International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 3(7), 63-69, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 63 Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Water Samples in Suttur Village, Nanjangud Taluk, Mysore, Karnataka, India Sravani M., Divya L., Jessen George and Suriyanarayanan S. Department of Water and Health, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka-570015, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 18th June 2014, revised 25th June 2014, accepted 17th July 2014 AbstractA study was conducted in Suttur village, Nanjangudtaluk of Mysore District, Karnataka to determine the physico-chemical, biological, and microbiological parameters of drinking water quality from surface water, bore wells and open wells. The water samples were collected from suttur village and analysed for a period of three months from January 2014 to March 2014. The results were compared with the BIS standard and they revealed that the most of the parameters are exceeding the permissible limit for drinking water. Higher values were observed for most of the parameters except pH, Alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD. Higher values of certain parameters indicate the unfitness of water for drinking purpose. Therefore, it is suggested more emphasis should be given to reduce microbial load, total hardness, conductivity, TDS, chloride etc contents wherever these parameters exceeding the limits of the standards. Keywords: Coliforms, physico-chemical, microbiological, water quality. Introduction Water is an essential and vital component of our life support system. In India, most of the population is dependent on surface water as the only source of drinking water supply. The groundwater is believed to be comparatively much clean and free from pollution than surface water. But prolonged discharge of industrial effluents, domestic sewage and solid waste dump causes the groundwater to become polluted and created health problems2,3The quality of water is to be determined for a locality of various purposes. Hence, safe and reliable drinking water is an essential need for a stable community. As water balances human life system in a positive way, its negative effect is attributed by consequence of various parameters beyond the permissible limits Water-quality monitoring is used to help water-resource managers to understand the potential negative effects of anthropogenic activities and natural stresses on water resourcesThis can be used as a measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Hence the present study was aims to determine the quality of drinking water in Sutturvillage, Mysore District. Material and Methods Study area: The study was carried out in and around Suttur village (1209’51.9” North and 7647’52.3” East) situated 24 km south-east of Mysore city in Karnataka. The village has a total population of 4,365 (Census, 2011). About 90% of the populations in Suttur village are involved in agricultural works and they are depending on three sources of water, such as borewell, communal tap water and open well water. Collection of Water samples: A total of 24 water samples were collected from bore wells, communal tap water and well water across the Suttur village. The study includes collection of water samples during summer season of 2014. The samples were collected in a pre-cleaned, sterilized polyethylene bottles. They were analysed by the following physico-chemical parameters and the microbiological analysis. All the measurements were done in triplicate and these averages were considered. The microbiological parameters were examined within 6 hours of sample collection. Physico-chemical Analysis of Water: The physico-chemical characteristic includes pH, temperature, conductivity, alkalinity; chlorides, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and hardness were measured according to the standard methods. Microbiological analysis: The microbiological quality of water is commonly measured by indicators such as Total coli form count (TCC), faecal coliform count. The samples were analyzed the microbiological parameters such as total coliform count (TCC), Faecal coliform countwere determined using standard methods. Results and Discussion The observed physico-chemical and microbiological parameters showed considerable variations in different samples. The observations are depicted in table 1, 2 and 3. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(7), 63-69, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 64 Table-1 Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of Surface Water Sample Parameters Month S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 BIS pH January 7.7 7.4 8.1 7.9 8.2 7.6 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.6 6.5-8.5 February 7.7 7.5 8 8 8.3 7.5 7.1 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.7 March 7.5 7.6 8.1 7.9 8.2 7.4 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.7 Mean value 7.633 7.5 8.066 7.933 8.233 7.5 7.2 7.6 7.66 7.6 7.43 7.66 Conductivity (µmho) January 680 570 480 448 670 712 780 540 412 482 418 610 - February 682 571 483 447 669 715 781 541 410 481 415 612 March 684 574 481 448 675 712 780 539 412 482 418 610 Mean value 682 571.6 481.3 447.6 671.3 713 780.3 540 411.3 481.6 417 610.3 Chloride (mg/L) January 39.9 29 31 28.8 38 50.2 33.2 29.4 39 31.3 38.5 40 250 mg/L February 37.6 28 30 27.8 39 49.2 30.2 29.4 38 30 37.5 39 March 38.9 29 32 28.8 37 50.2 30.2 30.1 39 31.3 36.5 35 Mean value 38.8 28.6 31 28.4 38 49.8 31.2 29.6 38.6 30.8 37.5 38 Alkalinity (mg/L) January 18 20 16 18 16 23 28 24 18 23 25 27 200 mg/L February 17 19 14 18 14 21 25 21 15 21 21 23 March 18 19 16 16 16 23 27 24 17 23 24 25 Mean value 17.6 19.3 15.3 17.3 15.3 22.3 26.6 23 16.6 22.3 23.3 25 Total Dissolved solids (mg/L) January 355 350 360 340 297 330 344.6 360 384 392 350 380 500 mg/L February 353 350 358 340 295 318 344.8 357 380 390 348 381 March 355 349 361 339 297 330 345 360 383 391 350 380 Mean value 354.3 349.6 359.6 339.6 354.3 326 344.8 359 382.3 391 349.3 380.3 Total Hardness (mg/L) January 210 285 254 230 270 233 245 212 230 296 230 278 200 mg/L February 213 288 251 233 273 236 242 209 233 293 233 281 March 207 282 257 227 267 230 248 215 227 299 227 275 Mean value 210 285 254 230 270 233 245 212 230 296 230 278 Calcium (mg/L) January 161 219 202 173 209 173 190 146 181 243 154 166 75 mg/L February 158 216 205 170 206 170 193 149 178 246 151 163 March 164 222 199 176 212 176 187 143 184 240 157 169 Mean value 161 219 202 173 209 173 190 146 181 243 154 166 Magnesium (mg/L) January 49 66 52 57 61 60 55 66 49 53 76 82 30 mg/L February 55 72 46 63 67 66 49 60 55 47 82 118 March 43 60 58 51 55 54 61 72 43 59 70 106 Mean value 49 66 52 57 61 60 55 66 49 53 76 82 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) January 4.4 4.7 5.3 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.4 4.8 5.1 4 5.4 5.2 - February 4.1 4.4 5.6 4.8 4.6 5.2 5.7 5.1 4.8 4.3 5.1 4.9 March 4.7 5 5 5.4 5.2 5.8 5.1 4.5 5.4 3.7 5.7 5.5 Mean value 4.4 4.7 5.3 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.4 4.8 5.1 4 5.4 5.2 COD (mg/L) January 7.7 5.6 6.1 5.4 6.4 7.3 8 8.9 4.7 6.1 9.5 5.8 250 mg/L February 7.2 5.1 6.6 4.9 5.9 6.8 8.5 9.4 4.2 6.6 9 5.3 March 8.2 6.1 5.6 5.9 6.9 7.8 7.5 8.4 5.2 5.6 10 6.3 Mean value 7.7 5.6 6.1 5.4 6.4 7.3 8 8.9 4.7 6.1 9.5 5.8 BOD (mg/L) January 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 - February 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.3 March 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.5 Mean value 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 TCC (MPN/ 100ml) January 4 4 0 0 4 �2400 9 11 0 0 3 4 10 MPN/ 100ml February 11 3 0 0 0 �2400 11 11 0 0 0 0 March 39 3 0 0 0 �2400 9 9 0 0 0 0 Mean value 18 3.33 0 0 4 �2400 9.6 10.3 0 0 3 4 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(7), 63-69, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 65 Table-2 Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of bore well water Parameters Month B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 BIS(2012) pH January 7.2 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.3 7.5 6.5-7.5 February 7.3 7.8 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.5 March 7.1 7.7 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.6 8.1 7.9 Mean value 7.2 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.3 7.5 Conductivity (µmho) January 1435 1126 1309 1249 1217 1469 1210 1452 1255 1169 - February 1438 1123 1306 1252 1220 1466 1213 1449 1252 1166 March 1432 1129 1312 1246 1214 1472 1267 1455 1258 1172 Mean value 1435 1126 1309 1249 1217 1469 1210 1452 1255 1169 Chloride (mg/L) January 650 530 680 550 630 650 560 570 630 545 250mg/L February 67 533 683 547 627 653 557 573 633 548 March 653 527 677 553 633 647 563 567 627 542 Mean value 650 530 680 550 630 650 560 570 630 545 Alkalinity (mg/L) January 190 184 173 154 160 194 142 136 122 194 200 mg/L February 187 187 176 151 197 139 139 125 197 127 March 193 181 170 157 103 191 145 133 119 119 Mean value 190 184 173 154 160 194 142 136 122 194 Total Dissolved solids (mg/L) January 960 755 876 836 815 980 810 972 840 780 500mg/L February 963 752 873 839 818 977 813 969 837 777 March 957 758 879 833 812 983 807 975 843 783 Mean value 960 755 876 836 815 980 810 972 840 780 Total Hardness (mg/L) January 240 260 256 275 250 210 264 286 23 298 250 mg/L February 243 257 253 278 253 207 267 283 231 295 March 237 263 259 272 247 213 261 289 237 301 Mean value 240 260 256 275 250 210 264 286 23 298 Calcium (mg/L) January 175 205 207 217 181 170 209 227 188 228 75 mg/L February 172 208 210 214 178 173 206 230 191 231 March 178 202 204 220 184 167 212 224 185 225 Mean value 175 205 207 217 181 170 209 227 188 228 Magnesium (mg/L) January 65 55 49 58 69 40 55 59 46 70 30 mg/L February 71 49 43 64 75 34 61 53 40 64 March 59 61 55 52 63 46 49 65 52 76 Mean value 65 55 49 58 69 40 55 59 46 70 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) January 5 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.2 5 - February 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.9 4.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 March 5.3 4.5 4.9 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.5 5 4.9 4.7 Mean value 5 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.2 5 COD (mg/L) January 8.3 10 9.4 9 6.8 10 5.14 5.17 5.13 10 250 mg/L February 7.8 10.5 9.9 8.5 6.3 10.5 4.64 5.67 5.63 10.5 March 8.8 9.5 8.9 9.5 7.3 9.5 5.64 4.67 4.63 9.5 Mean value 8.3 10 9.4 9 6.8 10 5.14 5.17 5.13 10 BOD (mg/L) January 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 - February 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.9 March 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 Mean value 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 TCC (MPN/ 100mL) January 0 0 3 4 210 7 0 0 0 0 10 MPN/ 100ml February 0 0 0 3 39 4 0 0 0 0 March 0 0 3 0 21 3 0 0 0 0 Mean value 0 0 3 2.3 90 4.6 0 0 0 0 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(7), 63-69, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 66 Table-3 Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of Open Well Water Sample Parameters Months O1 O2 WHO pH January 8.1 7.9 6.5-8.5 February 8 8.1 March 8.2 8.3 Mean value 8.1 7.9 Conductivity (µmho) January 1179 1303 - February 1176 1306 March 1182 1300 Mean value 1179 1303 Chloride (mg/L) January 520 540 250mg/L February 523 537 March 517 543 Mean value 520 540 Alkalinity (mg/L) January 152 140 200mg/L February 155 137 March 149 143 Mean value 152 140 Total Dissolved solids (mg/L) January 788 872 500mg/L February 785 875 March 791 869 Mean value 788 872 Total Hardness (mg/L) January 260 254 200mg/L February 257 257 March 263 251 Mean value 260 254 Calcium(mg/L) January 202 191 75mg/L February 205 188 March 199 194 Mean value 202 191 Magnesium (mg/L) January 58 63 30mg/L February 52 69 March 64 57 Mean value 58 63 Dissolved Oxygen(mg/L) January 4.4 5.4 February 4.7 5.1 March 4.1 5.7 Mean value 4.4 5.4 COD (mg/L) January 5.6 9.3 250mg/L February 6.1 8.8 March 5.1 9.8 Mean value 5.6 9.3 BOD (mg/L) January 0.8 0.8 - February 0.9 0.7 March 0.7 0.9 Mean value 0.8 0.8 TCC(MPN/100mg/L) January 240 210 10(MPN/100ml) February 210 210 March 240 214 Mean value 230 634 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(7), 63-69, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 67 Figure-1 Map showing the study area in Suttur village, Mysore district, Karnataka pH: In this present study all the water samples are within the permissible limit as per the BIS (BIS 2012). The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) ranged from 7.6 to 7.7 for surface water, 7.1 to 7.6 for borewell water and 7.9 to 8.1 for open well. Sample S3, S5 and O1 are showing alkaline range of pH. The permissible level of pH in drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5, according to the BIS (2012). Presence of alkalinity in surface water might be due to addition of lime during neutralization of the effluent higher pH might be due to mixing of alkali contained effluents or microbial activities. Electrical Conductivity: The Electrical conductivity values ranged from 412 to 712 mhos/cm for surface water are 1126 to 1469mhos/cm for bore water and 1179 to 1303mhos/cm for open well samples during assessment period of January-March 2014. From total number of 24 water samples, higher value was noticed for bore well sample B1, B6 and B8 which may be due to high concentration of cations such as sodium, calcium and magnesium or anions like chloride, phosphate and nitrate. The higher concentration of ions in water may also be due to the leaching of ions from the soils and pick up of organic materials from biota and debris10. Chloride: Chlorides are common constituents of all natural waters. Chloride content in the present study ranges from 28.8 to 39.8 mg/L for surface water and 530 to 680 mg/L for bore well water and 520 to 540 mg/L for open well water samples respectively. As per BIS the desirable limit of chloride for drinking water is 250 mg/L. In this present study the surface water sample are within the limits of prescribed BIS standards. Whereas the bore well and open well water samples are higher in concentration. Alkalinity: The range of total alkalinity in the present study is from 15.3 to 26.6 mg/L for surface water, 122 to 190 mg/L for Bore well water and 140 to 152 mg/L for open wells respectively. BIS recommends 200 mg/L of alkalinity for drinking water samples. According to BIS standards all the samples are within the limits. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Total Dissolved solids are an important parameter in drinking water and other water quality standards. In the present study, TDS ranges from 297 to 391 mg/L for surface water and 755 to 980 mg/L for bore well water and 788 to 872 mg/L respectively. BIS recommends 500 mg/L. The presence of high concentration of solids reduces the clarity of the water, rises the temperature and in turn leads to the decrease in the content of oxygen level. The TDS values of surface water are with the standard limits of BIS (2012).Whereas the bore well and open well sample are higher in concentration exceeding the BIS limits. Total hardness: In the present study, total hardness was found to range from 210 to 296 mg/L for surface water and to 210 to 298 mg/L for bore well and 254 to 260 mg/L for open well respectively. BIS recommends 500 mg/L. It is observed that the samples are within the limits of BIS standards. Calcium and Magnesium hardness: Water is hard mainly due to the dissolved minerals specifically calcium and magnesium. Calcium (C2+) and magnesium (M2+) ions are both common in natural waters and both are essential elements for all organisms. The calcium content in the present study varied from 161 to 243mg/L for surface water and 170 to 227mg/L for bore well and191 to 202 mg/L for open well water respectively. BIS recommends 75 mg/L .The samples are not within the limits of International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(7), 63-69, July (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 68 BIS standards. Magnesium content in the present study ranges from 49 to 66mg/L for surface water and 40 to 70mg/L for Bore well water samples and 58 to 63mg/L for open well respectively. BIS recommends 30 mg/L .The samples are not within the limits of BIS standards. Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved Oxygen values ranged from 4 to 5.4 mg/L for surface water, for bore water ranges from 4.8 to 5.6 mg/L and for open well 4.4 to 5.4 mg/ L. The lower DO values indicate the presence of high organic pollutants the high value of DO in riverine system may be due to prominence of plankton density11Biochemical Oxygen Demand: BOD test provides an estimate of how much biodegradable waste is present in water. The nutrient like nitrates and phosphates are discarded into the surface water from the discharge of domestic effluent which intern stimulate the growth of microorganisms leading to water pollution which is directly proportional to the BOD10. In this present study, BOD values varied from 0.4 to 0.8mg/L for surface water samples, whereas, for bore water 0.4 to 0.8 mg/L and for open well are 0.8 mg/L. Highest values may be due to higher organic load. All the samples are within the limits. Chemical Oxygen Demand: In this present study, COD varied from 6.1to 9.5mg/L for surface water, for bore water varied from 5.13 to 10, for open well varied from 5.6 to 9.3. Highest value indicates the presence of organics, due to effluent runoff to river water from the nearby industries. BIS recommended limit for COD is 250mg/L. It was observed that all the samples are within the limits of BIS (2012). Total Coliform Count (TCC): Total coliform is one of the most important microbiological parameter for drinking water quality. In this present study TCC rages from 0 to 39 MPN/100ml for treated surface water. Among 12 sampling sites two places (S-1 and S-8) values are exceeded the BIS (2012) and WHO (2011)12 limit. The sampling sites (S-2, S-5, S-7, S-11, S-12) which are exceeded the WHO (2011) guidelines and lower than the BIS, (2012) limit. In ground water samples it ranges from 0to 210 MPN/100 ml. The values slightly exceeded the WHO, (2011) and BIS, (2012) limit in sampling station (B-5). In sampling stations (B-4 and B-6) the values are exceeded WHO, (2011) and lower than BIS, (2012).In open well water TCC ranges 210 to 240 MPN/100ml. For all two sampling points the values are exceeded the WHO, (2011) and BIS, (2012) limit. Hence the overall few of sampling points the water not microbiologically fit for consumption. In case of raw water from river Kabani shows �2400 MPN/100 ml. It shows that the raw water seems to be moderately polluted due to various anthropogenic activities. Hence pre-treatment is required for drinking purposes.The Faecal coliformcount (FCC) was also reported for (S-1, B-5, O-1 and O-2) samples. The presence of FCC indicates that the water not suitable for drinking purposes. Conclusion As a whole, this study concluded that, the most of the parameters are exceeding the permissible limit of BIS standard for drinking water. Higher values were observed for most of the parameters except pH, Alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD. Higher values of certain parameters indicate the unfitness of water for drinking purpose. From this present study also concluded that open well water was not microbiologically fit for consumption. Therefore, it is suggested more emphasis should be given to reduce microbial load, total hardness, conductivity, TDS, chloride etc contents wherever these parameters exceeding the limits of the standards. 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