International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 44 Assessment on pollution impact and correlation study of lake water from Thane region of Maharashtra, INDIA Rathod Kalpana R , Chavan R P 2 and Lokhande R.S3 School of Basic Sciences,Department of Chemistry,Jaipur National University,Jaipur, INDIA Department of Chemistry,Dnyanasadhana College, Mulund (W), Mumbai, INDIA School of Basic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 2nd November 2014, revised 16th November 2014, accepted 10th December 2014 AbstractWater is a source of life. But pollution of water is the biggest threat in today’s world. Thane city of Maharashtra state is known for its beautiful lakes. It has many lakes as per the record of Thane Municipal Corporation. As most of these water bodies situated right next to the roads receive heavy flux of agricultural waste, domestic sewage, industrial waste thus deteriorating water quality. The increasing trend in concentration of heavy metals in the environment has created lot of awareness about environmental pollution. These heavy metals have a marked effect on the aquatic flora and fauna which through bio magnification enter the food chain thereby affecting the human being. Hence this study is carried out to assess the quality of water in lake water samples from eight different lakes. Physico- chemical analysis is done over the period of march 2013 to February 2014 to estimate the parameters such as pH , conductivity, alkalinity, salinity, hardness, chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolved Solid and heavy metal content like Cu,Hg,As and Fe . The study shows high level of BOD ranging from 15mg/l ( minimum) to 67mg/l (maximum). Very low level of dissolved oxygen in water indicates pollution. As the quality of water greatly affect the all forms of life , this attempt has made to asses and monitore the quality by studing physico-chemical properties of water. Keywords: Lakes, water pollution Toxic heavy metal content, AAS, pH, TDS, DO waste, Thane, Maharashtra. Introduction Water is an essencial part of our life on which depends life cycle and existence of entire bio-diversity. Human being can not make or generate either of these basic elements of life in a form in which those are needed. As such the human beings have no right to destroy, waste with any of these resources. Wherever and in whatever form those may be found, it is our basic responsibility to conserve such natural resources.Water quality has become a serious issue due to increasing industrialization, urbanization and man-made problems. The constituents present in the water systems depends on the nature where the water body is situated and the discharge quality from various sources in that water body . Thane city has many lakes. Some lakes are in the city ,some are near the industrial area. Lakes are also used for Ganesh idol immersion during Ganesh festival..Boating is the biggest activity carried out at some lakes. Oil seepage is the biggest problem at some lake. Most of the lakes situated right next to the road. Surface drainage from roads is let into the lakes. The lakes have a complex and fragile ecosystem, as they do not have self-cleaning ability and therefore readily accumulate pollutants. It has been reported that sewage effluents of municipal origin contain appreciable amount of major essential plant nutrients and therefore the fertility level of the soil are improved (Sharma et al, 2004). However studies on water of vasai creek ,Maharashtra, reveals that presence of heavy metal like fe and pb reduce soil fertility (Lokhande and kelkar,1999)The quality of the water sample varies with the type of the area of lake location. Location of lake decides the variety of waste material and sewages added to the lake.Various pollutants entering the ecosystem may be bio-degradeble and non-biodegradeble through drains and increases the level of BOD and COD very high which depleting the dissolved oxygen in water hence regular monitoring of water quality is the mandatory in developing countries like India, because of urbanization and industrial developments are moving towards coastal area. The inshore areas usually get disturbed with more critical water pollution problems than offshore1,2 As the quality of water disturbed because of various sources, a systematic study was carried out to assess the quality of water from different lakes by monitoring Physico-chemical parameters of 8-different lake water samples for the period (March 2013 to February 2014) and the pollution level of each water samples are compaired with guidelines prescribed by Indian Standard Institution. Objective of the study: Tomeasure and monitore theexisting condition of water body by assessing the monthly variations of physico-chemical parameters. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 45 Material and methods Study Area: Thane district lies in the Northern part of Maharashtra in India. The city lies to the North Eastern side of Mumbai on the western coast of Maharashtra. Its total area is 127 square kilometer. The city is surrounded by hills, and is divided into two parts. There are around 36 lakes as per record of Thane Municipal Corporation. Also it has large industrial area consisting of Wagle estate, Trans Thane creek area known as Thane Belapur road, Ghodbunder road. Thane region also marked with long coast line and rapidly growing residential area of Thane, Ghodbunder road etc. Also has various types of industries, these includes paper mill, paint, dye manufacturing, pharmaceuticals. The waste from these industries directly or indirectly released in the various water bodies like lakes, creeks and affects the water quality International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 46 Figure-1 Map showing the location of some lakes of Thane cityThe methods followed for the collection, preservation, analysis and interpretation are those given by rainwater and Thatchar (1960) Brown et al(1970 ) and APHA(1995) The present study was carried out to investigate the monthly variations in water samples collected during the period of March 2013-February 2014 and analyesd for pH ,conductivity, total alkalinity, salinity, total hardness (TH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and biological oxygen demand(BOD). and total dissolved solid (TDS). Heavy metal analysis: The analysis for trace metals like Cu, Hg, As and Fe was done by flame absorption spectrophotometer (20003 model) mercury was analysed with a cold–vapour atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Average values of three replicates were taken for each determination. Heavy metal analysis is done for kacharali lake (s1), railadevi lake (s2), siddeshwar talao (s3), bramhala (s4), jari-mari (s5) and kopri talao (s6). Results and Discussion The results obtained are reported in the table .3 and table 4. Each reported value in the table is the average of one year. Table-1 For physico-chemical study 8- different sampling stations (lakes) were selected Selected sampling stations Locations AREA SIddeshwar Lake Uthalsar Ward Commitee Kopri Talav Kopri Ward 0.2416 Hectare Brahmala Talav Uthalsar Ward Commitee 0.5173 hectare (Garden Area :0.4 hec) Kacharali Lake Naupada Ward Commitee 2.00 hectare Railadevi Talao Railadevi Ward Office 8 hectare Shivaji Talao Balkum Area 0.2247 hectare Kharigaon Lake Kalwa Ward Office 0.7377 hectare Makhamali Lake Uthalsar Ward Commitee hectare (Garden Area 0.51 ) International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 47 Table-2 Permissible limits of physico-chemical parameters of water For drinking purpose as per standard methods Turbidity 2.5 Units Colour 5.0 units Pt scale Taste and odour Unobjectionable pH 7.0-8.5 conductivity 300micromhos/cm Total Hardness (TH) 200 mg/l AS CaCO 3 Alkalinity as caco3 (TA) 200 mg/l (strong) Dissolved oxygen (DO) (mg/l) �4.0-6.0 Chemical oxygen demand(COD) (mg/l) 4.0 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (mg/l) Above 10 + very polluted Total dissolved solid (TDS) 500 mg/l PH :- pH values range from 6.68 to 7.31. The pH values decreases during monsoon.The lower values was due to high turbidity,and enhances microbial activity, causing excessive production of CO and reduced pH.The low pH does not cause any harmful effect.The study shows that the average pH range is 7.09 to 8.89. (Table no 3) which are within the permissible limit. Electrical conductivity-Electrical conductance is a good measure of dissolved solids. It makes water hard due to dissolution of calcium and magnesium in water. The permissible limit is 300micromhos/cm10.In present study the conductivity vary from 732 to 972 which is much above the permissible limitsTable-3 Physico-chemical analysis of water samples collected from different lakes Parameter Sampling stations Colour pH Conductance TDS DO BOD COD TH Total alkalinity salinity Siddheshwar Dark reen 7.19 745 598 1.1 67 129 124 199 0.153 Kopri lightgreen 7.84 863 645 2.7 56 88 158 205 0.120 Brahmala Light green 7.94 834 450 3.5 38 125 146 240 0.165 Kacharali colourless 8.09 732 420 8.5 15 52 176 224 0.120 Railadevi Yellow 7.40 823 567 6.3 44 96 194 236 0.245 Shivagi Nagar Light green 8.89 972 612 6.4 37 54 136 244 0.644 Kharegaon Light green 7.09 997 709 1.5 66 109 254 150 0.158 Jari-Mari Light green 7.73 732 533 5.2 48 71 260 195 0.103 All the parameters are expressed in mg/L except specific conductance which is in micromhos/cm Table-4 Result of heavy metal analysis of six different water samples Parameters units WHO NDWQS Results Samples 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cu mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.125 o.267 0.106 o.104 0.116 0.121 Hg mg/l 0.001 o.oo1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 As mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 0.01 0.01 Fe mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.245 0.346 0.125 0.326 0.125 0.119 Total Dissolved Solids :-Total dissolved solid refers to solid matter dissolved in water.High range of TDS indicates more suspended or dissolved solid matter present in water, which decreses the potability of water quality and may cause serious health problem specially stomach retated.The water containing 500 mg/l TDS is the desirable limit for potable water. TDS observed to be minimum 420 mg/L for Kacharali lake and the maximum of 709mg/L (Table no 3) for Kharegaon lake.Total hardness: The condition that makes water forming an insoluble curd type substance with soap and is primary due to presence of calcium and magnesium.These calcium and magnesium are key factors for total hardness in water. Total hardness is not so much harmful in health point of view. Permanent hardness of water sample is caused mainly by sulphates and chlorides of metals . The highest hardness value in summer season are mainly attributed to rising temperature thereby increasing the solubility of Ca and Mg salts5,6 The permissible limits prescribed is 300 mg/l11. As per classified water in range of 60-120 mg/l is moderate. For Jari-Mari lake the hardness was 26 0 mg/L which is maximum and for Siddeshwar lake is 124 mg/l(Table no 3) which is minimum Salinity: The salinity of lake water samples vary from 0. 101 to 0.644mg/L (table-3). International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 48 Total alkalinity: Most of the lake waters are alkaline due to substantial amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide, bi-carbonates and hydroxides. Strong acid neutralise capasity denotes as Total Alkalinity. The alkalinity below 50mg/l indicates low photosynthetic rate12. Alkalinity values of water samples vary from 150 to 244 mg/L which indicates strong alkalinity. (table-3).Figure-1 Variations in pH and Dissolved Oxygen of water samples collected from s1 to s8 sampling stations in the Period of March 2013 to February 2014 Figure-2 Variations in electrical conduction of water samples collected from s1 to s8 sampling stations in the Period of March 2013 to February 2014  \r   \n\n   International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 49 Figure-3 Variations in Total dissolved solid of water samples collected from s1 to s8 sampling stations in the Period of March 2013 to February 2014 Table-5 Correlation matrix of physico-chemical parameters in water samples of different lakespHConductancTDSDOBODCODTHTotal alkalinitysalinity pH 1 Conductance 0.174088 1 TDS -0.31774 0.673297 1 DO 0.608003 -0.24877 -0.60857 1 BOD -0.66213 0.274288 0.799962 -0.90521 1 COD -0.72621 -0.08462 0.183876 -0.8086 0.689196 1 TH -0.40214 0.063941 0.197074 0.025675 0.161768 -0.00459 1 Total alkalinity 0.675341 -0.19697 -0.60106 0.616765 -0.6779 -0.34199 -0.6276 1 salinity 0.69491 0.564816 0.209693 0.307766 -0.19475 -0.46405 -0.36869 0.478104 1 Dissolved Oxygen: Most waste water contains more oxygen demanding material than the amount of DO available in air saturated water. Low level indicates an excessive demand on the oxygen in the water.The minimum dissolved oxygen limit for fish growth is 4.0 mg/l The lowest dissolved oxygen for maintaining fish in oxygen depletion during monsoon may be due to reduction in the photosynthetic activity.11 Relatively higher values of dissolved oxygen during summer probably as a result of photosynthetic activity12.Similar type of observation was made13 Lower values below 5mg/l indicating that it has higher organic matter.13,22 Low level of DO in Brahmala , Kopri, Siddeshwar Jail and Makhamali lake indicates large amount of pollutants present in the water body . In the present study the average DO content is vary between 1.1 mg/Lto 8.5 mg/L. (table-3) Chemical Oxygen Demand: In the present study the average COD values varies from 194 collected from water sample of Jail lake which is highest and that of kacharali lake is 22 (Table no 3) which is lowest are above the permissible limits. Biological Oxygen Demand: In the present study, High BOD values indicate presence of large no. of organic matter which indicates a high level of pollution in lake water bodies. The greater the BOD,more the rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low DO in which aquatic organism become stressed,suffocate,and die13. The BOD of Jail lake is 132 which is very high and 15 (table-3) of Kacharali lake which is low in present study which are much above the permissible limits. Correlation Analysis: Correlation analysis shows that pH is positively correlate with electrical conductance, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and salinity.pH is negatively correlate with total dissolved solid, hardness, BOD and COD. Heavy metal analysis Heavy metals are a special group of trace elements which have been shown to create definite health hazards when taken up by plants.   \r International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(12), 44-51, December (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 50 Copper: Copper is an essential inorganic element for living organisms, since it activates certain enzymes concerned with oxidation processes, particularly in plants. Copper in excess, however is through extensive use of fungicides, insecticides and discharge of wastes from metallurgical and ceramic industries. In the present study the average concentration of cu in water samples vary from o.106 to 0.267 (table-4) which is within the permissible limits of standard institution. Iron: Ironis an essential element; its major function in the animal body is the formation of haemoglobin. But high doses are toxic and clearly detrimental to health. High Fe concentration causes scaling in plumbing fixtures.In the present study the average concentration of fe in water samples vary from o.125 to 0.346 (table-4) which is very much above the permissible limits of standard institution Hg: Mercury is toxin and has no known function in human physiology. The average Hg was observed to be very with average value which was higher than the maximum permissible concentration of 0.001 mg/l Hg as per standard (table-4) Arsenic: Arsenic poisoning through water can cause liver and nervous system damage, vascular diseases and also skin cancer Arsenicpoisoning has become a worldwide public health concern. The average arsenic was observed to be very with average value 0.011 (table-4) which is within the limits as per standard. Conclusion From the result of the studies shows that the physico- chemical quality ( BOD, COD, Conductivity) of lake water sample found above the permissible limits as per the Indian standard institution. This indicates the pollution load on the lake water body. The heavy toxic metal content in water indicates that water is contaminated by heavy metal. It was observed that heavy metals like Hg, and Fe are present in relatively high concentration as compared to their permissible limits. Hence periodical monitoring of the water quality is required to assess the condition of surface water and immediate steps should be taken to improve the quality of water which will help to save the lakes getting polluted. Hence assessment and monitoring is useful parameter to check the present quality and strength of lake water. 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