International Research Journal of Vol. 2(1), 63-67, January (201 3 International Science Congress Association An Experimental Study on Gasification of Chicken Litter Dayananda 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sapthagiri 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N. College of Engineering, Shimoga, Karnataka, INDIA Received 09th October Abstract Presently the utilization of energy is mainly dependent on the fossil fuels. The composition and behavior of the atmosphere is changed drastically due to its polluting components. The gap between the increasing and it can be reduced by utilizing through bio abundantly available and technical feasible fuels, which can fill the gap between the energ In this paper a detail discussion on the process of fluidized bed gasification to utilize as an energy source is made and the producer gases obtained from the gasification process is compared with the other author for valida made for the equivalence ratio of 0.12 to 0.26 and it was found that the compositions of Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen are obtained within the acceptable range in comparison with the other authors. Keywords: Fluidized bed technology, gasification process, chicken litter Introduction Presently the utilization of energy is largely dependent on fossil fuels. There are drastic changes in the composition and behaviour of our atmosphere due to the rapid release of polluting combustion products from fossil fuels. A significant amount of the carbon- dioxide emissions from the energy sector is related to the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation. As the demand for electricity is growing rapidly, emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants from this sector can be expected to increas e unless other alternatives are made available. India boasts a growing economy, and is increasingly a significant consumer of oil and natural gas. With high economic growth rates and over 15 percent of the world’s population, India is a significant consum er of energy resources. Figure-1 Total Primary Energy Demand 2010 Journal of Environment Sc iences________________________________ 3 ) Int. Res. International Science Congress Association An Experimental Study on Gasification of Chicken Litter Dayananda B.S. and Sreepathi L.K. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N. College of Engineering, Shimoga, Karnataka, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in October 2012, revised 9th November 2012, accepted 12th December 2012 Presently the utilization of energy is mainly dependent on the fossil fuels. The composition and behavior of the atmosphere is changed drastically due to its polluting components. The gap between the energy requirement and energy production is increasing and it can be reduced by utilizing through bio - mass as renewable energy source. Chicken litter is one of the abundantly available and technical feasible fuels, which can fill the gap between the energ y productions to energy demand. In this paper a detail discussion on the process of fluidized bed gasification to utilize as an energy source is made and the producer gases obtained from the gasification process is compared with the other author for valida made for the equivalence ratio of 0.12 to 0.26 and it was found that the compositions of Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen are obtained within the acceptable range in comparison with the other authors. Fluidized bed technology, gasification process, chicken litter . Presently the utilization of energy is largely dependent on fossil fuels. There are drastic changes in the composition and behaviour of our atmosphere due to the rapid release of polluting combustion products from fossil fuels. A significant dioxide emissions from the energy sector is related to the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation. As the demand for electricity is growing rapidly, emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants from this sector can be e unless other alternatives are made India boasts a growing economy, and is increasingly a significant consumer of oil and natural gas. With high economic growth rates and over 15 percent of the world’s population, er of energy resources. Total Primary Energy Demand 2010 1 Figure- 1 shows that Petroleum account for nearly 37 percent of world’s total energy consumption, followed by nearly 25 percent for Natural gases. Coal accounts for nearly 21 percent of t otal energy consumption, nuclear nearly 9 percent, biomass 4 percent, hydroelectric power almost 3 percent, and other renewable sources less than 1 percent. According to the Indian government, nearly 30 percent of India’s total energy needs are met through imports. International Energy Agency (IEA) data for 2008 indicate that electrification rates for India were nearly 65 percent for the country as a whole. In urban areas, 93 percent had access to electricity compared to rural areas where electrification ra tes were approximately 50 percent. Roughly 400 million people do not have access to electricity in India. Further, the declining energy supplies and severe environmental constraints compel us to sharply focus our attention on the need for additional amoun ts of clean energy sources. Among the energy sources that can substitute fossil fuels, biomass fuels appear as the option with the highest general worldwide potential. In both the developed and the developing countries, the interest and activity for obtain ing energy from biomass has expanded tremendously and dramatically in the last few years. There are large quantities of residues, associated with chicken production and processing industries and they can be used for energy production, provided that they s plentiful supply and local availability on a renewable and perpetual basis. The Table- 1 gives population of chickens in the world major countries. It indicates that out of the total chicken population 15,000 millions, around 45% is f region. Further, India contributes around 5% towards the total world chicken population, which is quite significant from the energy point of view. In India annual growth rate of poultry iences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 63 An Experimental Study on Gasification of Chicken Litter College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N. College of Engineering, Shimoga, Karnataka, INDIA 2012  Presently the utilization of energy is mainly dependent on the fossil fuels. The composition and behavior of the atmosphere energy requirement and energy production is mass as renewable energy source. Chicken litter is one of the y productions to energy demand. In this paper a detail discussion on the process of fluidized bed gasification to utilize as an energy source is made and the producer gases obtained from the gasification process is compared with the other author for valida tion. The gasification is made for the equivalence ratio of 0.12 to 0.26 and it was found that the compositions of Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen are obtained within the acceptable range in comparison with the other authors. 1 shows that Petroleum account for nearly 37 percent of world’s total energy consumption, followed by nearly 25 percent for Natural gases. Coal accounts for nearly 21 percent of otal energy consumption, nuclear nearly 9 percent, biomass 4 percent, hydroelectric power almost 3 percent, and other renewable sources less than 1 percent. According to the Indian government, nearly 30 percent of India’s total energy needs are imports. International Energy Agency (IEA) data for 2008 indicate that electrification rates for India were nearly 65 percent for the country as a whole. In urban areas, 93 percent had access to electricity compared to rural areas where tes were approximately 50 percent. Roughly 400 million people do not have access to electricity in India. Further, the declining energy supplies and severe environmental constraints compel us to sharply focus our attention on the need ts of clean energy sources. Among the energy sources that can substitute fossil fuels, biomass fuels appear as the option with the highest general worldwide potential. In both the developed and the developing countries, ing energy from biomass has expanded tremendously and dramatically in the last few years. There are large quantities of residues, associated with chicken production and processing industries and they can be used for energy production, provided that they s atisfy the criteria of plentiful supply and local availability on a renewable and 1 gives population of chickens in the world major countries. It indicates that out of the total chicken population 15,000 millions, around 45% is f rom Asia Pacific region. Further, India contributes around 5% towards the total world chicken population, which is quite significant from the energy point of view. In India annual growth rate of poultry International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(1), 63-67, January (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 64 production is higher than any other agriculture commodity i.e., about 10% for layers and 15% for boilers. Annual production is reported to be 33,000 million eggs, which ranks fifth in the world. Annual broiler production has reached 530 million and is ranked 22nd in the world. The total poultry population of India is estimated to be 800 million and the states like Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Haryana, Punjab and Delhi are the major producers of poultry. Table-1 Chicken Population in various Countries Country Unit in Millions Indonesia 870.00 Malaysia 160.00 Philippines 125.7 Vietnam 163.0 India 823.5 Pakistan 153.0 China 923.6 Iran 270.0 Japan 283.1 Asia and pacific 7433.0 Rest of the world 8420.9 Total 15853.9 The production of poultry litter varies according to the season, type of the feed and type of the bird etc. The production manure from chicken litter varies with the age of the chicks and the type of the chicken and is indicated in table-2. Table-2Manure production from Chicken LitterBirds (10000) Fresh (avg tons/day) Fresh (avg tons/year) Dried (avg tons/year) Broilers: Up to 42 days Up to 49 Days Up to 56 Days 0.87 1.01 1.14 237.2 287.0 332.8 79.1 95.6 110.9 Layers: White Egg type Brown Egg type 1.13 1.28 410.6 465.4 136.7 155.1 The quality of the fuel to be used depends mainly on its physical, chemical and Energetic Characteristics which can be determined by the proximate and ultimate analysis and the result of it is tabulated in the table-3. Table-3 shows the composition of chicken obtained through proximate and ultimate analysis of chicken litter. The volatile matter and ash composition is found to be significantly high compared with fixed carbon. The Carbon and nitrogen elements are present in a middle value; whereas a little traces of sulphur are present. The calorific value present signifies the suitability to utilize it as a fuel. The Ash deformation temperature is found to be high. Table-3Various constituents and the heating values of chicken litter Parameter Chicken Litter (Dry basis) Moisture content % 7.3 Fixed Carbon % 4.2 Volatile Matter % 53.7 Ash % 34.8 Carbon % 25.2 Hydrogen % 3.5 Nitrogen % 6.7 Oxygen % 22.25 Sulphur % 0.25 Lower Calorific Value (kJ/kg)10,256 Higher Calorific Value (kJ/kg)10,333 Ash Deformation Temperature, o C 875 Ash Fusion Temperature, o C 920 The composition of chicken litter is found to have good manure. But, out of the total nitrogen that exists 60 -80% is typically in inorganic form, such as urea and protein. Excessive application of chicken litter in cropping system can result in nitrate contamination of good water. High levels of NO contamination of good water can cause methaemoglobinaemia (blue baby syndrome), cancer and respiratory illness in humans and fetal abortions in live stock. Three options have been considered to utilize the chicken litter as an energy source. Anaerobic digestion, direct combustion and gasification3,4. It may not be economical to transport the waste products of chicken industries to long distance to store and to utilize it, because of its high moisture content. The fluidized bed gasification technology is seems to be suitable technology for converting a wide range of chicken litter into energy due to its inherent advantages of fuel flexibility and property of utilizing any quality fuel. In this paper, the procedure of gasification process is discussed and the producer gas obtained from fluidized bed gasification is analyzed and the result obtained is compared with results of the other author. Research Methodology Experimental Procedure: Gasification of chicken litter is carried out in an externally heated, atmospheric pressured bubbling fluidized bed Gasifier is shown in figure -1. The design of the same is given. The Gasifier is made up of cylinder of inside diameter of 60 mm, with the fluidized bed height of 30mm and the overall height of the Gasifier is 2m. The Silica sand is used as the bubbling medium. The chicken litter is collected from the poultry farm and is dried for few days and then sieved using the sieve analyzer for the range of 750 to 1000 microns. The operating temperature of the Gasifier is maintained at 800 C. The feed is given to the system through the feed hopper and the liberated gas from the Gasifier comes out of the reaction chamber into the houses, when it is cooled International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(1), 63-67, January (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 65 using the cooling jacket and the cooled gas then flows in to the cyclone chamber where the soot is separated from the gas and is collected in the soot collector. Further the gas is passed through the CaCO filter, where the process of desulfurization takes place. Then the producer gas is passed through the Vacuum Pump, where the pressure of the producer gas is maintained uniform and the Producer Gas is then passed to the four gases Analyzer to determine the composition of Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Figure-2 Atmospheric pressured bubbling fluidized bed Gasifier Table-4 Operating Parameters of the fluidized bed gasifier.Sl No Particulars Condition 1. Operating temperature 800 o C 2. Mass Flow Rate of Chicken Litter 0.4 kg h - 1 3. Minimum Fluidization velocity 0.07 m.s - 1 4. Air Flow Rate 6 – 8 LPM 5. Equivalence Ratio 0.12 – 0.3 The table-4 shows the operating condition of the Fluidized bed Gasifier. The operating temperature is considered as 800C, which is suitable for better gasificationand because of its low ash deformation temperature of the chicken litter. The fuel is operated for the equivalence ratio of 0.12 to 0.3, which is finding to be suitable for fluidized bed gasification 6,7. The calculatedminimum fluidization velocity and air flow rate of the chicken litter is tabulated in the table-4. Results and Discussion The results obtained by the gasification of chicken litter for different equivalence ratios are tabulated in the table-5. The results obtained shows that with the increase in equivalence ratio the composition of CO increases and the composition of CO, H and CH4 decreases. These results obtained by gasification process are compared with the results obtained by Arena et. al and Joo et.al. Table-5 Composition of producer gas obtained during gasification Sl No E R CO 2 CO H 2 CH 4 1 0.12 20.8 22.3 8.5 2.3 2 0.16 22 16.8 2.9 1.1 3 0.21 22.3 13.5 1.8 0.5 4 0.26 22.6 12 1.5 0.4 Figure-3 Comparison of CO gas composition obtained during the gasification process with the other Authors The figure-3 shows the percentage CO components present in the producer gas obtained from the developed fluidized bed Gasifier and is compared with the results of the other authors. Percentage of CO composition is observed to increase with increase in equivalence ratio, similar to the trend established by Arena etal and Joo etal. In reality the trend of CO2 could be correlated with the trend opposite to that for CO. With decrease of CO indicates the better gasification efficiency 10. Figure-4 Comparison of CO gas composition obtained during the gasification process with the other Authors   \n \r\r   \n \r\r\r \r\r \r   \n \r\r   \n \r\r \r \r\r \r \r\r  \r     \r  \r  \r    !   "\r \r  #  !  \r   \r        \r $ \r  International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(1), 63-67, January (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 66 The figure-4 shows the percentage CO composition in the producer gas obtained from the developed fluidized bed Gasifier is compared with the results of the other author. The trend predicts that the with the increase in equivalence ratio the composition of CO in the producer gas decreases, similar trend is observed with the other authors also. Figure-5 Comparison of H gas composition obtained during the gasification process with the other Authors The yield of hydrogen from the model is observed to follow a decreasing trend with increasing Equivalence Ratios is shown in the figure -5. A similar trend is reported by other researchers like Arena etal and Joo etal. The trend is quite misleading at first sight. It is a common reality that as the Equivalence Ratio increases; the temperature of the any oxidation reaction is bound to increase. This trend is applicable only where the temperature of the Gasifier is controlled externally11. In equilibrium modeling, it is assumed that temperature is maintained constant even at different Equivalence Ratios. However for internal heating systems, When the Equivalence Ratio is increased from low values, the temperature of the system increases, resulting in a marked increase in generation of both gas and its concentration. Considering the range of H yield, as predicted by the experimental values with the other authors in the Equivalence Ratios range of 0.12 to 0.26, the model values compare quite reasonable with the other author values. The composition of CH gas obtained during the gasification process is compared with the other authors is shown in the figure-6; the trend indicates that with increasing the Equivalence Ratio results in a decrease in concentrations of methane. The model results validate the claim that CH concentration decreases with increasing Equivalence Ratio. The prediction on CH made by the model is lower than the results of the other authors. In an equilibrium model, it is assumed that all reactions achieve a steady-state condition. Figure-6 Comparison of CH gas composition obtained during the gasification process with the other Authors Conclusion i. Alternative energy resources should be considered to fill the gap between the energy production and energy utilization. ii. The energetic components obtained from proximate and ultimate analysis of Chicken litter indicates that it is one of the bio-mass which can be considered as an alternative fuel. iii. The high moisture content and high ash content chicken litter can be utilized as the energy form by means of fluidized bed gasification process, as it is one of the suitable means through which any quality fuel can be utilized. iv. The gasification of chicken litter shows that the composition of carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen in producer gas produced decreases with increase in the equivalence ratio and the trend is similar with the other authors also. v. The carbon dioxide composition in the producer gas increases with increase in equivalence ratio, which predicts that the opposite trend would have increased the gasification efficiency. References 1.Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Brief (2011)2.Annual Report-2010-11, Department of Animal husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi (2011)3.Bolan N.S, Szogi A.A., Chuasavathi T., Seshadri T., Uses and Management of Poultry Litter, Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 66, (2010)4.Kelleher B.P., Leahy J.J., Henihan A.M., Dwyer T.F.O, Sutton D., Leahy M.J., Advances in poultry litter disposal technology- a review, Bio-resource Technology,83, 27 -36 (2002)    \n \r\r   \n \r\r \r \r\r \r  % \n \r\r   \n \r\r \r \r\r \r International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(1), 63-67, January (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 67 5.Dayananda B.S., Sreepathi L.K., Design and gasification of chicken litter along with agro wastes, International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences,(Communication completed) (2012)6.Abelha P., Gulyurtlu I., Boavida J.S., Carbita I., Leahy J.J., Kelleher B., Leahy M., Combustion of chicken litter in a fluidized bed combustor, The second International Mediterranean bed combustion symposium (2002)7.Ragnar Warnecke, gasification of bio-mass: Comparison of Fixed bed and Fluidized Bed gasifier, Bio-mass and Bio-energy,18, 49-497, (2000)8.Arena U., Gregorio F.D., Mastellone M.L., Santoro D., Zaccariello L., bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of a poultry Farm waste, XXXIV Meeting of the Italian section of the combustion Institute, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Naples, Caserta, Italy (2011)9.Joo-sik kim, Tae- Young Mun, Bo- Sung Kang, Production of clean producer gas with high heating from biomass by air gasification using two-stage gasifier5th ISFR ,October 11-14, Chengdu, China (2009)10.Peter McKendry, Energy production from biomass, part 3: Gasification Technologies, Bioresource Technology,83,55-63 (2002)11.Venkata RamananM. LakshmananE. SethumadhavanR. RenganarayananS., Performance prediction and validation of equilibrium modeling for gasification of cashew nut shell char” Braz, J. Chem. Eng,25, 3 (2008)