International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 3(7), 53-57, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 53 Analysis of Physic-Chemical Parameters for Pollution and Water Quality Status of Cherlapally Lake, Hyderabad, AP, IndiaR.Amruthakalyani and S. Gangadhar Rao University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, AP-500007, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 3rd June 2014, revised 5th July 2014, accepted 20th July 2014 AbstractExperiments were conducted to analyse the physic-chemical parameters in water samples from Cherlapally Lake, Cherlapally village, Ranga Reddy district, A.P. India. The lake was constructed in the year 1970’s. The water flows all time of the year and the lake appears like full-tank. In the recent 15 years Cherlapally Lake receiving waste water (drainage) coming from Kapra Village and Kushaiguda areas in addition to heavy metal pollution from heavy metal and other industries. The main aim of this study is to assess the pollution status and quality of water of this lake. Water samples were collected from three sites of the lake that are in-let of the lake (site-1), out-let of the lake (site-2), middle of the lake (site-3), and analysed for various Physical-Chemical parameters. The outcome of the results is showed as: Temperature from 27.1C to 28.2C. pH ranged from 7.42 to 7.68, Electrical conductivity from 1419 to 1709 µS/cm, Total dissolved solids from 971 to 1162 mg/L; alkalinity ranged from 500 to 675 mg/L; Total hardness [CaCo3] from 306 to 380 mg/L; Acidity from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L; COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) from 232 to 1360 mg/L; BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) from 58 to 380 mg/L; Nitrate [No-3] from 8 to 12 mg/L; Chloride[Cl-] from 224 to 276 mg / L; Sulphate [So4-] from 191 to 239 mg/L; Phosphate [Po4-] from 0.11 to 0.15 mg/L respectively. Parameters like BOD, COD from Cherlapally Lake were exceeded BIS and WHO standards. Because of these reason the Lake can be regarded as polluted Lake. Keywords: physicochemical parameters, Cherlapally Lake-Hyderabad, water quality system. IntroductionThe main object of the study is to analyse physic- chemical parameters of the Cherlapally lake Water. The Experimental worksite is Cherlapally Lake located in Cherlapally village, Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The household of the Cherlapally village is 1064 and the population is 4260. Earlier lake water is not polluted. The lake water was main source for drinking and agriculture field. Rice was the main crop grown from the water of Cherlapally Lake. In the recent 15 years the Cherlapally Lake was receiving sewage waste water from Kapra Village and Kushaiguda areas. In addition to mostly heavy metals releasing industries such as, electrical and electronics, metal fabrications, forgings and casting, printing and packing and bore wells rigs and earth drilling equipment industries have come up in the surrounding of the lake. Therefore there is possibility of water pollution and heavy metal concentration in the lake. Similarly population of the Cherlapally village also increased. For this purpose experiments conducted to know the pollution status and water quality parameters in the Cherlapally Lake. The present study was carried out during the Aug 2013 to December 2013. Material and MethodsThe Experimental worksite is Cherlapally Lake located in Cherlapally village, Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was carried out During August to December 2013, from Cherlapally Lake, Ranga Reddy District, and A.P., India. Sample collection: Samples of water were collected from 3 different sites of the Cherlapally Lake that are in-let of the lake (site-1), out-let of the lake (site-2), middle of the lake (site-3), and analysed for various Physic-Chemical parameters. The outcome results were compared with BIS standards (Bureau of Indian Standards) to find out the actual pollution status of the Lake. Preservation and Storage: Standard sample procedures were followed for water sample collection, preservation and storage. Water sample analysis: The chemical parameters like pH were measured using pH meter and noted the temperature on the spot of collection. TDS (total dissolved solids), TS (total solids), alkalinity, acidity, phosphates, Chlorides, Total Hardness (caco), Nitrates, Sulphates and electrical conductivity were estimated using standard methodsTotal alkalinity was estimated by titrometric method using methyl orange and phenolphthalein indicators. Total hardness was determined by EDTA titrometry method using Eriochrome block- T as indicator. Acidity was determined by titration method. Dissolve oxygen was determined by Winkler’s method. Chloride was determined by Argent metric method. Chemical oxygen demand was determined by open reflux method. Nitrate was determined by U.V- Spectrophotometric method. Phosphorus was International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 3(7), 53-57, July (2014) International Science Congress Association determined by vanado molybdo phosphoric method. Results and DiscussionThe result of the physical- chemical parameters was analysed in 3 different sites, and compare with the BIS Standards. Figure-1 Showing the pH values of three various sites of the Cherlapally Lake duri ng the year Recorded pH ranged from 7.42 to 7.62. The highest value observed in site- 3 (middle of the lake) and lowest in site let) of the Cherlapally Lake. Compare to BIS standards range of 6.5 to 8.5 is normally accepted. This shows that of water samples was neutral, does not cause severe health hazard. Similar findings were recorded Janakiraman et al Figure-2 Showing Temperature values in sites (1 to 3) in degree centigrade of Cherlapally Lake during the year The temperature of Cherlapally Lake was recorded 27.1 28.2 C. The maximum value observed in site minimum value is site-3 (middle of the lake). Temperature is 26.52727.52828.5 site-1site-2site-3 Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association determined by vanado molybdo phosphoric acid colorimetric chemical parameters was analysed in 3 different sites, and compare with the BIS Standards. Showing the pH values of three various sites of the ng the year -2013 Recorded pH ranged from 7.42 to 7.62. The highest value 3 (middle of the lake) and lowest in site -1(in- Compare to BIS standards pH range of 6.5 to 8.5 is normally accepted. This shows that the pH of water samples was neutral, does not cause severe health Janakiraman et al . Showing Temperature values in sites (1 to 3) in degree Lake during the year -2013 The temperature of Cherlapally Lake was recorded 27.1 C to C. The maximum value observed in site -1(in-let), and (middle of the lake). Temperature is not much variation in all sites (f igure been true for the several water bodies in India Figure - Showing Acidity concentrations in M moles /L sites (1to3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year The acidity content was observed 0.1 to 0.2 M mol/L. The maximum acidity was observed in site and minimum was observed in site 3. Similar observations found by Furhan Iqbal et al Figure - Showin g the concentration of T.S.S (mg/L) in sites (1 the Cherlapally Lake during the year The total suspended s olids content was observed from 3 to 37mg/L. The highest value was observed in In lowest observed in site- 3 (middle of th T.S.S concentration was lower compare to BIS standard. 0.050.10.150.2 site-1site-2Concentration in Mmol/L 20406080100 site-1site-2Concentration in mg/L Temperature _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 54 igure 2). This observation has been true for the several water bodies in India 3-6. - 3 Showing Acidity concentrations in M moles /L sites (1to3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year -2013 The acidity content was observed 0.1 to 0.2 M mol/L. The maximum acidity was observed in site - 2 (out-let) of the lake, and minimum was observed in site -1 (in-let) of the lake figure- by Furhan Iqbal et al . - 4 g the concentration of T.S.S (mg/L) in sites (1 -3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year -2013 olids content was observed from 3 to 37mg/L. The highest value was observed in In -let (site-1) and 3 (middle of th e lake). Figure-4. The T.S.S concentration was lower compare to BIS standard. site-3 Acidity site-3BIS Limits T.S.S International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 3(7), 53-57, July (2014) International Science Congress Association Figure-5 Showing, the results of the T.D.S, Alkalinity and Hardness in three sites of Cherlapally Lake during the year The TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) concentration was observed from 971 to1162 mg/L. The maximum concentration was observed in site-1 (in- let) and minimum concentration observed in site-2 (out- let) of the Cherlapally Lake, observations found by Dorairaju et al. The total alkalinity concentration observed from 500 to 675 mg/L. The maximum value observed in site lake, and minimum value observed insite- 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake, Figure- 5. Similar results reported Dorairaju et al. Total hardness concentration observed from 306 to 380mg/L. There is no much difference in all sites. The hardness concentration was maximum in site-1 (in- let) and minimum concentration in site- 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake, Figu 5. TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness concentration in all sites of the Cherlapally Lake water analyzed were less than the BIS standards. Similar results reported by Khandekar et al concentration was recorded maximum in all the 3 sites when compare to alka linity and hardness concentrations of the Cherlapally Lake. Figure-6 Showing Electrical Conductivity values of different sites (1to3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year 500100015002000 site - 1 site - 2 site - 3 BIS Limits Concentration in mg/L 5001000150020002500 site - 1 site - 2 site - 3 BIS Limits Concentration inµs/cm Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association Showing, the results of the T.D.S, Alkalinity and Hardness in three sites of Cherlapally Lake during the year -2013 The TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) concentration was observed from 971 to1162 mg/L. The maximum concentration was let) and minimum concentration observed let) of the Cherlapally Lake, figure-5. Similar The total alkalinity concentration observed from 500 to 675 mg/L. The maximum value observed in site -1 (in-let) of the 3 (middle) of the 5. Similar results reported by Total hardness concentration observed from 306 to 380mg/L. There is no much difference in all sites. The hardness let) and minimum 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake, Figu re- 5. TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness concentration in all sites of the Cherlapally Lake water analyzed were less than the BIS by Khandekar et al . TDS concentration was recorded maximum in all the 3 sites when linity and hardness concentrations of the Showing Electrical Conductivity values of different sites (1to3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year -2013 In present investigation the EC (Electrical Conductivity) concentration was observed from 1419 to 1709 µs/cm. The maximum EC concentration was observed in site minimum concentration was observed in site Cherlapally Lake, figure- 6. Electrical Conductivity concentration is lower when compare with BIS guidelines. Similar observation was found by Dorairaju et al Figure - Showing the concentration of Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/L) in sites (1- 3) of the Cherlapally Lake dur year- 2013 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) concentration was observed 58 to 380 mg/L. The maximum value was observed in site (middle) and minimum value was observed in site the Lake. There is higher difference in all sites, concentration was higher when compare to BIS standards. Similar findings were reported by Singh et al al11. Figure - Showing the concentration of Chlorides and sulphates values (mg/L) in sites (1- 3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year- 2013 BIS Limits T.D.S Alkalinity Hardness BIS Limits E.C 100200300400 site - 1 site - 2 site Concentration in mg/L 1002003004005006007008009001000 site - 1 site - 2 site Concentration in mg/L _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 55 In present investigation the EC (Electrical Conductivity) concentration was observed from 1419 to 1709 µs/cm. The maximum EC concentration was observed in site -1 (in-let) and minimum concentration was observed in site -3 (middle) of the 6. Electrical Conductivity concentration is lower when compare with BIS guidelines. by Dorairaju et al . - 7 Showing the concentration of Biological Oxygen Demand 3) of the Cherlapally Lake dur ing the 2013 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) concentration was observed 58 to 380 mg/L. The maximum value was observed in site -3 (middle) and minimum value was observed in site -1 (In-let) of the Lake. There is higher difference in all sites, figure-7. BOD concentration was higher when compare to BIS standards. by Singh et al 10 andPiyush eta - 8 Showing the concentration of Chlorides and sulphates 3) of the Cherlapally Lake during 2013 site - 3 BIS Limits BOD site - 3 BIS Limits Chlorides Sulphates International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 3(7), 53-57, July (2014) International Science Congress Association The chloride concentration observed in 224 to 412 mg/L. The maximum value observed in site- 1 (in- let) and minimum one is site- 3 (middle) of the lake. Chloride there is no much variation in all sites, Figure- 8. Similar trend was reported earl Sulphates concentration was observed in 191 to297 mg/L. The maximum concentration observed in site- 3 (middle of the lake) and minimum one is site-2 (out- let) of the Cherlapally Lake, figure-8. Similar observations found by Dorairaju et al Figure-9 Showing the concentration of nitrates (mg/L) of different sites (1- 3) of Cherlapaally Lake during the year Nitrate concentration ranged from 8 to 12 mg/L. The maximum value observed in site-1 (in- let) and the minimum concentration observed in site- 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake. There is no much difference in nitrate concentration in all three sites of the Lake, figure- 9. Nitrate concentration was lower when compare to BIS guidelines. Similar observations were found concentrations were encountered in water impacted by intensive fertilizer application, or septic effluents. This can lead to serious water contamination. Figure-10 Showing the concentration of Phosphate (mg/L) in sites (1 of Cherlapally Lake during the year 012345 site - 1 site - 2 site - 3 BIS Limits Concentration in mg/L 1020304050 site - 1 site - 2 site - 3 BIS Limits Concentration in mg/L Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association The chloride concentration observed in 224 to 412 mg/L. The let) and minimum one is 3 (middle) of the lake. Chloride there is no much variation 8. Similar trend was reported earl ier12,13. Sulphates concentration was observed in 191 to297 mg/L. The 3 (middle of the lake) let) of the Cherlapally Lake, by Dorairaju et al . Showing the concentration of nitrates (mg/L) of different 3) of Cherlapaally Lake during the year -2013 Nitrate concentration ranged from 8 to 12 mg/L. The maximum let) and the minimum concentration 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake. There is no much difference in nitrate concentration in all three sites of the 9. Nitrate concentration was lower when compare to BIS guidelines. Similar observations were found 14. Nitrate concentrations were encountered in water impacted by intensive fertilizer application, or septic effluents. This can lead to serious Showing the concentration of Phosphate (mg/L) in sites (1 -3) of Cherlapally Lake during the year -2013 Phosphorus concentration was observed ranged from 0.11 to 0.15mg/L. The maximum concentration observed in site (middle) and minimum concentration observed in site let). There no much difference in all sites of the Cherlapally Lake, Figure-10. Phos phates concentration was lower when compare to BIS standards. Similar observations 0.719 to 1.920 mg/L were reported by Basavaraja et al K.R.15. Figure- 11 Showing the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) in sites (1-3) of t he Cherlapally Lake during the year- 2013 The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) concentration observed ranged from 232 to 1360 mg/L. The maximum range observed in site-1 (In- let) and minimum range observed in site of the Cherlapally Lake, Figure- 11. COD concentration was higher when compare to BIS standards. Similar findings were observed by Sahoo et al16. Figure- 12 Showing the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) in sites (1- 3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year T he DO (Dissolved Oxygen) concentration observed ranged from 3 to 2.2 mg/L. The highest range observed in site and lowest range observed in site- 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake (fig. 12). Similar findings were observed al. BIS Limits Phosphates 50010001500 site-1site-2 site Concentration in mg/L  site-1site-2 site Concentration in mg/L BIS Limits Nitrates _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 56 Phosphorus concentration was observed ranged from 0.11 to 0.15mg/L. The maximum concentration observed in site -3 (middle) and minimum concentration observed in site -2 (out- let). There no much difference in all sites of the Cherlapally phates concentration was lower when compare to BIS standards. Similar observations 0.719 to 1.920 by Basavaraja et al 13 and Chakravarthi 11 the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand he Cherlapally Lake during the 2013 The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) concentration observed ranged from 232 to 1360 mg/L. The maximum range observed let) and minimum range observed in site -3 (middle) 11. COD concentration was higher when compare to BIS standards. Similar findings were 12 Showing the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) in 3) of the Cherlapally Lake during the year -2013 he DO (Dissolved Oxygen) concentration observed ranged from 3 to 2.2 mg/L. The highest range observed in site -1 (In-let) 3 (middle) of the Cherlapally Lake (fig. 12). Similar findings were observed by Dorairaju et site -3BIS Limits COD site -3 D O International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(7), 53-57, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 57 ConclusionAll physic- chemical parameters were compared against the BIS. The outcome of results present study showed that physic chemical quality of water samples from Cherlapally Lake was polluted. The following parameters were present in very high concentration namely BOD, COD in all the 3 sites of the Cherlapally Lake. Acidity, TSS, TDS, Hardness, EC, Chlorides, Sulphates, Nitrates, Phosphates were present in below BIS standards in all 3 sites of the Cherlapally Lake. In site-1(in-let) of the Cherlapally Lake Alkalinity is high compare to BIS standards and site-2(out-let), site-3(middle) the Alkalinity concentration is below compare to BIS standards. Because of these values of parameters the lake is polluted which require remedial measures and protection in order to protect the health of man and animals and other organisms. AcknowledgementI extend my special thanks to, UGC, New Delhi, for giving financial assistance RGNF No.F.14-2(ST)/2010 (SA-III) to me for giving research work. References1.APHA, (American Public Health Association) Standard method for examination of water and waste water 18th Edn. 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