International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 2(5), 62-67, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 62 Air Pollution and Air Quality Index of Kodinar Gujrat, IndiaChaurasia Sadhana, Karwaria Ashwani and Gupta Anand DevDept. of Energy and Environment, MGCGV Chitrakoot Distt.Satna MP, 485 780, INDIA EHS, Reliance Cement Company, Maihar Distt. Satna MP, 485 772, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 3rd April 2013, revised 14th April 2013, accepted 10th May 2013 AbstractThis paper present the air pollution (PM10, RPM, SO and NOx) emitted from a cement industry. The data collected were compared with Indian Standard prescribed by CPCB. Sampling of air quality was done at various distances from the cement industry at six sampling points. It was observed that SPM was higher than the permissible limit at all the sampling points except Pransli the control site but RPM were higher at Ronaj, Muldwarka and Vadnagar than the permissible limit. Air quality index was also calculated and this study indicates that the air quality of Kodinar is unhealthy at various sampling site. People with asthma or other respiratory diseases, the elderly, and children are the groups most at risk. Keywords: Air pollution, cement industry, PM10, RPM, SO, NOx and API. IntroductionAir pollution is the processes which the substance is not present in normal atmospheric composition reach the atmosphere, or is present but in much lower concentrations. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Air pollutants can be physical, chemical, mechanical or acoustic2-4. Pollutants produced by different sources, are transported and transformed having different effects on ecosystems5,6. Indian Cement industry, which is 88 year old, comprises 128 large cements plants beside some 365 mini plants, with total installed capacity of about 152.09 million tones and a production of 125.56 million tons (2004-2005), comprising ordinary Portland cement, blended cements and others7, 8. Every industry has both positive and negative impact on environment associated with it positive, in terms of socio-economic environment and negative in terms of associated emissions9-11. Study area: The Study area was Kodinar in the Shaurashtra region of Gujrat state forms a part of a bay in the Arabian Sea. It is located approximately 30 km. from famous temple Somnath (Veraval) on the Veraval–Una National Highway No. NH-8E. The area has co-ordinates with latitude, N 20 54' 45" and longitude 70 30' 41”. In this area there are total 04 cement plant units namely Ambuja Cement, Gajambuja -1, Gajambuja-2 and Siddhi Cement Ltd with capacity 2–2.5 MTPA. It is the most important industrial place. Objectives: The objective of present study were – i. To study the meteorological condition of study area. ii. To study ambient air quality in the vicinity. iii. To calculate the API for the area. Material and Methods The study was conducted in summer, winter, and post monsoon season 2011-12 which include the meteorological condition and ambient air quality of the area. The ambient air quality was measured at six locations keeping in view the prevalent wind direction of the area table-1. Ambient air quality study includes the following parameters. i. Particulate Matter (PM10), ii. Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM10micron), iii. Gaseous pollutants Viz. SO, and NOx. Measurement of PM10, RPM and gaseous sampling was done with the help of ‘Envirotech APM-460’ instrument. Sampling was done 24 hours/8 hourly durations. All the sampling and analysis were done as per CPCB guideline. Results and DiscussionParticulate Matter (PM10): PM10 was measured at all six selected stations with the help of Respirable Dust Sampler. The minimum ground level concentration (GLC) of PM10 was found at Pransli 73.8µg/m in post monsoon season as it is a control site situated 15 km away from the industry while at Muldwarka the PM10 concentration was found highest in 184.50µg/m in post monsoon season also table-2. At this site maximum loading unloading activity takes place for transportation. The PM10values were observed higher than the permissible limit (100µg/m) at all the sampling station except Pransli station the control site. In this study particularly PM10 was in agreement with the monitoring results obtained around different cement plants of the country12-14. Average PM10 at different stations are given in figure-1. International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 2(5), 62-67, May (2013) International Science Congress Association Map Locations of air quality monitoring stations with reference to cement S. No. Name of station 1. Pransli 2. Moradia 3. Fachariya 4. Ronaj 5. Muldwarka 6. Vadnagar Concentration of PM S. No. Stations Winter Post Monsoon 1 Pransli 75.3 73.8 2 Moradiya 141.0 146.0 3 Facharia 154.3 146.9 4 Ronaj 163.3 155.6 5 Muldwarka 181.9 184.5 6 Vadnagar 173.1 175.9 Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association Figure-1 Map - Location map of study area Kodinar Table-1 Locations of air quality monitoring stations with reference to cement plant Direction from cement plant Map distance NW NW NE SE SSW ENE Table-2 Concentration of PM 10 and RPM at various stations in 2011-12 Ground level concentration, 24 hourly µg/m 3 PM 10 RPM Monsoon Summer Mean ± SD Winter Post Monsoon Summer 80.1 76.4±3.29 41.6 43.5 47.5 139.6 142.2±3.36 44.0 40.6 60.6 161.9 154.4±7.5 50.4 49.0 50.9 161.0 159.9±3.95 63.2 62.4 61.0 183.3 183.2±1.30 74.1 74.3 78.3 173.3 174.1±1.56 67.1 69.8 61.9 _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 63 plant Map distance in km. 15.0 1.5 2.0 4.5 9.1 0.5 RPM Summer Mean ± SD 47.5 44.2±3.01 60.6 48.4±10.70 50.9 50.1±0.98 61.0 62.2±1.13 78.3 75.6±2.37 61.9 66.3±4.01 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 62-67, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 64 Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) �2.5 micron: RPM was measured at all six selected station with the help of Respirable Dust Sampler. The results obtained are given in table-2. The ground level concentration (GLC) of RPM was found at minimum at Marodiya 40.6 µg/m in post monsoon but higher value was observed at Muldwarka 78.3 µg/m in summer season than the permissible limit 60µg/m. Second most polluted site in term of RPM was Vadnagar ranging from 61.90-69.80 µg/m. The third most polluted site was observed Ronaj with range of 61.0-63.2 µg/m. Average RPM at different stations are given in figure-3. SO: SO concentration was measured at all the six selected sampling station in summer, winter and post monsoon season and the values are given in table-3. The values of SO at all the sampling stations were found within the permissible limits 80µg/m. The minimum SO concentration was observed at control site Pransli 5.75µg/m on post monsoon and maximum 17.00µg/m3 at Vadnagar on summer. It may be because this station is nearest (0.5km) from industry and wind direction is also in same direction6, 15. Average SO at different stations are given in figure-4. Figure-2 Average concentration of PM10 at various stations (2011-12) Figure-3 Average concentration of RPM at various stations (2011-12) 20406080100120140160180200StationsConcentration in µg/m3 Standard limit Pransli Moradiya Facharia Ronaj Muldwarka Vadnagar 102030405060708090StationsConcentration in µg/m3 Standard limit Pransli Moradiya Facharia Ronaj Muldwarka Vadnagar International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 62-67, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 65 NO: The ground level concentration (GLC’s) of NOx was estimated at six sampling station in summer, winter and post monsoon season. The minimum NOx was observed at Pransli station the control site 7.13µg/m3 in winter table-3 and highest value was found 15.50µg/m in winter at Vadnagar. The values observed for all the stations were within the permissible limit (80µg/m) (Sirajuddin and Ravichandran 2010, Chauhan and Joshi 2010). Average NO at different stations are given in figure-5. Table-3 Concentration of SO and NOx at various stations in 2011-12 S. No. Stations Ground level concentration, 24 hourly µg/m 3 SO 2 NOx Winter Post Monsoon Summer Mean ± SD Winter Post Monsoon Summer Mean ± SD 1 Pransli 7.13 5.75 7.75 6.88±1.02 7.13 8.13 8.33 7.87±0.64 2 Moradiya 9.63 10.13 9.25 9.67±0.44 9.25 10.00 9.63 9.63±0.37 3 Facharia 9.75 10.13 9.88 9.92±0.19 8.75 9.75 9.00 9.17±0.52 4 Ronaj 7.38 8.00 8.25 7.88±0.45 9.75 9.75 10.50 10.00±0.43 5 Muldwarka 9.13 8.75 8.88 8.92±0.19 9.13 9.13 8.55 8.94±0.33 6 Vadnagar 16.75 16.88 17.00 16.88±0.12 15.50 15.25 14.63 15.13±0.45 Figure-4 Average concentration of SO at various stations (2011-12) Figure-5 Average concentration of NOx at various stations (2011-12) 102030405060708090StationsConcentration in µg/m3 Standard limit Pransli Moradiya Facharia Ronaj Muldwarka Vadnagar 102030405060708090StattionsConcentration in µg/m3 Standard limit Pransli Moradiya Facharia Ronaj Muldwarka Vadnagar International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 62-67, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 66 Air Pollution Index: Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each API range. According to EPA, 2009 there are six levels of health concern table-4 and what they mean are: i. "Good" API is 0 - 50. Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. ii. "Moderate" API is 51 - 100. Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people. For example, people who are unusually sensitive to ozone may experience respiratory symptoms. iii. "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" API is 101 - 150. Although general public is not likely to be affected at this API range, people with lung disease, older adults and children are at a greater risk from exposure to ozone, whereas persons with heart and lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from the presence of particles in the air. iv. "Unhealthy" API is 151 - 200. Everyone may begin to experience some adverse health effects, and members of the sensitive groups may experience more serious effects. v. "Very Unhealthy" API is 201 - 300. This would trigger a health alert signifying that everyone may experience more serious health effects. vi. "Hazardous" API greater than 300. This would trigger a health warning of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Conclusion The minimum ground level concentration (GLC) of PM10 was found at Pransli 73.8µg/m in post monsoon season as it is a control site situated 15 km away from the industry while at Muldwarka the PM10 concentration was found highest in 184.50µg/m in post monsoon season. This site has maximum loading unloading activity for transportation. The PM10 values were observed higher than the permissible limit (100µg/m) at all the sampling station except Pransli station the control site. In this study PM10 are in agreement with the monitoring results obtained around different cement plants of the country. RPM was found at minimum at Marodiya 40.6 µg/m in post monsoon but higher value was observed at Muldwarka 78.3 µg/m in summer season which was more than the permissible limit (60µg/m). SO and NOx values were found within the permissible limits at all the stations in all the season. Air pollution index was also calculated for PM10, RPM, SO and NOx which also indicates that API index for PM10 shows the air quality at different station was in moderate to unhealthy zone for sensitive groups. API for RPM shows that air quality is unhealthy for sensitive group table-5 and API for SO and NOx shows good quality (green zone) in their respective term. Our finding indicates that gaseous air pollutants were well below the permissible standards for ambient air quality. The PM10 and RPM were high because lots of dust generates during processing and transportation. People with asthma or other respiratory diseases, the elderly, and children are the groups most at risk. Water sprinklers tree planting are the mitigation measure that industry have to implement in order to minimize fugitive dust in the area. Table-4 Air Pollution Index, health concern and respective colour Air Pollution Index (API) Values Levels of Health Concern Colors 0 to 50GoodGreen 51 to 100 ModerateYellow 101 to 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive GroupsOrange 151 to 200 UnhealthyRed 201 to 300 Very UnhealthyPurple 301 to 500 HazardousMaroon Source: EPA, August, 2009 Table-5 Air Pollution Index for PM10 and RPM at various stations on 2011-12 Sampling Stations/level of health concern PM 10 RPM Winter Post monsoon Summer Winter Post monsoon Summer Pransli 61 60 63 111 114 121 Level of health concern Yellow Yellow Yellow Orange Orange Orange Moradiya 94 96 93 115 109 142 Level of health concern Yellow Yellow Yellow Orange Orange Orange Facharia 100 96 104 125 123 126 Level of health concern Yellow Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Ronaj 105 101 104 146 145 143 Level of health concern Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Muldwarka 114 115 115 156 156 158 Level of health concern Orange Orange Orange Red Red Red Vadnagar 110 111 110 152 153 144 Level of health concern Orange Orange Orange Red Red Orange International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 62-67, May (2013) Int. 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