International Research Journal of Environment Sc iences________________________________ ISSN 2319 – 1414 Vol. 2 ( 3 ), 41 - 45 , March (201 3 ) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 41 Studies of Physico - Chemical Parameter of River Belgirinalla, CG, INDIA Singh Dhanesh 1 and Jangde Ashok Kumar Department of Chemistry, K.G. Arts and Science P.G. College, Raigarh, C.G., INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 12 th February 201 3 , revised 2 nd March 201 3 , accepted 17 th March 201 3 Abstract River Belgirinalla is a small tributary of river Hasdeo. River Hasdeo is the Life Line of Korba, Chhattisgarh. The present study was taken on River Belgirinalla. It is an important water source of village Parasabhatha and Belgiri Basti. This river is greatly influenced by effluents of industrial units and domestic wastes. There are major fly as hes, red muds and sewerage ponds situated near the River Belgirinalla, its overflow directly mixes with above mentioned river. The study reveled that the total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, ammonia, nitrite, phosphate and chemical oxygen demand of water of this area was higher than the limits. Biological oxygen demand was under the limit, DO was found lower than standard limits. The sediment of River Belgirinalla contains higher concentration of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ than the permissible limit recommended by Indian Standards and World Health Organization. The present investigation highlights the adverse effect of surface water and sediment due to mixing of industrial and domestic wastes. Keywords : River Belgirinalla, s urface water, i ndustrial effluents, s ediment, Parasabhatha and Belgiri Basti. Introduction Korba is the power capital of state Chhattisgarh. It is situated on the banks of the confluence River Hasdeo, Ahiran, Belgirinalla and Dhengurnalla and located 22 0 01 to 23 0 01 latitude and 82 0 08 to 83 0 09 longitude. There are many Thermal power - generating units like National Thermal Power Corporation, Ltd. Jamnipali, Korba – 2100 MW, Balco Captive Power Plant, Pragati Nagar and VEDANTA Korba - 270 MW, Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board, East - Korba – 440 MW, Hasdeo Thermal Power Station, Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board, West - Korba – 840 MW etc., along with a major Aluminum smelting unit and other small - scale industries, they disc harge their waste products in ponds or in water reservoir. These power - generating units are distributing on both sides of water bodies. There are three major fly ashes, red muds and sewerage ponds are situated near the Belgirinalla. The over flow of fly as h, hot water and other wastes directly mixes with water of Belgirinalla. It is an important water sources for the village Parasabhatha and Belgiri Basti. Both Parasabhatha and Belgiri Basti is a densely populated labour colony. This water body run east to west and spread over 20 - 22 km across many villages. This water body is used for irrigating crops of village Belakshar, Dondro, Parasabhatha, Belgiri Basti and Sangam Nagar, washing of cloths and bathing. Fine particles of fly ash released from power gener ating units , red mud from aluminum smelting unit, fertilizers, pesticides, domestic and other wastes flow with water in dissolved state and heavy particles settles down over the soil surface of above mentioned water body 1 . Fly ash and red mud containing alkaline oxides, non - metallic oxides and alarming amount of trace and toxic elements and generate various kinds of skin diseases when it is mixes with water. The present investigation highlights the adverse effect of surface water and sediment of Belgirina lla due to mixing of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes. The study was taken from July 2008 to June 2011 by seasonal planning on River Belgiri Nalla in Balco Nagar, Korba near the industrial units. Material and Methods The sampling was made fr om July 2008 to June 2011 by seasonal planning monsoon, winter and summer. The Physicochemical parameters were analyzed in water samples which is given in table 1 and 2 by standard method adopted N.Manivasakam, Pragati Prakashan Meerut INDIA and APHA 21 st edition Washington D.C. 2005 and text book of soil chemical analysis Hess P.R. 2 - 4 . Results and Discussion The various p hysico - c hemical parameters were estimated from the collected water and sediment samples at sampling sites S1 and S2 are given in t able 1 and 2 . The temperature of water has extreme ecological consequences. It was observed that the temperature of this water body has increased due to mixing of hot wastewater coming from industrial units; its value was recorded between the ranges of 19 to 3 1 o C. WHO and IS provided guidelines for pH 6.5 to 8.5 as ideal for aquatic ecosystem, its values was recorded between the ranges of 6.35 to 9.98, water of the study points was found basic in summer season. The conductivity of the sampling points was record ed between the ranges of 999 micro mhos /cm to 1758 micro mhos/cm. The higher values of conductivity of this region may be due to mixing of industrial effluents, dissolution of wastewater from sewage, fertilizers, and soil erosion. The APHA specifies water turbidity should not exceed 0.5 NTU and should ideally be below 1 NTU 4,5, it was observed that between the ranges of 5 NTU to 14 NTU. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_ ______________ _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319 – 1414 Vol. 2 ( 3 ), 41 - 45 , March (201 3 ) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 42 Table - 1 Sampling Point - S1: Near Parasabhatha Shivpara starting of Fly Ash and Sewerage Dam Parameter Year 2008 - 2009 Year 2009 - 2010 Year 2010 - 2011 Standards M W S M W S M W S WHO IS Temperature 20 19 29.2 21 21 31 22.5 19 30 - - pH 7.80 7.40 8.6 7.80 7.40 9.10 6.50 6.35 9.45 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 Conductivity in Micro mhos/cm 1054 1312 1738 1001 1487 1722 999 1442 1508 250 - 500 - Turbidity in NTU 18 19 28 15 21 24 21 25 29 1 - 5 5 - 10 TS 1237 1796 2190 1234 1843 2356 1211 1678 2193 1000 - 1500 TDS 997 1154 1543 978 1156 1654 898 1324 1425 500 - 1500 500 - 1500 TSS 240 642 647 256 687 702 336 519 931 - - DO 8.2 8.8 6.0 7.8 8.3 6.0 8.0 8.9 6.1 - - BOD 2.1 3.6 5.5 2.8 3.9 5.2 3.2 3.9 5.2 - - COD 5 8 14 6 9 17 4 11 18 - - Hardness 235 268 300 215 285 298 244 230 278 60 - 180 60 - 180 Sulphate 48 63 155 52 65 178 58 73 175 200 - 400 200 - 400 Fluoride 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.5 1.4 1.5 - 2 1.5 - 2 Chloride 26 39 72 26 46 68 29 30 62 0.2 - 250 0.2 - 250 Nitrate 0.5 0.8 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.8 0.6 1.3 1.9 - - Nitrite 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.06 0.07 0.17 - - Ammonia 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.02 - Phosphate 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.4 1.1 2.6 0.1 0.1 Acidity 29 49 55 34 53 63 30 48 59 - - Alkalinity 81 92 113 78 99 118 72 99 116 - - Pb in water 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.002 0.02 0.05 0.003 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 Cd in water 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.002 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.003 0.003 Pb in sediment 0.06 0.19 0.32 0.07 0.15 0.40 0.09 0.21 0.35 0.003 0.003 Cd in sediment 0.06 0.16 0.29 0.04 0.17 0.28 0.05 0.18 0.29 0.003 0.003 Table No. - 2 Sampling Point - S2: Near Parasabhatha across the bridge polytechnic collage road Parameter Year 2008 - 2009 Year 2009 - 2010 Year 2010 - 2011 Standards M W S M W S M W S WHO IS Temperature 21 19.8 30 20.8 22.4 32.2 20 19.8 31 - - pH 7.30 7.50 8.9 7.30 7.50 9.29 7.30 7.98 9.98 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 Conductivity in Micro mhos/cm 1096 1313 1678 1082 1502 1758 992 1478 1686 250 - 500 - Turbidity in NTU 22 21 30 21 24 31 24 27 30 1 - 5 5 - 10 TS 1327 1745 2195 1121 1767 2202 1146 1865 2198 1000 - 1500 - TDS 996 1143 1443 989 1209 1658 879 1387 1543 500 - 1500 500 - 1500 TSS 331 602 752 332 558 544 267 478 655 - - DO 8.0 8.9 6.2 7.4 8.4 6.8 8.9 8.8 6.0 - - BOD 2.6 3.5 6 2.5 3.8 5 2.8 3.8 6.1 - - COD 7 9 16 4 8 19 5 16 21 - - Hardness 242 272 299 270 279 296 236 236 282 60 - 180 60 - 180 Sulphate 42 64 168 43 65 165 66 89 189 200 - 400 200 - 400 Fluoride 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.5 - 2 1.5 - 2 Chloride 28 31 64 29 36 73 31 26 78 0.2 - 250 0.2 - 250 Nitrate 0.3 1.2 1.5 0.7 1.1 1.6 0.7 1.2 1.8 - - Nitrite 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.06 0.07 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.2 - Ammonia 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.02 - Phosphate 0.6 0.6 1.9 0.8 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.9 2.5 0.1 0.1 Acidity 27 48 58 37 43 69 29 51 67 - - Alkalinity 86 95 102 81 102 115 69 89 118 - - Pb in water 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.003 0.03 0.04 0.002 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01 Cd in water 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.002 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.003 0.003 Pb in sediment 0.07 0.20 0.24 0.05 0.22 0.30 0.08 0.22 0.34 0.003 0.003 Cd in sediment 0.05 0.10 0.38 0.05 0.12 0.29 0.02 0.21 0.30 0.003 0.003 Note: All results in Mg/L except temperature, pH, conductivity and turbidity. M= Monsoon, W= Winter, S= Summer International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_ ______________ _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319 – 1414 Vol. 2 ( 3 ), 41 - 45 , March (201 3 ) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 43 Figure - 1 River Hasdeo of Korba District C.G. India, shown in Blue Color The higher turbidity of this site was may be due to mixing of industrial and other water soluble wastes. TS, TDS and TSS of this water body was found higher to the limits, WHO and IS provided guidelines for TDS not to exceed more than 250 mg/L 6,7 . Dissolved oxygen of the sampling points was found that the lower in summer season while higher in winter, its val ues was recorded between the ranges of 6 mg/L to 8.9 mg/L. WHO, IS and BIS provided guidelines for the solubility of atmospheric oxygen in fresh water ranges from 14.6 mg/L at 0ºC and about 8.6 mg/L at 25 0 C under 1 atmospheric pressure 8,9 . Biological Oxyge n Demand indicates microbial pollution in water, the results indicate that water of Bellgirinalla was much suffer from microbial pollution in summer, its values was recorded 2.1 mg/L to 6.1 mg/L 10 . Chemical Oxygen Demand of the sampling points was recorded 4 mg/L to 21 mg/L. Chemical oxygen demand was recorded higher in summer and indicates chemical pollution load and may be due to continuous mixing of wastes of industries, fertilizers and domestic 11 . WHO and IS, provide guidelines for hardness not to excee d 180 mg/L 9 . The hardness of the sampling points was recorded between the ranges of 236 mg/L to 300 mg/L . The problems caused by sulphate gives a bitter taste to water if it exceeds a concentration of 250 mg/L 12 . Its concentration was recorded between the ranges of 42 mg/L to189 mg/L. High concentration of fluoride more than 1.5 mg/L causes various type of fluorosis 13,14 . It was recorded between the ranges of 0.1 mg/L to 1.4 mg/L. Chloride concentration of the sampling points was recorded between the range s of 26 mg/L to 78 mg/L. The concentration of chloride in water is not exceeding 250 mg/L. However, 1mg/L Chloride content in water it affects fish and aquatic organisms 11,16 . Nitrate nitrogen of the sampling points was recorded within the limits. However its small quantity reacts with various compounds present in our body and form carcinogenic compounds 17. WHO, IS and OATA provided guidelines for ammonia should not to exceed 0.02 mg/L in water. In present study, it was found that higher than the limits. It was recorded between the ranges of 0.01 mg/L to 0.08 mg/L. Nitrite nitrogen of the sampling points was found higher than limits, it was recorded between the ranges of 0.05 mg/L to 0.17 mg/L. Phosphate is harmful because they increase the growth rate of bl ue green algae causing the water unsuitable for bathing 18 . Its concentration was recorded between the ranges of 0.4 mg/L to 2.6 mg/L; its concentration should not exceed 0.1mg/L in water. Acidity of the sampling points was recorded under the limits and the alkalinity of the sampling points was recorded minimum 69 mg/L and maximum 118 mg/L. Lead and Cadmium concentration of the sampling points was recorded between the ranges of 0.08 mg/L to 0.35 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L to 0.30 mg/L respectively. WHO provide health based guidelines for Cd is not to exceed 0.003 mg/L and P b 0.01mg/L 19,20 . The higher values of lead and cadmium in sediment was due to deposition of industrial and auto - mobile wastes 14 . Conclusion Human beings are in the top of food chain and they receive the toxic elements and suffer from various diseases. The environmental impact of physico - chemical parameter and heavy metals in aquatic system is immense; hence attempt should be made to assess the load of certain pollutants. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and they tend to accumulate in plants and animals. Hence, it is necessary to determine heavy metals in sediment. On the basis of water and sediment analysis, it was conclude that the water and sediment soil of the study points were affected when the results was compared with IS and WHO. Water and sediment of the study area is not fit for irrigation, bathing and other purpose without proper treatment. Parasbhatha &Belgiri Basti study points were fly ashes & sewerage dam situated. Belgirnalla River joint Hasdeo River at Kohdiya village International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_ ______________ _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319 – 1414 Vol. 2 ( 3 ), 41 - 45 , March (201 3 ) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 44 Figure - 1 Study area location map 21 , S1 and S2 in the map is sampling sites Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to principal K.G Arts and Science P.G. 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