@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Assessment of children and adult health risk factors associated with using portable water from the river Benue at Makurdi<#LINE#>Utor @S.O.,Enokela @O.S.,Awulu @J.O. <#LINE#>1-9<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-030.pdf<#LINE#>LoS Water Engineering Nig Ltd, Suit DO5 J-Pius Plaza, 38 Jimmy Carter Street Asokoro Abuja, Nigeria@Joseph Sanwuan Tarka University Makurdi, Nigeria@Joseph Sanwuan Tarka University Makurdi, Nigeria<#LINE#>11/10/2021<#LINE#>13/9/2023<#LINE#>The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk posed to children and adults by Cadmium, Nickel, Zinc and Lead concentration in River Benue water were evaluated in this study. Sampling for the metals was conducted on three locations in transect of north bank, middle stream and south bank making a total of nine stations. These metals were estimated as hazard index (HI) which took into account the combined effects from the heavy metals via the oral and dermal exposure pathways. It was found that the HI for children and adults via the injection pathway exceeded the safe limits in 100% of the sampling stations and was highest in ST3. For the dermal pathway, the HI was similar for both children and adults with highest in ST2 - ST3 and found to exceed the safe limit in 33.37% of all location chosen in this study. The lifetime cancer risk (CR) by ingestion of the water with respect to carcinogenic Pb and Cd were found to be high in all the sampling stations for both children and adults, while it did not pose any cancer risk by dermal pathways in children and adults in all sampling stations. It can be concluded that the river Benue water at Makurdi is polluted due to unregulated agricultural and commercial activities on the river banks. People using the water are exposed to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk.<#LINE#>Schnoor J.L. (2014).@Water Quality and Sustainability.@In: Ahuja S. (ed.) Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification. 4, 427–449@No$Hussain, J., Husain, I. and Arif, M. (2017).@Studies on heavy metal contamination in Godavari river basin.@Appl Water Sci., 7, 4539–4548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0607-4@Yes$Ruqia N, Muslim K, Muhammad M, et al. (2017).@Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the soil, water and plants and analysis of physico-chemical parameters of soil and water Collected from Tanda Dam kohat.@J. Pharm. Sci. & Res., 7(3), 89–97.@Yes$Ogoyi D.O, C.J. Mwita, E.K. Ngu and P.M. Shiundu. (2011).@Determination of Heavy Metal Content in Water, Sediment and Microalgae from Lake Victoria, East Africa. The Open Environmental Engineering J., 4(1), 156–161.@undefined@Yes$United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emergency, & Remedial Response. (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: pt. A. Human health evaluation manual (Vol. 1). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, US Environmental Protection Agency.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Wongsasuluk P, Chotpantarat S, Siriwong W, et al. (2014).@Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand.@Environ Geochem Health, 36(1), 169–182.@Yes$NRC, U. (2006). Fluoride in drinking water. A scientific review of EPA@undefined@undefined@Yes$Anhwange, B. A., Agbaji, E. B., & Gimba, E. C. (2012). Impact assessment of human activities and seasonal variation on River Benue, within Makurdi Metropolis. International journal of Science and Technology, 2(5), 248-254.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Madison, R. J., & Brunett, J. O. (1985). Overview of the occurrence of nitrate in groundwater of the United States. US Geological Survey water supply paper, 2275, 93-105.@undefined@undefined@Yes$US Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Trace elements in water, solids, and biosolids by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Akinbili C.O; Suffian Y,M; Talib S,H,A, et al. (2013).@Qualitative analysis and classification of surface water in Bukit Merah Reservoir in Malaysia.@Water Science & Technology Water Supply., 13(4), 1138-1145 DOI:10.2166/ws.2013.104@Yes$Radojevic, M., & Bashkin, V.N. (2020).@Practical Environmental Analysis.@Science Park, Cambridge, UK: Royal School of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House. 645 p.@Yes$Telliard, W. A. (1996). Sampling ambient waters for trace metals at EPA water quality criteria levels, US EPA method 1669. Washington, DC.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Emenike, C. P., Tenebe, I. T., & Jarvis, P. (2018). Fluoride contamination in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria: Assessment using multivariate statistical approach and human health risk. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 156, 391-402.@undefined@undefined@Yes$USEPA (1991).@Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples.@U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.. epa/600/4-91/010 (ntis pb9123 1498).@Yes$Van Graan, L. A., Lemieux, L., & Chaudhary, U. J. (2013). Scalp and intracranial EEG-fMRI in epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurophysiol, 4, 1-9.@undefined@undefined@Yes$U.S. EPA. Draft action plan: Development of a framework for metals assessment and guidance for characterizing metals. 2002. EPA/630/P-02/003A. Washington, DC.@undefined@undefined@No$USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Exposure factors Handbook 2011 edition (Final). Washington, DC, USA: Office of Emergency and Remedial@undefined@undefined@No$Emenike, P. C., Nnaji, C. C., & Tenebe, I. T. (2018). Assessment of geospatial and hydrochemical interactions of groundwater quality, southwestern Nigeria. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190, 1-17.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Su, K., Zhou, Y., Wu, H., Shi, C., & Zhou, L. (2017). An analytical method for groundwater inflow into a drained circular tunnel. Groundwater, 55(5), 712-721.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Miller, D. J., Loucks, R. R., & Ashraf, M. (1991). Platinum-group element mineralization in the Jijal layered ultramafic-mafic complex, Pakistani Himalayas. Economic Geology, 86(5), 1093-1102.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ashraf, M., Hussian, S.S., 1982. Chromite occurrencein Indus suture ophioliteof 311 Jijal,Kohistan Pakistan. In: Sinha, K.A. (Ed.), Contemporary GeoscientificResearchesin Himalaya, Dehra Dun, India, pp. 129–131@undefined@undefined@No$Schmitt, C. J., Brumbaugh, W. G., Linder, G. L., & Hinck, J. E. (2006). A screening-level assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc in fish and crayfish from Northeastern Oklahoma, USA. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 28, 445-471.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Alves, R. I., Sampaio, C. F., Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J. L., & Segura-Muñoz, S. I. (2014). Metal concentrations in surface water and sediments from Pardo River, Brazil: human health risks. Environmental research, 133, 149-155.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Christodoulidou, M., Charalambous, C., Aletrari, M., Kanari, P. N., Petronda, A., & Ward, N. I. (2012). Arsenic concentrations in groundwaters of Cyprus. Journal of Hydrology, 468, 94-100.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Duan, B., Zhang, W., Zheng, H., Wu, C., Zhang, Q., & Bu, Y. (2017). Comparison of health risk assessments of heavy metals and as in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for adults and children in the urban district of Taiyuan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1194.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Duggal, V., & Rani, A. (2018). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of metals in groundwater via ingestion and dermal absorption pathways for children and adults in Malwa Region of Punjab. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 92(2), 187-194.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Aguoru, C. U., & Alu, C. A. (2015). Studies on Solid Waste Disposal and Management Methods in Makurdi and its Environs North Central Nigeria. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 4(2), 019-027.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Analysis of Soil Content from Roadside at Urban Area in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal<#LINE#>Sushila Devi @Shrestha,Satish Chandra @Garkoti,Sudesh @Yadav,Anju @Verma,Mukesh Kumar @Rajput,Umesh @Babu <#LINE#>10-16<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-033.pdf<#LINE#>Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal@School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India@School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India@School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India@School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India@School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India<#LINE#>2/12/2021<#LINE#>28/7/2023<#LINE#>Contamination of metals from different activities, sources is in roadside soil at urban environment. The dust, smokes, vehicles, and developmental structure are also affected in the soil and plant. It is aimed to determine the effects of air pollution to contaminate in the content at different roadside soil. The study is aim to cover different sites which are heavily polluted, moderately polluted and less polluted sites within different seasons. The soil was collected from study sites. The methods for extraction and digestion of soil samples, bulk elemental analysis were applied. The digested samples were prepared for further elemental analysis and analyzed on ICP-OES equipment. ICP-OES was used to analyze the samples and following elements as Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined. It concluded that Aluminium values are in the first order at all 3 sites and in 2 seasons. In contrast, Cadmium value at the last at all 3 sites and in 2 seasons. Iron and Manganese are in the second and third of the elements series. Due to air pollution, urban soils can be contaminated from different pollutants. The nitrogen and pH values are also determined which is suitable for the environment. These resources can also accumulate in plants, human health and in environment.<#LINE#>Hameed, A. M., Obaidy, J. Al., Athmar, A. M. and Mashhadi, A. (2012). Heavy Metal Contaminations in Urban Soil within Baghdad City, Iraq Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 4, pp72-82@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kathmandu, N. (2014). Central bureau of statistics. Population (in million), 33, 34-0.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Karki, K. B., Dhakal, P., Shrestha, S. L., Joshi, H. D., Aryal, K. K., Poudyal, A., ... & Dhimal, M. (2016). Situation analysis of ambient air pollution and respiratory health effects in Kathmandu valley. Nepal Health Research Council.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology: volume 3: environmental toxicology, 133-164.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kjeldahl, J. G. C. T. (1883). Neue methode zur bestimmung des stickstoffs in organischen körpern. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie, 22(1), 366-382.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zobel, D. B., Jha, P. K., Behan, M. J., & Yadav, U. K. R. (1987). A practical manual for ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Kathmandu, Nepal, 149(7), 75-83.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Shapiro, L., & Brannock, W. W. (1962). Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate and phosphate rocks (No. 1144). US Government Printing Office.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Pruseth, K. L., Yadav, S., Mehta, P., Pandey, D., & Tripathi, J. K. (2005). Problems in microwave digestion of high-Si and high-Al rocks. Current Science, 89(10), 1668-1671.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Neina, D. (2019). The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Applied and environmental soil science, 2019, 1-9.@undefined@undefined@Yes$WHO/FAO/IAEA (1996). World Health Organization. Switzerland: Geneva;. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health@undefined@undefined@No$Chang, L. W., Magos, L., & Suzuki, T. (Eds.). (1996). Toxicology of metals (pp. 1003-1026). Boca Raton, FL: CRC.@undefined@undefined@Yes$https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel@undefined@undefined@Yes$Oliva, S. R., & Espinosa, A. F. (2007). Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils, atmospheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources. Microchemical Journal, 86(1), 131-139.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Dutch Standards Values. (2009). “Soil Target Values" Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment. The Hague, Netherlands@undefined@undefined@No$Anju (2016). Metal Toxicity Assessment in Surface Dust of Bhiwadi industrial Area in Rajasthan; a Dissertation, Master of Philosophy, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.@undefined@undefined@No$Shyam, S., Nath, K., & Singh, D. (2008). Harmful effects of air pollutants in biochemical parameters of plants. Res Environ Life Sci, 1(2), 65-68.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gautam, C. (2006). Action Plan for Air Quality Management in Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: Ministry of Environment. Science and Technology, Nepal.@undefined@undefined@No$Harrison, R. M., Laxen, D. P., & Wilson, S. J. (1981). Chemical associations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 15(11), 1378-1383.@undefined@undefined@Yes$NHRC 1. (2004). MOEST. Ambient Air Quality of Kathmandu 2003-2004. Kathmandu: Ministry of Environment Science and Technology@undefined@undefined@No$Sapkota, B., & Dhaubhadel, R. (2002). Atmospheric turbidity over Kathmandu valley. Atmospheric Environment, 36(8), 1249-1257.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Analysis of trace elements content in shellfish and water quality statue of Opuro-ama Creek, Rivers State, Nigeria<#LINE#>Davies @I.C.,Nkeeh @D.K.,Efekemo @O. <#LINE#>17-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJEvS-2022-003.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@Department of Environmental Technology and Management, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oil Field Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Rivers State, Nigeria@Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Option, Faculty of Science, Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo, Delta State, Nigeria<#LINE#>13/3/2022<#LINE#>9/8/2023<#LINE#>In this study, the content of essential minerals, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na) in the edible parts of Tympano Tonus Fuscatus, Thais coronata, Crassostrea gasar, Cardisoma Guanhumi and Callinectes amnicola from Opuro-ama creeks were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and descriptive statistical analyses of Variance were done using SPSS and significant means were separated using the Duncan multiple range test at 0.05.High Cu content was found in the T. coronata (9.66mg/g) while the lowest was observed in C. amnicola (0.54mg/g). Fe was more in C. gasar (37.8mg/g) and lowest in T.  fuscatus (6.78mg/g). The concentration of Manganese was highest in C. guanhumi (144.8mg/g) and least T.  fuscatus in (15.9mg/g). C. guanhumi recorded the highest (225.1mg/g) Ca content while the least was observed in T.  fuscatus (55.8mg/g). T. coronata recorded the highest (2.11mg/g) Na content while the least was found in T.  fuscatus (0.22mg/g). Ca was the highest mineral observed in all five shellfishes and the least was Sodium (Ca >Mn.>Fe>Cu>Na). The physicochemical parameters such as Temperature (°C), pH, Salinity (ppt), DO (Mgl-1), BOD (Mgl-1) and Conductivity (µS/cm) observed during the study were all within the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The five shellfish species from the Opuro-ama creeks were shown to be good providers of nutrients at various levels, therefore might be a useful alternative for other sources of materials for animal feed formulation.<#LINE#>Akpang, I., & Oscar, E. (2018). Proximate composition and mineral contents of edible part of four species of shellfishes from the Calabar River, Nigeria. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 26(1), 1-10.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Soundarapandian, P., Varadharajan, D., & Sivasubramanian, C. (2013). Mineral composition of edible crab, Charybdis natator Herbst (Crustacea: Decapoda). J. Bioanal. Biomed, 5(4), 99-101.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Venugopal, V., & Gopakumar, K. (2017). Shellfish: nutritive value, health benefits, and consumer safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(6), 1219-1242.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Moss, M. L., & Erlandson, J. M. (2010). Diversity in North Pacific shellfish assemblages: the barnacles of Kit’n’Kaboodle Cave, Alaska. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(12), 3359-3369.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Oladunjoye, R. Y., Fafioye, O. O., Bankole, S. T., Adedeji, A. H., & Edoh, A. S. (2021). Heavy metals in shell fishes of Ojo river, Lagos state, Nigeria. Agro-Science, 20(3), 99-103.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Eyo, A. A. (2001). Fish Processing Technology in the Tropics, National Instit. Fresh Water Fish.  Res.(FIFR) New Bussa Nigeria, 66-130.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Belitz, H. D., and Grosch, W. (2001). Schieberle, P. Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie, ISBN 3-540-41096-1 5. Aufl. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York.@undefined@undefined@No$Davies I. C. and Jamabo N. A. (2016). Determination of Mineral Contents of Edible Parts of Shellfishes from Okpoka Creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research.Vol.2 (2):10-18.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Jamabo, N. A. (2008). Ecology of Tympanotonus fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the mangrove swamps of the upper Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Rivers State University of Science and Technology).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gökoðlu, N., & Yerlikaya, P. (2003). Determinaton of proximate composition and mineral contents of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and swim crab (Portunus pelagicus) caught off the Gulf of Antalya. Food Chemistry, 80(4), 495-498.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zabbey, N., Ekpenyong, I. G., Nwipie, G. N., Davies, I. C., & Sam, K. (2021). Effects of fragmented mangroves on macrozoobenthos: a case study of mangrove clearance for powerline right-of-way at Oproama Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 46(2), 185-195.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Imevbore, V., Imevbore, A., & Gundlach, E. (1997). Niger Delta environmental survey final report phase I. Vol. I, Environmental and socio-economic characteristics.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Cheese, W. (2011). Comparative Effects of Local Coagulants on the Nutritive Value, in vitro Multienzyme Protein Digestibility and Sensory Properties of. International journal of dairy science, 6(1), 58-65.@undefined@undefined@Yes$American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 20th edition (Revised edition), American Public Health Association NY USA, 1076.@undefined@undefined@No$Sullivan, D. M., & Carpenter, D. E. (1993). Methods of analysis for nutrition labeling. AOAC international.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Okere, M. C., Davies, I. C., & Onyena, A. (2021). Variation of the Physico-Chemical Parameters, Nutrients and Some Selected Heavy Metals Around the Waters of the Tincan Island in Lagos, Nigeria. British Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(4), 1-17.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Okonkwo, S. E, Davies I. C, and Okere M.C. (2021): Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Phytoplankton of a Polluted Tidal Creek InAjegunle, Lagos. British Journal of Environmental Sciences 9(1): 51-69.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nwokoma, D. B. M., and Dagde, K. K. (2012). Performance evaluation of produced water quality from a nearshore oil treatment facility. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 16(1), 27-33.@undefined@undefined@Yes$WHO (World Health Organization) (2006). Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Water Quality Report of the First Review Group Meeting on Inorganics, (Netherlands) World Health Organization Geneva WHO/PEP/91.18.@undefined@undefined@No$DPR (2002). Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the petroleum Industry in Nigeria (Revised Edition). Department of Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. Press, Lagos..@undefined@undefined@No$Davies, I. C., Agarin, O. J., & Onoja, C. R. (2021). Study On Heavy Metals Levels and Some Physicochemical Parameters of a Polluted Creek Along the Tin Can Island in Lagos. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, 9(2), 25-39.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hart, A. I., & Zabbey, N. (2005). Physico-chemistry and benthic fauna of Woji Creek in the Lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology, 23(2), 361-368.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ekeh, I. B., and Sikoki, F. D. (2003). The state and seasonal variability of some physicochemical parameters in the NewCalabar River, Nigeria. Supplemental Ad Acta hydrobiologica, 5, 45-60.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Okere, M. C., Davies, I. C., & Okonkwo, S. E. (2020). Seasonal variation of the hydro-environmental factors and phytoplankton community around waters in Tincan Island, Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 24(10), 1739-1746.@undefined@undefined@Yes$FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency) (1991). National Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents and Water Quality Tests FEPA (Nigeria) Official Gazette, Nigeria.@undefined@undefined@No$Montagna, P., Palmer, T. A., & Pollack, J. B. (2012). Hydrological changes and estuarine dynamics (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zabbey, N. (2012). Spatial and temporal variability in interstitial water quality of soft-bottom flats at Bodo creek, eastern lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 21(1), 83.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ntongha, O., & Samuel, W. (2019). Assessment of Physicochemical Qualities of Oilfield Wastewater in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Advances in Research, 18(4), 1-6.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kneib, R. T. (2002). KNOX, GA 2001. The ecology of seashores. CRC Press. 557 p. US $90. ISBN 0‐8493‐0008‐8.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gao, Y., Zhou, F., Ciais, P., Miao, C., Yang, T., Jia, Y., ... & Yu, G. (2020). Human activities aggravate nitrogen-deposition pollution to inland water over China. National Science Review, 7(2), 430-440.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Cubillos, V. M., Ramírez, E. F., Cruces, E., Montory, J. A., Segura, C. J., & Mardones, D. A. (2018). Temporal changes in environmental conditions of a mid-latitude estuary (southern Chile) and its influences in the cellular response of the euryhaline anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica. Ecological indicators, 88, 169-180.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zhang, Y. L., Li, H. B., Xu, L., Pan, X., Li, W. B., Liu, J., ... & Dong, M. (2019). Pond-bottom decomposition of leaf litters canopied by free-floating vegetation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 8248-8256.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Paccagnella, Y. C., Bianchini Jr, I., & da Cunha-Santino, M. B. (2020). Decomposition dynamics of two aquatic macrophytes: response of litter interaction with temperature and dissolved oxygen availability. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43(4), 1047-1059.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Garg, S., Rose, A. L., & Waite, T. D. (2011). Photochemical production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from natural organic matter. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(15), 4310-4320.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gijo, A. H., Hart, A. I., & Seiyaboh, E. I. (2016). The impact of makeshift oil refining activities on the physico-chemical parameters of the interstitial water of the Nun River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Biotechnological Research, 2(4), 193-203.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Unimke, A. A., Antai, S. P., & Agbor, R. B. (2014). Influence of seasonal variation on the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of Imo river estuary of the Niger delta mangrove ecosystem. American International Journal of Biology, 2(1), 61-74.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Garcia-Ochoa, F., Gomez, E., Santos, V. E., & Merchuk, J. C. (2010). Oxygen uptake rate in microbial processes: an overview. Biochemical engineering journal, 49(3), 289-307.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Oyewo, E. O., & Don-Pedro, K. N. (2003). Estimated annual discharge rates of heavy metals from industrial sources around Lagos; a West African Coastal Metropolis. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 4(1).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Akankali, J. A., & Davies, I. C. (2018). Assessment of heavy metal pollutants (Zn & Pb) in new calabar river, Niger delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 6(2), 436-441.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Agarin, O. J., Davies, I. C., & Oyema, I. C. (2019). Evaluation of some physicochemical parameters of the Tin Can Island Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries, 16(2), 1783-1793.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Smith, P. T. (1996). Physical and chemical characteristics of sediments from prawn farms and mangrove habitats on the Clarence River, Australia. Aquaculture, 146(1-2), 47-83.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sikoki, F. D., & Veen, J. V. (2004). Aspects of water quality and the potential for fish production of shiroro reservoir Nigeria. Liv. Sys. Sus. Dev, 2, 7pp.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hogan, M. E., & Ward, B. B. (1998). Response of a marine sediment microbial community exposed to 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Microbial ecology, 35, 72-82.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Si-fa, L., Wan-qi, C., Shu-ming, Z., Jin-liang, Z., Cheng-hui, W., and Gui-juan, C. (2000). Quality analysis of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in Yangchenghu Lake. Zhongguo Shui Chan kexue= Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 7(3), 71-74.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Abulude, F. O., Lawal, L. O., Ehikhamen, G., Adesanya, W. O., & Ashafa, S. L. (2006). Chemical composition and functional properties of some prawns from the coastal area of Ondo State, Nigeria.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Elegbede, I. O., & Fashina-Bombata, H. A. (2013). Proximate and mineral compositions of common crab species [Callinectes pallidus and Cardisoma armatum] of Badagry Creek, Nigeria. Poultry, Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, 2(1), 110-115.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ehigiator, F. A. R., & Oterai, E. A. (2012). Chemical composition and amino acid profile of a caridean prawn (Macrobrachium vollenhovenii) from Ovia river and tropical periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) from Benin river, Edo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 11(1), 162-167.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Inyang, A., & Effiong, K. (2017). Biochemical Composition of an Etuarine Oyster (Ostrea tulipa Lamarck), Thais califera Var. coronata (Lamarck) and Senilia senilis (Linnaeus) in a Mangrove Swamp of Eastern Obolo, Niger Delta. J Mar Biol Oceanogr 6, 1, 2.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Asuquo, F. E., Ewa-Oboho, I., Asuquo, E. F., & Udo, P. J. (2004). Fish species used as biomarker for heavy metal and hydrocarbon contamination for Cross River, Nigeria. Environmentalist, 24, 29-37.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Udo, P. J., & Arazu, V. N. (2011). The proximate and mineral composition of two edible crabs Callinectes amnicola and Uca tangeri (Crustecea: Decapoda) of the Cross River, Nigeria.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Varadharajan, D., & Soundarapandian, P. (2014). Proximate composition and mineral contents of freshwater crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst, 1794) from Parangipettai, South East Coast of India. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 5(2), 1.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nurnadia, A. A., Azrina, A., Amin, I., Yunus, M. A., & Effendi, M. H. I. (2013). Mineral contents of selected marine fish and shellfish from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. International Food Research Journal, 20(1), 431.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gökoðlu, N., & Yerlikaya, P. (2003). Determinaton of proximate composition and mineral contents of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and swim crab (Portunus pelagicus) caught off the Gulf of Antalya. Food chemistry, 4(80), 495-498.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Udo, P. J., & Arazu, V. N. (2011). The proximate and mineral composition of two edible crabs Callinectes amnicola and Uca tangeri (Crustecea: Decapoda) of the Cross River, Nigeria.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Özden, Ö., & Erkan, N. (2011). A preliminary study of amino acid and mineral profiles of important and estimable 21 seafood species. British Food Journal, 113(4), 457-469.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Belitz, H. D., & Grosch, W. (2013). Lehrbuch der lebensmittelchemie. Springer-Verlag.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Cardoso, P. G., Lillebø, A. I., Pereira, E., Duarte, A. C., & Pardal, M. A. (2009). Different mercury bioaccumulation kinetics by two macrobenthic species: the bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Marine environmental research, 68(1), 12-18.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Wosu, L. O. (2003). Commercial snail farming in West-Africa-A guide. Nsukka: AP Express Publishers Ltd.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Martı́nez-Valverde, I., Periago, M. J., Santaella, M., & Ros, G. (2000). The content and nutritional significance of minerals on fish flesh in the presence and absence of bone. Food Chemistry, 71(4), 503-509.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Menzel, C. (2001). The physiology of growth and cropping in lychee. In I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan 558:175-184.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Moberg, F., & Rönnbäck, P. (2003). Ecosystem services of the tropical seascape: interactions, substitutions and restoration. Ocean & Coastal Management, 46(1-2), 27-46.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Adeyeye, E. I. (2008). Amino acid composition of the whole body, flesh and exoskeleton of female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59(7-8), 699-705.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Musaiger, A. O., & Al-Rumaidh, M. J. (2005). Proximate and mineral composition of crab meat consumed in Bahrain. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 56(4), 231-235.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Yankson, P.W.A. and Obodai E. A., (1996). Seasonal Changes in biochemical composition of the Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea roupa(Lamarck) occurring In two coastal water bodies in Ghana. Ghana J. Sci., 31-36, 37-43.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Fagbuaro, O., Oso, J., Abayomi, J., Majolagbe, F. A. and Oladapo A. O. (2013). Quality Analysis of Freshwater Crab Cardisomaarmatum and Marine Blue Crab Callinectes amnicola Collected from Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Nature and Science; 11(8):22.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kpee, F. and Edori, O. S. (2014). Trace metals content in shore crabs (CardisomaGuanhumi) from the coastal area of Port Harcourt City, Rivers State, Nigeria.Scholars Research Library, Archives of Applied Science Research, 6 (6):16-21.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Vuletić, N., Lušić, J., and Anđelić, I. (2021). Analysis of Manganese Bioaccumulated in Mediterranean Blue Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Bay of Mali Ston (Adriatic Sea, Croatia) during Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxicity. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(5), 451.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Preferential nesting trees of some common birds of district Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir (UT), India<#LINE#>Brinder @Kumar,Ruchika @Saroa,Sanjay @Kotwal <#LINE#>28-36<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2023-016.pdf<#LINE#>School of Bioscience, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India @Department of Zoology, GGM Science College Jammu, J&K, India@Zoology Department, Govt. Degree College Paloura, Jammu, J&K, India<#LINE#>3/11/2023<#LINE#>24/12/2023<#LINE#>The present study was carried out to find the nesting preference of some common bird species in relation to the common trees at the study area. Nesting pattern of 29 different bird species was observed on 32 trees/plants species. Selection of nesting site, nest characteristics were monitored and studied. Total of 384 nests, maximum nests 73 on Bottlebrush plant, 34 on Fishtail Palm, 29 on Kainth tree, 27 on Mango tree, 23 each on Tooni tree and Kikar tree, 21 on Jamun tree, 17 on Sheesham tree, 13 on Banyan tree, 11 each on Simbal, Eucalyptus tree and Pulai tree and 10 on Mulberry were found. Out of 32 nesting tree Mangifera indica, Toona ciliate, Ficus benghalensis, Pyrus pashia, Acacia catechu, Morus alba, Psidium guajava, Ficus religiosa, Bombax ceiba, Neolamarckia cadamba, Melia azedarach, Acacia modesta were found to be the most preferred nesting site by different avifaunal species.<#LINE#>Raman, T.R.S., Joshi, N.V. and Sukumar, R. (2005). Tropical Rainforest bird community structure in relation to altitude, tree species composition, and null models in the Westerm Ghats, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., (102), 145-57.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sultana, A., Hussain, M.S. and Khan, J.A. (2007). Bird communities of the proposed Naina and Pindari Willife Sanctuaries in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhan, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., (104), 19-29.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Aggarwal, S., Sahi, D.N. and Wani, A.A. (2008). Feeding guilds of avifauna of Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary, Jammu. The Ecoscan, (2):157-60.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Cintra, R. and Naka, L.N. (2012). Spatial variation in bird community composition in relation to topographic gradient and forest heterogeneity in a central Amazonian rainforest. Int. Ecol., 34-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/435671.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gabbe, A.P., Robinson, S.K. and Brawn, J.D. (2002). Tree species preferences for foraging insectivorous birds: implication for floodplain forest restoration. Conserv. Biol, (16), 462-470.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Goetz, S., Steinberg, D., Dubayah, R., & Blair, B. (2007). Laser remote sensing of canopy habitat heterogeneity as a predictor of bird species richness in an eastern temperate forest, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment, 108(3), 254-263.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ali, S. (1996). The book of Indian birds. (No Title).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Collias, N. E., & Collias, E. C. (2014). Nest building and bird behavior (Vol. 857). Princeton University Press.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Osmoston, B.B. (1927). NotesonbirdsofKashmir,part-1,J.Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc,(31),975-999.@undefined@undefined@No$Choudhary, V. (2002). Studies on Avian Diversity of Jammu District of J&K State (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis. University of Jammu, Jammu).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sharma, B. (2003). Faunal diversity of Ramnagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Jammu (Doctoral dissertation, M. Phil. Dissertation, University of Jammu, Jammu).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ahmed, A. (2004). Diversity and Community structure of the birds of Tehsil Doda, Jammu. M. Phil.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kumar, S. (2006). Diversity of avifauna of District Kathua, J&K (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis. University of Jammu, Jammu).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kumar, S., & Sahi, D. N. (2006). Diversity and status of avifauna of Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary, Kathua (J&K state). J. Himalayan. Ecol. Sustain. Dev, 1, 95-104.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kait, R. (2011). Studies on avian and mammalian diversity of Trikuta hills (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D Thesis, University of Jammu, Jammu).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Aggarwal, S. (2011). Ecological Studies of Bird communities of Ramnagar and Nandini Wildlife sanctuaries, Jammu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jammu, Jammu.@undefined@undefined@No$Kotwal, D. (2012). Studies on Vertebrate Diversity of Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctury.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sharma, N., & Sharma, S. (2017). A recent record of Rooks Corvus frugilegus from the Jammu plains, north-western India. Indian BIRDS, 13(2), 51-52.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sohil, A., & Sharma, N. (2019). A preliminary survey of bird communities around Jammu,(Jammu & Kashmir). In Biol Forum (Vol. 11, pp. 27-49).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Wani, I. N., Fazili, M. F., Bhat, B. A., Dar, J. A., & Sheikh, M. M. (2021). Waterbird Density and Habitat Utilisation Pattern in Wular Lake, Kashmir, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 14(19), 1545-1553.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kumar, B. and Kaur, R. (2023). Avifaunal Assemblages in Suburban Habitat of District Udhampur, J&K (UT), India.Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci.,10(2), 132-145.@undefined@undefined@No$Kumari. M., Sahi, D. N., Langer, S. (2018). Nest Characteristics and Nesting Success of the Indian Pied Myna (Gracupica contra) in Jammu Region (J&K). International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR) Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(2), 903-909ISSN  2320-5407.@undefined@undefined@No$Ahmed, T., Chandan, P., & Khan, A. (2019). Observations on some nesting birds of the Tso-Kar Basin, Ladakh. Indian BIRDS, 15(1), 13-16.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kumar, B. (2020). Nestling Growth and Development of an Endemic Avian Species, The Brown Rock Chat (Cercomulafusca), in Udhampur District, J&K, India. J New Biol Rep., 9(2), 240–245.@undefined@undefined@No$Kumar, B. and Kumar, K. (2021). Nestling Growth and Development of Himalayan bulbul, (Pycnonotusleucogenys) in Udhampur District, Jammu and Kashmir (UT), India. J New Biol Rep.,10 (1), 51 – 56.@undefined@undefined@No$Champion, H. G., & Seth, S. K. (1968). A revised survey of the forest types of India. Manager of publications.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ali, S. and Repley, S.D. (1983). Handbook of Birds of India and Pakistan, Compact Edition, Oxford University Press, Bombay, (4), 99-113.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ali, S. (1996). The Book of Indian Birds (12th enlarged centenary edition), J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., Oxford Univ. Press, New Delhi.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Grewal, B., Harvey, B. and Pfister, O. (2002). A photographic guide to the Birds of India, Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd., Singapore.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1998).  Birds of Indian Subcontinent, Oxford University Press, Delhi.@undefined@undefined@No$Soni, V. C., Sharma, P., Dave, S. M., Bhalodia, K., & Vijaykumar, V. (2004). Nesting ecology of some terrestrial birds in Rajkot city (Gujarat). Journal of Current Bioscience, 2(1), 97-104.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Shrode, F. (2012). Mobile apps for nature field guides. Reference Reviews, 26(7), 4-6.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Leverett, R. T. (2010). The Sibley Guide to Trees: An illustrated guide to tree identification. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 137(1), 131-132.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Effect of seasonal variability on the physico-chemical quality of surface and groundwater of the Mbe plateau in Pool-north (Republic of Congo)<#LINE#>Harmel @Obami-Ondon,Martin @Tchoumou,Kempena @Adolphe,Christian @Tathy,Bernard @Mabiala <#LINE#>37-45<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJEvS-2023-017.pdf<#LINE#>Mechanical, Energy and Engineering Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique (Marien Ngouabi University), BP 69 - Brazzaville, Republic of Congo@Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology (Marien Ngouabi University), BP 69 - Brazzaville, Republic of Congo@Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology (Marien Ngouabi University), BP 69 - Brazzaville, Republic of Congo@Mechanical, Energy and Engineering Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique (Marien Ngouabi University), BP 69 - Brazzaville, Republic of Congo@Mechanical, Energy and Engineering Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique (Marien Ngouabi University), BP 69 - Brazzaville, Republic of Congo<#LINE#>30/11/2023<#LINE#>30/12/2023<#LINE#>Water is a vital resource for humanity. The quality of this resource is essential for the preservation of ecosystems and human health. This study examines the effect of seasonal variability on the physicochemical quality of surface and groundwater in the Mbe Plateau region of Pool-Nord in the Republic of Congo. One hundred and twenty (120) water samples from eight different water sources, including one well, four boreholes and three rivers, between November 2017 and August 2018 were studied. Laboratory analyzes of these samples make it possible to characterize the physicochemical elements of the water. These results are processed using a hydrochemical method, using the diagrams of: Piper, Schoeller Berkaloff, Stiff, and Wilcox. The results show that the values obtained after the analysis of the water samples do not present any significant variation and all comply with the WHO standards for drinking water, except for the temperature which is slightly higher than normal, with values between 24.1 and 27.1°C. The electrical conductivity values range from 5.14 to 16.3 μS/cm and do not show significant seasonal variation. The pH of the waters varies from 4.02 to 6.4, indicating an acidity that does not follow seasonal variation, confirming the acidic nature of the water in the study region. The values of the other physicochemical parameters of the water do not vary significantly depending on the seasons. The waters of the region belong to the calcic chloride facies. The dry season revealed the presence of a second calcic bicarbonate facies. The waters are weakly mineralized and belong to the excellent group on the Wilcox diagram, indicating their drinkability.<#LINE#>Belkhiri, L., Boudoukha, A. and Mouni, L. (2011). A multivariate Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Chemistry Data. Int. J. Environ. Res., 5(2):537-544, Spring 2011.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hubert, P., Servat, E., Paturel, J. E., Kouame, B., Bendjoudi, H., Carbonnel, J. P., & Lubes-Niel, H. (1998). La procédure de segmentation, dix ans après. IAHS publication, 267-274.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mahé, G., & Olivry, J. C. (1995). Variations des précipitations et des écoulements en Afrique de l’Ouest et Centrale de 1951 à 1989. Science et changements planétaires/Sécheresse, 6(1), 109-117.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Bricquet, J. P., Bamba, F., Mahe, G., Toure, M., & Olivry, J. C. (1997). Evolution récente des ressources en eau de l@undefined@undefined@Yes$Servat, É., Paturel, J. E., Lubès-Niel, H., Kouamé, B. R. O. U., Masson, J. M., Travaglio, M., & Marieu, B. (1999). De différents aspects de la variabilité de la pluviométrie en Afrique de l@undefined@undefined@Yes$Lemarechal, A. (1966). Contribution à l@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sautter, G. (1952). L@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sautter, G. (1953). Les villages des Plateaux Batékés et le problème de l@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hudeley, H. (1952). Etude hydrogéologue du Plateau Koukouya et de la région de Djambala. Rapport ORSTOM.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mermollod, M. (1961). Compte rendu de mission sur le Plateau Koukouya.(8-12 Juin 1960). Rapport ronéo, IRGM Brazzaville. Réf. AH.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Archambault, J. (1960). Note sur le Plateauau Koukouya. BUBGEAPR. 282. Rapport ronéo.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ondon, H. O. (2020). ETUDE DU FONCTIONNEMENT HYDRODYNAMIQUE ET PHYSICO-CHIMIQUE DE L’AQUIFERE PROFOND DU PLATEAU DE MBÉ AU POOL-NORD (Doctoral dissertation, Université Marien NGOUABI).@undefined@undefined@Yes$MOUKOLO, N. (1992). State of current knowledge on the hydrogeology of Congo Brazzaville. Hydrogeology , 1 (2), 47-58.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ondon, H. O., Mbilou, U. G., Tomodiatounga, D. N., Mabonzo, M. N., Elenga, R. G., & Mabiala, B. (2018). Physicochemical Characterization of Water of the Plateau of Mbe in Pool-North in Republic of Congo Brazzaville. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(3), 40-54.@undefined@undefined@Yes$World Health, O. (2017). Drinking Water Quality Guidelines: 4th ed. integrating the first additive.@undefined@undefined@Yes$World Health, O. (2017). Drinking Water Quality Guidelines: 4th ed. integrating the first additive.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Obami-Ondon, H., Ngouala Mabonzo, M., Mbilou, U. G., & Mabiala, B. (2021). Etude de la variabilité saisonnière des précipitations sur le plateau de Mbé au Pool-Nord (Congo-Brazzaville): impacts sur les eaux de surface et souterraines. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 384, 233-239.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Matini, L., Moutou, JM, & Kongo-Mantono, MS (2009). Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater in an urban environment southwest of Brazzaville, Congo. Africa Science: International Journal of Science and Technology , 5 (1).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Oga M.S., Lasm T, Yao TK, Soro N, Saley MB, Kouassi D, Gnamba F. (2009). Caractérisation chimique des eaux des aquifères de Fracture: Cas de La Région de Tiassalé en Côte d’Ivoire. European Journal of Scientific Research, 31(1): 72-87.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Oga, MS, Gnamba, FM, Lasm, T., Gnangne, T., Baka, D., Soro, N., & Biemi, J. (2010). Physico-chemical characterization of groundwater from Katiola (North-Central Ivory Coast). EDITOR IN CHIEF .@undefined@undefined@Yes$Obami-Ondon, H., Ngouala Mabonzo, M., Mbilou, UG, & Mabiala, B. (2021). Study of the seasonal variability of precipitation on the Mbé plateau in Pool-Nord (Congo-Brazzaville): impacts on surface and groundwater. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences , 384 , 233-239.@undefined@undefined@Yes