality Fourth Edition, Geneva: World Health Organization (2011) @No
<#LINE#>Assessment of Ground Water Quality and its Impact on Health of people around Rewa City, MP, India<#LINE#>Gaurav@Yadav,Devendra N.@Pandey,Dharmendra Kumar@Patel<#LINE#>70-72<#LINE#>11.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-127.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, A.P.S. University, Rewa, MP, 486001, INDIA @ Department of Zoology, Govt S.K.N. (PG) College Mauganj, Rewa, MP, 486331, INDIA @ Department of Environmental Science, A.P.S. University, Rewa, M.P, 486001, INDIA<#LINE#>6/6/2014<#LINE#>18/6/2014<#LINE#>In the present study ground water is used as sample and analysed for various characteristics. Total 6 samples were collected from different parts of Rewa city (M.P.) and their pH, temperature, TDS, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, carbonate, bicarbonate, odour and colour were detected. It is observed that people who are using ground water without any pre-treatment for their drinking purpose are suffering from different kind of diseases like hair fall, stomach pain, kidney failure, skin diseases, acidity etc. The main objective of this study was to find out the quality of drinking water present in Rewa city and its impact on human health. Findings showed that the ground water of Rewa city contain high amount of dissolved particle which can cause gastrointestinal irritation and contains high amount of calcium and magnesium. Variation in pH is also observed with the change of sampling site which may affect mucous membrane. By all findings it is suggested that the ground water of various sites is not suitable for drinking purpose without any pre-treatment. <#LINE#> @ @ Jindal Manoj, Deshmukh poonam and Tamrakar Ruchi., Testing and analysis of drinking water quality of underground water located near rural arear of risali chattisgarh, india, International Research Journal of Environmental science., 3(5), 44-47 (2014) @No $ @ @ Vinod Jena, Satish Dixit and Sapana Gupta, Comparative study of ground water by physicochemical parameters and water quality index, Der Chemica Sinica, 3(6), 1450-1454 (2012) @No $ @ @ Davis M.L. and Cornwell D.A., Introduction to Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill, 3rd Ed., PWS,Publishers, New York, 93 (1991) @No $ @ @ Chan C.L. Zalifah M.K. and Norrakiah A.S., Microbiological and physicochemical quality of drinking Water, The Malaysian J analyt. Sci, 11(2), 414-420 (2007) @No $ @ @ Parihar S.S., Kumar Ajit, Kumar Ajay, Gupta R. N., Pathak Manoj, Shrivastav Archana and Pandey A.C., Physicochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Underground Water in and Around Gwalior City, MP, India, Res. J.Recent Sci., 1(6), 62-65 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sabata B.C. and Nayar M.P., River pollution in India: A case study of Ganga river, 33 (1995) @No $ @ @ W.H.O. Guidelines for drinking water quality, Vol. 1, Recommendations WHO, Geneva (1984) @No $ @ @ Solanki manoj and Gupta. O.P., Physio-chemical and comparative analysis of river water, underground water and surface water of Rewa city, MP, India, Poll Res.,32(2), 235-237 (2013) @No $ @ @ Das G., You and your drinking water: health implications for the use of cation exchange water softeners, J. Clin.Pharmacol., 28, 683-690 (1988) @No $ @ @ Pence B.C., Role of calcium in colon cancer prevention: experimental and clinical studies, Mutat. Res., 290, 87- 95 (1993) @No $ @ @ Wetzel R.G., Limology, W.B., Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA, 743 (1975) @No $ @ @ Bernardi D., Dini F.L., Azzarelli A., Giaconi A., Volterrani C. and Lunardi M., Sudden cardiac death rate in an area characterized by high incidence of coronary artery disease and low hardness of drinking water, Angelology, 46, 145- 149 (1995) @No $ @ @ Bohmer H., Muller H. and Resch K.L., Calcium supplementation with calcium rich-mineral waters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its bioavailability, Osteoporosis. Int., 11, 938-943 (2000) @No $ @ @ W.H.O. hardness in drinking water, , (1958) @No $ @ @ Kohri K., Kodama M., Ishikawa Y., Katayama Y., Takada M., Kotoh Y., Kataoka K., Iguchi M. and Kurita T., Magnesium-to- calcium ratio in tap water, and its relationship to geological features and the incidence of Calcium containing urinary stones, J.Urol., 142, 1272-1275 (1989) @No $ @ @ Verma Apoorv and Pandey Govind, A Study of Groundwater Quality in Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Gorakhpur City in India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(1), 6-8 (2014) @No $ @ @ Sharma sushama and thakkar atul, a study to assess the effect of ground water quality and its impact on human health of people of indore city, india, International Research Journal of Environmental Science, 3(1), 43-45 (2014) @No
<#LINE#>A Study on Postgraduate Students Perception of Mass Media in Creating Awareness of Climate Change in Agartala, capital city of Tripura in India<#LINE#>Deepak@Upadhyaya<#LINE#>73-78<#LINE#>12.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-143.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, West Tripura District, INDIA<#LINE#>3/7/2014<#LINE#>10/7/2014<#LINE#>Media is a mirror of the world. We know about the world basically through the prism of mass media .We are living in mediated world. It is needless to say that whatever perception one acquires about world issues like climate change is basically a creation of the mass media. In this context, the perceptions and importance attached to climate change by the mass media in their coverage of the issue leads the people to prioritize climate change accordingly in their personal life. No sooner than climate change has been recognized as one of the most burning problems of the present century by the media, public concern has also amplified worldwide. But ironically, awareness of climate change is abysmally poor amongst Indians even though the country ranks only after China and America in terms carbon dioxide emissions. This paper is a humble attempt to know the perceptions of climate change and the role of mass media among the post-graduate students of Tripura, India. <#LINE#> @ @ Sharma R., Aggarwal N. and Kumar S., Ecological Sustainability in India through the Ages, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(1), 70-73, January (2014) @No $ @ @ Boykoff M.T. and Boykoff J.M., Balance as bias: Global Warming and US prestige press, Global Environmental Change,14(2), 5-136 (2004) @No $ @ @ Pawan M., Impact of Global Warming on Environment,Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,3(3), 72-78 (2014) @No $ @ @ Arya R., Gupta A.K. and Yunus M., Flood resilience through climate-change adaptation: A case of Gorakhpur, Eastern Uttar Pradesh in India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci,1(2), 25-28 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kazi N.M, and Bhamare S.M., Global warming: An impact assessment on cyclonic disturbances over monsoon Asia,Int. Res. J. Environment Sci,2(7), 76-84 (2013) @No $ @ @ Bhandari G., Study on climate change impacts and adaptation measures in Papla district of Nepal.  Int. Res. J. Environment Sci,2(3),15-23, March (2013) @No $ @ @ Dirikx A. and Gelders D., To frame is to explain: A deductive frame analysis of Dutch and French climate change coverage during the annual UN Conferences of parties, Public Understanding Science, 19, 732-742 (2010) @No $ @ @ Carvalho A. et al., Communicating Climate Change: Discourses, Mediations and Perceptions(2008) ,Assessed from the internet on 01/07/2014 from http://www.lasics.uminho.pt/ojs/index.php/climate_change @No $ @ @ Lorenzoni I. and Pidgeon N.F., Public views on climate change, European and USA perspectives. Climatic Change, 77(1-2), 73-95, (2006) @No $ @ @ Krosnick J.A., Holbrook A.L., Lowe L. and Visser P.S., The Origins and Consequences of Democratic Citizens’ Policy Agenda: A study of Popular Concern about Global Warming, Climate Change, 77, 36-45 (2006) @No $ @ @ Wilson K.M. Mass Media as Sources of Global Warming Knowledge, Mass Comm. Rev.,22, 1-12 (1995) @No $ @ @ McComas K. and Shanahan J.,Telling stories about Global Climate Change: Measuring the Impact of Narratives on Issue Cycles, Comm. Res, 26(1), 30-57 (1999) @No $ @ @ Whitmarsh L., A study of public understanding of and response to climate change in the South of England. Unpublished doctoral dissertation of the Department of Psychology, University of Bath, England (2005) @No $ @ @ Mikami S., Takeshita T. and Kawabata M., Influence of the Mass Media on the Public Awareness of Global Environmental Issues in Japan, Asian Geographer, 18(1-2), 87-97, DOI.10.1080/10225706.1999.9684050, (1999) @No $ @ @ Stamm K.R., Clark F. and Eblacas P.R., Mass Communication and public understanding of environmental problems: The case of global warming,Public Understanding Science,9(1), 219-237, (2000) @No $ @ @ Sugirtharan M. and Venuthasan T. Farmer’s awareness on climate change related issues at some irrigable areas of Batticaloa district, Sri Lanka, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci,1(2), 29-32 (2012) @No $ @ @ Saheb S.U., Seshaiah S. and Vishwanath B., Environment and their legal issues in India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci, 1(3), 44-51 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bord R.J., Fisher A. and O’Connor R.E., Public perceptions of global warming: United States and international perspectives, Climate Res, 11(1), 75-84 (1998) @No $ @ @ Zhao X., Media use and Global Warming Perceptions: A Snapshot of the Reinforcing Spirals, Comm. Res,36(5), 698-723, (2009) @No $ @ @ Mishra M.P., Environmental Education. S. Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi, (2009) @No $ @ @ Bora A., Science communication through mass media, Res. J. Recent Sci,1(1), 10-15, (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Solid Waste - Opium Marc<#LINE#>Soniya@Sharma<#LINE#>79-80<#LINE#>13.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-133.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Sciences, Christian Eminent Academy, Indore, MP, INDIA<#LINE#>26/6/2014<#LINE#>10/7/2014<#LINE#>Assessment of physicochemical properties of opium marc was done in this paper. The results indicate that the brown solid lumps of opium marc sample pass the PFLT and have specific gravity 0.73. The calorific value, flash point, moisture content, LOD @ 105 C, LOI @ 550 C, ash content @ 900 C were 1607.96, >65 C, 505, 36.3 and 72.0, respectively. pH of the sample was about neutral i.e. 7.3 and rest parameters such as sulphates, chlorides, organic halogens, cobalt ,cadmium, iron, chromium, nickel, copper, lead, zinc were below desirable limit. On the basis of analysis of marc (solid waste of process), it is proposed that co-processing for the disposal of opium marc is more suitable, economical and feasible. <#LINE#> @ @ Rajput R., Prasad G. and Chopra A.K., Scenario of solid waste management in present Indian context, Caspian J. Env. Sci., 7(1), 45-53 (2009) @No $ @ @ Shinde V.A. and More S.M., Study of Physicochemical Characterization of Lonar Lake Effecting Biodiversity Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India, Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 2(12), 25-28 (2013) @No $ @ @ Bundela P.S., Pandey A.K., Jamaluddin, Awasthi A.K. and Pandey P., Evaluation of Physicochemical parameter of municipal solid waste leachate at Jabalpur, Int. J. Pl. An. and Env. Sci., 2(1), 223-226 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bundela P.S.,  Sharma A., Pandey A.K., Pandey P. and Awasthi A.K., Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water Near Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Sites In Jabalpur,Int. J. Pl. An. and Env. Sci., 2(1), 217-222 (2012) @No $ @ @ S\nomczyska B. and S\nomczyski T., Physico-Chemical and Toxicological Characteristics of Leachates from MSW Landfills, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 13(6), 627-637 (2004) @No $ @ @ Shirbhate N. and Malode S.N., Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Survey and Physicochemical Analysis of Contaminated Soil from Sukali Compost and Landfill Depot, Batkuli Road, Amravati, Global J. Biosci. Biotech., 1(2), 215-219 (2012) @No $ @ @ Shyamala D.C, Belagali S.L., Studies on Variations in Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics at Different Maturity Stages of Municipal Solid Waste Compost, Int. J. Environ. Sci., 2(4), 1984-1997 (2012) @No $ @ @ Pathak A.K., Singh M.M., Kumar V., Arya S. and Trivedi A.K., Assessment of physico- chemical properties and microbial community during composting of municipal solid waste (Viz. KItchen waste) at Jhansi City, U.P. (India), Rec. Res. Sci. Tech., 4(4), 10-14 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bundela P.S., Chakrawarty M. and Gautam S.P., Co-Processing Trial of Spent Carbon at Wadi Cement Works Karnataka, Am. J. Environ. Sci., 6(4), 371-378 (2010) @No $ @ @ Gautam S.P., Bundela P.S., Jain R.K. and Padmanabhan V., Co-Incineration Of Textile ETP Sludge In Captive Power House Boiler, Rec. Res. Sci. Tech., 3(4), 105-113 (2011) @No
<#LINE#>Mitigation Option to Climate Change through Consumer Innovativeness<#LINE#>Mohammed Kamaruddeen@Ahmed,Yahaya Bashir@Hussain,Moohamad Yaqoob@Adinoyi<#LINE#>81-86<#LINE#>14.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-114.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Technology and operation Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Darul Aman, MALAYSIA @ Quantity Surveying Department, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa, NIGERIA <#LINE#>5/6/2014<#LINE#>10/7/2014<#LINE#>The purpose of this paper is to complement mitigation approach to climate change in less developed countries. The paper presents a framework for addressing climate change through individual and organizational innovativeness. Uncertainty about the future of our environment posed by climate change requires collective innovativeness by individuals, organizations and government. This paper proposes product, process, business, and information technology innovativeness as complement to mitigation strategy for managing climate change, particularly in least developed countries were highly effective and advanced disaster preparedness is minimal. This paper demonstrates that readiness to accept change is an important antecedent to becoming innovative in product, process, business and information technology. The paper also demonstrates that individual and organizational innovativeness will significantly enhance mitigation of climate change. A major responsibility of government and top management of public and private organizations is to systematically manage change; provide incentive for and encourage innovativeness to enhance mitigation approaches to managing climate change. While scholars and researchers suggest new approaches for responding and managing climate change, little attention has been directed towards the innovativeness presented in this paper. In narrowing the gap identified in the literature, this paper complements the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fourth assessment synthesis report.    <#LINE#> @ @ Grontoft T., Climate change impact on building surfaces and façades, InternationalJournal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, ), 374 –385 (2011) @No $ @ @ World Bank, Poverty and Climate Change, Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor Through Adaptation, Part I The World Bank, Washington, DC (2003) @No $ @ @ IPCC, Climate Change Synthesis Report, In R.B. Abdelkader Allali, Sandra Diaz, Ismail Elgizouli, Dave Griggs, David Hawkins, Olav Hohmeyer, Bubu Pateh Jallow, Luc4ka Kajfez4-Bogataj, Neil Leary, Hoesung Lee, David Wratt (Ed.), Synthesis Report, Vol. Fourth Assessment Report, pp. 30-73, Valencia, Spain: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2007) @No $ @ @ Pawan  M., Impact of Global Warming on Environment, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(3), 72-78 (2014) @No $ @ @ Manoj  K. and Kumar P.P., Climate Change, Water Resources and Food Production: Some Highlights from India’s Standpoint,  Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.,  2(1), 79-87 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kazi N.M. and  Bhamare S.M., Global Warming: An Impact Assessment on Cyclonic Disturbances over Monsoon Asia, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., ), 76-84 2013)  @No $ @ @ Cuevas S.C., Climate change, vulnerability, and risk linkages, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 3(1), 29 – 60 (2011) @No $ @ @  Mohamed Shaffril  H.A., Abu Samah B.,  D’Silva J.L. and Yasssin Md. S., The process of social adaptation towards climate change among Malaysian fishermen,  International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and management, 5(1), 38 -53 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sugirtharan M. and Venuthasan T.,  Farmers’ Awareness on Climate Change Related Issues at some Irrigable Areas of Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka,  Int.Res. J. Environment Sci., 1(2), 29-32 (2012) @No $ @ @ European Commission, European Commission Communication of 9 February 2005 Winning the Battle against Global Climate Change, COM 35 – Official Journal C 125 of 21 May (2005) @No $ @ @ Asem S.O. and Roy W.Y., Biodiversity and climate change in Kuwait, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 2(1), 68–83 (2010) @No $ @ @ Kelman I., Introduction to Municipalities addressing climate change: a case study of Norway, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management,3(4), 338-344 (2011) @No $ @ @ Wilby R.L. and Harris I., A framework for assessing uncertainties in climate change impacts: low-flow scenarios for the River Thames UK, Water Resources Research, 42 W02419 (2006) @No $ @ @ Brooks N., Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: a conceptual framework, Working Paper No. 38, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich, (2003) @No $ @ @ Rogers E.M., Diffusion of Innovations (3rd ed.), New York, NY:  Free Press (1983) @No $ @ @ Attewell P., Technology Diffusion and Organizational Learning: The Case of Business Computing, Organizational Science,), 1-19 (1992) @No $ @ @ Hurley R.F., and Hult G.T.M., Innovation, market orientation and organizational learning: an integration and empirical examination, Journal of Marketing,62), 42-54 1998) 18.Foxall G., Corporate Innovation: Marketing and Strategy. New York, NY: St: Martin’s Press (1984) @No $ @ @ Akgun A.E., Keskin H., Byrne J.C. and Aren S., Emotional and learning capability and their impact on Product innovativeness and firm performance, Technovation, 27, 501-513 (2007) @No $ @ @ Rogers E. M., Diffusion of Innovation (Fifth ed.). New York, NY: Free Press (2003) @No $ @ @ Armenakis A.A., Harris S.G. and Mossholder K.W., Creating readiness for organizational change, Human relations,46), 681-703 (1993) @No $ @ @ Eby L.T., Adams D.M., Russell J.E.A. and Gaby S.H., Perception of organizational readiness for change: Factor related to employees' reaction to the implementation of team-base selling, Human relations, 53), 419-428 (2000) @No $ @ @ Holt D.T., Armenakis A.A., Feild H.S. and Harris S.G., Readiness for organizational change: A systematic development of scale, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43), 232-255 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kotter J.P. and Cohen D.S., Creative ways to empower action to change the organization: Case point, Journal of Organizational Excellence, 22), 73-82 (2002) @No
<#LINE#>Potential of Bacterial Chitinases and Exopolysaccharides for Enhancing Shelf Life of Food Commodities at Varying Conditions<#LINE#>Faiza@Jabeen,Javed Iqbal@Qazi<#LINE#>87-93<#LINE#>15.ISCA-IRJEvS-2014-122.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore PAKISTAN<#LINE#>16/6/2014<#LINE#>26/6/2014<#LINE#>Many fruits and various other foods are decomposed by fungal attacks. Poor post harvest transport and storage managements result into great economic losses. In addition, consumption of fungi contaminated foods leads to further human health risk issues. The situation is especially prevalent in countries characterized with warmth and humid environments, where in fungal growth and insect attacks are very common. Chemical control measures increase health risks and environmental problems. Biological control promises a safe solution. Fungi possess chitin as integral part of their outermost boundaries, while insects besides their exoskeleton also have constitutional components of chitin if other organ system, especially gut. Fortunately chitin is not represented either structural or physiological component of human bodies. Thus a biological control strategy which can damage chitin, a vital component of fungi and arthropods may be believed to be non-toxic for humans. Several bacterial species are being reported as biofungicide. The chitinase producers appear potential candidates of biological control of fungi for enhancing shelf life of various food commodities. Several bacterial species are being reported as biofungicide. The chitinase producers appear potential candidates of biological control of fungi for enhancing shelf life of various food commodities. The present review highlights this aspect of bacterial chitinases. The information given provide insight for research efforts directed towards development of environmentally and human health friendly biological control strategies for fruits and other attackable foods deteriorating and damaging during post harvest storage. Implications of relevant extremophiles in this regard sound appealing, due to their non-pathogenic nature and high stabilities of the enzymatic products. <#LINE#> @ @ Ananou S., Maqueda M., Martínez-Bueno M. and Valdivia E., Biopreservation, an ecological approach to improve the safety and shelf-life of foods. In A. Méndez-Vilas, (Eds.), Comm Curr Res Edu Topics and Trends Appl. Microbiol., 475-486 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sarika A.R., Lipton A.P., Aishwarya M.S. and Dhivya R.S., Efficacy of Bacteriocin of Enterococcus faecalis CD1 as a Biopreservative for High Value Marine Fish Reef Cod (Epinephelus diacanthus) under Different Storage Conditions, J. Microbiol. Biotech. 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