@Research Paper
<#LINE#>A study on benthic community structure in a backwater canal (T.S. Canal, Thottapally), Kerala, India<#LINE#>S. Jaishinimol @Bharghavan <#LINE#>1-8<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2020-037.pdf<#LINE#>Department Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, India<#LINE#>19/8/2020<#LINE#>19/12/2020<#LINE#>Benthos give indications to the environmental status of any aquatic system and are excellent bio indicators of ecosystem changes especially the sediment. The bottom fauna is represented by a wide spectrum of animal groups and exhibits wide diversity. The benthic community in T.S canal in particular the benthic groups and their relative abundance was studied. The benthos in the T.S. Canal was represented by 12 groups, nematodes were the most abundant groups, followed by polychaetes and oligochaetes. Seasonally, the highest density of benthos in T.S. Canal was during pre-monsoon season and the lowest during the monsoon season. The density of benthos was positively correlated with bottom water and sediment temperatures. The high density of total benthos at stations close to the sea indicates that the majority of benthic groups present in the canal prefer saline condition.<#LINE#>Cherian P.V. (1966).@Hydrological studies in and around the Cochin Harbour.@Bull. Dept. Mar. Biol. & Oceanogr.   Univ. Kerala, 3, 9-17.@Yes$Kurian, C.V. (1967).@Studies on the benthos ofthe southwest coast of India.@Bull. Natn. Inst. Sci., India, 38, 649-656.@Yes$Desai, B.N. & M.K. Kutty (1967).@Studies on the benthic fauna of the Cochin backwaters.@Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 66, 123-142.@Yes$Sunilkumar, R. (2002).@Soil macroinvertebrates in a prawn cultural field of a tropical estuary.@Indian J. Fish., 49, 451-455.@Yes$Unnithan, V.K., S. Bijoy Nandan and C.K. Vava (2001).@Ecology and fisheries investigation in Vembanad Lake.@CIFRI Publ, Barrackpore, 15-23.@Yes$Bijoy Nandan, S. & V.K. Unnithan (2004).@Time-scale changes in the Vembanad wetland ecosystem due to Thanneermukkom barrage.@Proc. 16th Kerala Sci. Cong., 29-31 Jan. 2004, Kozhikode, India, 432-437.@Yes$Edmondson, W.T. (1959).@Freshwater Biology.@Wiley Publ., New York, 1248.@No$Tonapi, G.T. (1980).@Freshwater Animals of India. (An Ecological Approach).@Oxford & IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi, 341.@Yes$Trivedy, R.K., P.K. Goel & C.I. Trisal (1987).@Practical Methods in Ecology and Environmental Sciences.@Environ. Publ., Karad, India, 340.@Yes$Krumblein, W.C. & F.J. Petti John (1938).@Manual of Sedimentary Petrography.@Appleton Century Crafts, NY, 459.@Yes$Murthy, K.V.R. & B.K Rao (1987).@On some ecological aspects ofmeiofauna from an estuarine environment.@Proc. Natn. Sem. Estuarine Management, 4-5 June, Dept. Aquatic BioI. Fish.@No$Harakantra, S.N. & N.R. Rodrigues (2004).@Environmental influences on the species diversity, biomass and population density of soft bottom macrofauna in the estuarine system of Goa, west coast of India.@Indian J mar. Sci., 33, 187-193.@Yes$Srinivasan, M. (1994).@Chaetognaths from the estuaries ofIndia. A Review.@J mar. bioI. Ass. India, 36, 221-225.@No$Desai, B.N. & M.K. Kutty (1967).@Studies on the benthic fauna of the Cochin backwaters.@Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 66, 123-142.@Yes$Capstick, C.K. (1989).@The distribution of free living nematodes in relation to salinity in the upper and middle reaches ofthe river Blyth estuary.@J Anim. Ecol, 28, 189-210.@Yes$Prabha Devi I., P. Natarajan, G. Saraswathy Ammal and P.K.A. Azis (1996).@Water quality and benthic fauna of the Kayamkulam backwaters and Arattupuzha coast along the southwest coast of India.@Indian J mar. Sci., 25, 264-267.@Yes$Asha Nair, M. & P.K. Abdul Azis (1993).@Ecology and Community Organisation of the Benthos in the Veli Estuary, Thiruvananthapuram.@J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 25, 1-11.@No$George Thomas (1995).@Comparative Studies on the Ecobiology of Mangrove Communities along the Backwater Systems of Kerala.@Ph.D. Thesis Univ. Kerala, India.@Yes$Asha Nair, M. & P.K. Abdul Azis (1993).@Ecology and Community Organisation of the Benthos in the Veli Estuary, Thiruvananthapuram.@J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 25, 1-11.@No$Murthy, P.S.N. & Veeraya, M. (1972).@Studies on the sediments of Vembanad Lake, Kerala State. Part I: Distribution oforganic matter.@Indian J mar. Sci., 1, 45-51.@Yes$Hedges, J.I. & R.G. Reil (1995).@Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative hypothesis.@Mar. Chern., 49, 81-115.@Yes
<#LINE#>A statistical approach to study groundwater quality of Pardi Taluka, Valsad District, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>Rajendra T. @Vashi,Purvesh V. @Shroff <#LINE#>9-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJEvS-2020-038.pdf<#LINE#>Chemistry Department, Navyug Science College, Surat, India@Chemistry Department, Navyug Science College, Surat, India<#LINE#>20/8/2020<#LINE#>9/5/2021<#LINE#>In present investigation, 72 groundwater samples collected from three stations of Pardi taluka of Valsad district, South Gujarat for a period of two years and were analyzed by standard methods. For this study, physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Colour, Electrical Conductance (EC),Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Fluoride (F-), Chloride (Cl-), Silica, Sulphate (SO4-2), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)were determined. The results were compared with the Indian standard. Correlation coefficient ‘r’, Regression analysis and Water Quality Index (WQI) were determined for monitoring water quality.<#LINE#>Mishra, P.C. and Patel, R. K. (2001).@Study of the pollution load in the drinking water of Rairangpur, a small tribal dominated town in the North Orissa.@Indian J. Environ. and Ecoplan., 5(2), 293-298.@Yes$Tiwari, T. N and Mishra, M. A. (1985).@Preliminary assignment of water quality index of major Indian rivers.@Indian J. Environ Prot., 5(4), 276-279.@Yes$Naik, S. and Purohit, K.M. (2001).@Studies on water quality of river Brahmani in Sundargrah district, Orissa.@Indian J. Environ. and Ecoplan., 5(2), 397-402.@Yes$Singh, D.F. (1992).@Studies on the water quality index of some major rivers of Pune, Maharashtra.@Proceedings of the Academy of Environ. Biol., 1(1), 61-66.@Yes$Khan, F., Husain, T. & Lumb, A. (2003).@Water quality evaluation and trend analysis in selected watersheds of the Atlantic region of Canada.@Environ. Monitoring and Assessment., 88(1-3), 221-248.@Yes$Horton, R. K. (1965).@An index number system for rating water quality.@J. Wat. Poll. Cont. Fed., 37(3), 300-306.@Yes$Mulla, I. G., Farooqui, M. & Zaheer, A. (2007).@A correlation and regression equations among water quality parameters.@Int. J. Chem. Sc., 5(2), 943.@Yes$Draper, N. R., & Smith, H. (1998).@Applied regression analysis.@Vol. 326. John Wiley & Sons.@Yes$Snedecor, G.W. and Cohran, W.O. (1967).@Statistical Method.@The Lowa State University Press, Ames, 6th Ed.@No$APHA, AWWA, WPCF 1995 (2005).@Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 19th Ed.@undefined@No$APHA-American Public Health Association (1998).@Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.@20th Ed., Washington D.C.@No$Standards for Drinking Water (1991). IS-105000.@undefined@undefined@No$Arya, S. and Gupta, R. (2013).@Water Quality Evaluation of Ganga River from Up to Downstream Area at Kanpur City.@J. of Chem. and Chemical Sci., 3(2), 54-63.@Yes$Vincent, J. (2019).@A Correlation Analysis on the Ground water at selected areas of Thoothukudi District, TamilNadu, India.@Int. J. of Chem. Tech. Res., 12(5), 281-284. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/IJCTR.2019.120532@Yes$Shameem, N. and Khajuria, M. (2019).@Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis Of Groundwater In Bathindi, Jammu, (J&K).@Int. J. of Sci. Res. and Rev., 8(2), 4424-4435.@No$Vincent, J., Lekha C., Bagavathi, Vijaya, B., Bhuvaneshwari & Lakshmi, G. (2020).@Physico–Chemical analysis of groundwater quality near the salt-pans of Thoothukudi Districts, Tamilnadu, India.@Int. J. of Chem. Tech. Res., 13(3), 107-110. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10. 20902/IJCTR.2019.130306.@Yes$Al-Aizari, H. S. Q., Chaouch, A. & Fadli, M. (2018).@Assessment of hydrochemical quality of groundwater in Wadi Almawaheb and a asawad area, Dhamar city (Yemen).@J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 9(10), 2884-2893.@Yes$Bhuvana, N., Savitha, S., Durga Devi, G. & Prakash, P. (2015).@A Correlation Study of the Major and Trace Metals Present in the Riverine Sediments of the River Kortalaiyar in Tamilnadu, India.@Int. J. of Chem. Tech. Res, 7(7), 3121-3125.@Yes$Nair, G. A., Al-Mariami, M.A., Mohamed, A. I., Fadiel, M. M., Bohjuari, J. A. & Premkumar, K. (2005).@Physico-chemical parameters and correlation coefficients of ground waters of North-East Libya.@Poll. Res., 24(1), 1-6.@Yes$Sinha D. K., Rastogi G.K., Kumar R. and Kumar N. (2009).@Correlation study among water quality parameters an approach to water quality management.@J. of Envi. Sci. and Engg., 51(2), 111-114.@Yes$Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (2001).@Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Canadian Water Quality Index 1.0 Technical Report.@In Canadian environmental quality guidelines, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.@No
<#LINE#>Physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of tap water of a Residential University of Pakistan<#LINE#>Huda @Kamal,Imran @Hashmi <#LINE#>15-29<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-001.pdf<#LINE#>Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan@Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan<#LINE#>26/1/2021<#LINE#>21/3/2021<#LINE#>Regular monitoring and management of drinking water is necessary to ensure public health. This study was performed to examine the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of tap water of a residential university (National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST) in Pakistan. Samples were obtained from six randomly selected institutes of NUST for a period of four months (November-2019, December-2019, January-2020 and February-2020) to evaluate variations in selected parameters. Ten physicochemical parameters were analyzed pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Alkalinity, Hardness, Total organic carbon (TOC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Turbidity, Free and total chlorine. Bacteriological analysis was conducted through Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. The results highlighted that all the selected physicochemical parameters of tap water samples for the selected months were found within the permissible limits set by WHO and PSDWQ except DO, TDS, TSS, Free and total chlorine. DO, TSS and TDS were found exceeding the prescribed limits throughout the study, however detection of chlorine at consumer end (tap water) was almost negligible indicating poor disinfection system. The results of microbial analysis clearly forbid residents to drink tap water as high microbial loads were detected. As no residual chlorine was maintained till the consumer end it justifies high microbial load in tap water. Results conclude that improving water disinfection is highly recommended for maintaining public health.<#LINE#>Rahman, M. A., Islam, M. M., & Ahmed, F. (2015).@Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological analysis of drinking tube-well water from some primary school, Magura, Bangladesh to evaluate suitability for students.@International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research, 4(5), 735-749. http://dx.doi.org/10.6088/ijaser. 04075.@Yes$Bhardwaj, S., & Giri, A. (2019).@Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Different Sources of Water collected from Indora, Himachal Pradesh, India.@Defence Life Science Journal, 4(2), 91-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/ dlsj.4.13307.@No$Choudhury, S. S., Keot, A., Das, H., Das, M., Baishya, C., Sarma, A., & Deka, P. (2016).@Preliminary Physicochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Bahini River Water of Guwahati, Assam, India.@International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5(2), 684-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas. 2016.502.07.@Yes$Fikre, N. (2020).@Physicochemical Characterization of Drinking Tap Water in Masha and Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia.@Biquarterly Iranian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 7(1), 30-40. http://dx.doi.org/10. 30473/ijac.2020.49311.1158.@Yes$Sunday, J. J., Spencer, N. C. O., Kingsley, O., Edet, A. O. and Amaka, D. D. (2014).@Physico-chemical and microbiological properties of water samples used for domestic purposes in Okada town, Edo state, Nigeria.@International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 3(6), 886-894.@Yes$Khan, K., Lu, Y., Saeed, M. A., Bilal, H., Sher, H., Khan, H., Ali, J., Wang, P., Uwizeyimana, H., Baninla, Y., Li, Q., Liu, Z., Nawab, J., Zhou, Y., Su, C., & Liang, R. (2018).@Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan.@Journal of Environmental Sciences, 72, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.jes.2017.12.008.@Yes$Karnwal, A., Dohroo, A., & Mannan, M. A. U. (2017).@Microbial analysis of potable water and its management through useful plant extracts.@International Journal of Sciences and Research, 73(3), 44-49. http://dx.doi.org/10. 21506/j.ponte.2017.3.34.@Yes$Akhtar, S., Fatima, R., Soomro, Z. A., Hussain, M., Ahmad, S. R., & Ramzan, H. S. (2019).@Bacteriological quality assessment of water supply schemes (WSS) of Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.@Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(15), 458. http://dx.doi.org /10.1007/s12665-019-8455-1.@Yes$Vunain, E., Nkhuzenje, C., Mwatseteza, J. and Sajidu, S. (2019).@Groundwater quality assessment from Phalombe plain, Malawi.@Chem Search Journal, 10(1), 1-10.@Yes$Lina, D., Kharate, A., Awati, B., & Ashwini, S. (2019).@A study on Physicochemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Tap Water of Bidar District, India.@International Journal of Current Microbiological and Applied Sciences, 8(4), 290-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas. 2019.804.033.@Yes$Sorlini, S., Palazzini, D., Sieliechi, J. M., & Ngassoum, M. B. (2013). Assessment of physical-chemical drinking water quality in the Logone Valley (Chad-Cameroon).  Sustainability, 5(7), 3060-3076. http://dx.doi. org/10.3390/su5073060.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Adesakin, T. A., Oyewale, A. T., Bayero, U., Mohammed, A. N., Aduwo, I. A., Ahmed, P. Z., Abubakar, N. D., & Barje, I. B. (2020).@Assessment of bacteriological quality and physico-chemical parameters of domestic water sources in Samaru community, Zaria, Northwest Nigeria.@Heliyon, 6(8), e04773. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/ j.heliyon.2020.e04773.@Yes$Yasin, M., Ketema, T., & Bacha, K. (2015).@Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water of different sources, Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia.@BMC research notes, 8(1), 541. http://dx.doi.org /10.1186/s13104 -015-1376-5.@Yes$Jadhavar V.R. (2020).@Physicochemical analysis of drinking water from Nagothane Town, Dist. Raigad (M.S.), India.@European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(9), 2011-2018.@Yes$Mehmood, S., Ahmad, A., Ahmed, A., Khalid, N., & Javed, T. (2013).@Drinking water quality in capital city of Pakistan.@Scientific Reports, 2(2), 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4172/scientificreports.637.@Yes$Haydar, S., Arshad, M. and Aziz, J. A. (2009).@Evaluation of drinking water quality in urban areas of Pakistan: A case study of Southern Lahore.@Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 16-23.@No$Amin, R., Ali, S. S., Anwar, Z. and Khattak, J. Z. K. (2012).@Microbial analysis of drinking water and water distribution system in new urban Peshawar.@Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(6), 731-737.@Yes$Palamuleni, L., & Akoth, M. (2015).@Physico-chemical and microbial analysis of selected borehole water in Mahikeng, South Africa.@International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(8), 8619-8630.  http://dx.doi.org /10.3390/ijerph120808619.@Yes$APHA, (2017).@Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.@23rd Ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. ISBN :978-0-87553-287-5.@No$Adams, R., Bennett, F., Dixon, J., Lough, R., Maclean, F. and Martin, G. (1951).@The utilization of organic wastes in N.Z: Second interim report of the inter-departmental committee.@New Zealand Engineering, 6, 396-424@Yes$WHO (2017).@Guidelines for drinking water quality: first addendum to the fourth edition.@World Health Organization Press, Switzerland. ISBN:978-92-4-155001-7.@Yes$Drinking water in Pakistan (2008).@National Standards for Drinking Water Quality.@Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.freshwateraction.net/sites/ freshwateraction.net/files/Drinking%20water%20in%20Pakistan.pdf. (June/2008).@Yes$Sailaja, V., Umamaheswari, P., Kanderi, D. K., Reddy, G. P. K. and Rajoji, G. (2015).@Physicochemical and Microbiological analysis of Municipality Drinking Water.@International Journal of Current Research, 7(8), 19368-19372.@Yes$Ahmed, J., Wong, L. P., Chua, Y. P., & Channa, N. (2020).@Drinking Water Quality Mapping Using Water Quality Index and Geospatial Analysis in Primary Schools of Pakistan.@Water, 12(12), 3382. http://dx.doi.org /10.3390/ w12123382.@Yes$Abbas, A. H. (2011).@Studying of Residual Chlorine Concentration within Water Supply Distribution System in Samarra City-Iraq.@International Review of Chemical Engineering, 3(5), 622-626.@No$Clasen, T., Nadakatti, S., & Menon, S. (2006). Microbiological performance of a water treatment unit designed for household use in developing countries.@Tropical Medicine & International Health,  11(9), 1399-1405. http://dx.doi.org /10.1111/j.1365-3156. 2006.01699.x.@undefined@Yes$Meride, Y., & Ayenew, B. (2016).@Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents’ health in Wondo genet campus, Ethiopia.@Environmental Systems Research, 5(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org  /10.1186/s40068-016-0053-6.@Yes$Meride, Y., & Ayenew, B. (2016).@Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents’ health in Wondo genet campus, Ethiopia.@Environmental Systems Research, 5(1), 1-7. ISBN: 978-1-85617-442-8.@Yes$Sila, O. N. (2019).@Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water sources in rural settings, a case study of Kenya, Africa.@Scientific African, 2. e00018. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2018.e00018.@Yes$Ikhlaq, A., Kazmi, M., Hayder, S., Mian, H. R., Rustam, M., Sulheri, A. W. and Saeed, A. (2014).@Evaluation of drinking water quality parameters in the areas of East-Lahore Pakistan: A case study.@Journal of Faculty of Engineering and Technology, 21(3), 1-21.@Yes
<#LINE#>Preliminary study on vulnerability to water pollution in the cobalt-nickel ore treatment area of the Ambatovy project, Toamasina Madagascar<#LINE#>Christian Ulrich @Rakotomalala,Joël @Rajaobelison,Voahirana @Ramaroson,Falintsoa Fanantenana Asombola @Razafitsalama,Lahimamy @PaulFareze <#LINE#>30-38<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-006.pdf<#LINE#>National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.N.-Madagascar), P.O. Box 3907, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar@National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.N.-Madagascar), P.O. Box 3907, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar and Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar@National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.N.-Madagascar), P.O. Box 3907, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar and Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar@National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.N.-Madagascar), P.O. Box 3907, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar@National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.N.-Madagascar), P.O. Box 3907, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar<#LINE#>10/3/2021<#LINE#>15/6/2021<#LINE#>This work is part of the global study on the vulnerability of the water resources to industrial pollution from the cobalt-nickel treatment carried out in the East coast zone of Madagascar, province of Toamasina. This paper shows the first chemical and physical field work result in 2015. The main purpose of the study is to characterize the groundwater and surface water flow, to identify the origin of the pollution due to the industrial activity process that could lead to the water quality degradation with respect to the hydrological aspect, the relationship between surface water and groundwater interaction. The chemical results show that around the cobalt-nickel treatment area (ITACN), in the southern part of the site, the groundwater has the highest concentration of sulphate ion,300mg.L-1, compared to that of North ITACN of which concentration is 60mg.L-1. On the opposite the sulphate ion concentration is lower in the tailings, 45mg.L-1. The respective electrical conductivity reinforces the latter results, since it is evaluated to 800μS.cm-1in the south ITACN and 70μS.cm-1 in North ITACN, whereas it varies from 50 to 400μS.cm-1in the tailings. The Piper Diagram shows that groundwater and surface water have four facies. Firstly, most of the water samples have the calcium bicarbonate type (Ca-HCO3) facies, particularly those collected downstream the tailings, those in the eastern part of the site and downstream the ITACN area. Secondly, one sample has the calcium and sodium bicarbonate type (Na-Ca-HCO3) facies, upstream the south-westpart of the ITACN. Thirdly, in the western part area of the ITACN, the groundwater sample has the sodium chloride type (Na-Cl) facies. And finally, the sulphated calcium chloride type (Ca-Cl-SO4) facies is observed downstream the south of the ITACN and in the tailings. The relation betweenthe major ions and electrical conductivity show that the sulphate ion controls the water mineralization around the ITACNin both surface water and groundwater. The natural purification system seems to work properly since the groundwater mineralization is decreasing along the direction of water flow from the ITACN treatment area towards the tailings area.<#LINE#>Pierre O., Berner, Steven Dickinson and Aristide Andrianarimisa (2009).@Business and biodiversity offsets Programme, Case study.@the Ambatovy project Bbop pilot project.@Yes$Gaaloul Noureddine and Saeid Eslamian (2014).@Artificial Recharge Experiences in Semiarid Areas. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/260291269@undefined@Yes$Chantal BLANC and François Olivier RUF (1992).@The coffee transition East Coast of Madagascar.@Agrarian Systems document collection No16.https://www. researchgate.net/publication/290439521@Yes$Ken Martin, Will Schroeder and Bill Lorensen (2010).@MapInfo Professional. Version 10.5 [Software].@Available from: http://www.pbinsight.com/about/contact-us, 2010.@No$Tom Sawyer Software (2015).@Tom Sawyer, ArcGis. Version 10.3.1 [Software].@Published in the Berkeley, United States of America. Esri Trademarks. Availaible from:http://www.esri.com/legal/copyright-trademarks.html.@No$Nikolaus Nestle, Thomas Baumann and Reinhard Niessner (2003).@Oxygen determination in oxygen-supersaturated drinking waters by NMR relaxometry.@Water Research, 37(14), 3361-3366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03) 00211-2@Yes$Addinsoft Software (2016).@Addinsoft XLSTAT. Version 2016.2. [Software].@https://www.xlstat.com/en/.@No$P. Ferignac (1962).@Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on the validity of a distribution function.@Applied statistics review, 10(4), 13-32. http://www.numdam.org/item?id= RSA_1962__10_4_13_0@No$Indra Mohan Chakravarti and R. G. Laha (1967).@Handbook of Methods of Applied Statistics: Sample selection.@2, Wiley.@Yes$Serge Brouyère, Alain Dassargues and Vincent Hallet (2004).@Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation.@Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 72(1-4), 135-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003. 10.009@Yes$K. Srinivasamoorthy, M. Gopinath, S. Chidambaram and M. Vasanthavigar (2014).@Hydrochemical characterization and quality appraisal of groundwater from Pungar sub basin, Tamilnadu, India.@Journal of King Saud University - Science, 26(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013. 08.001@Yes$Bradaï Abdelhamid, Douaoui Abdelkader and Serge Marlet (2008).@Quality of groundwater used for irrigation and risks of soil degradation in the Bas-Cheliffplain, Algeria.@https://agritrop.cirad.fr/553125/.@No$Stefan Platikanov, Alejandra Hernández, Susana González, Jose Luis Cortina, Roma Tauler and Ricard Devesa (2017).@Predicting consumer preferences for mineral composition of bottled and tap water, Talanta.@162(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.057.@No$Roland Simler (2015).@Roland Simler, Diagrammes. Version 6.48 [Software]. Laboratory of the Hydrogeology of Avignon. http://www.lha.univ-avignon.fr/. 03-19-2015.@undefined@No$Lamia Kouzana, Abdallah Ben Mammou, Noureddine Gaaloul (2007). Seawater intrusion and salinization in a coastal water table (Korba, Cap-Bon, Tunisia).@undefined@undefined@No$Renato Morbidelli, Corrado Corradini, Carla Saltalippi, Alessia Flammini, Jacopo Dari and Rao S. Govindaraju (2018).@Rainfall Infiltration Modeling: A Review.@Water. https://doi:10.3390/w10121873.@Yes$Henri J. Schoeller (1975).@Groundwater pollution.@Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium, August 1971, actes du Colloque de Moscou, Août 1971. IAHS-AISH Publ. No. 103, 1975.@No$Golden Software LLC (2016).@Surfer. Version 13.6.618 [Software].@Golden, Colorado 80401-1866. www.golden software.com.12-12-2016.@Yes$Jeroen J.M. Geurts, Judith M. Sarneel, Bart J.C. Willers, Jan G.M. Roelofs, Jos T.A. Verhoeven and Leon P.M. Lamers. (2009).@Interacting effects of sulphate pollution, sulphide toxicity and eutrophicationon vegetation development in fens: amesocosm experiment.@Environmental Pollution, 157, 2072–2081. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.024.@Yes$L. Matini, J.M. Moutou and M.S. Kongo-Mantono (2009).@Evaluation hydro-chimique des eaux souterraines en milieuurbain au Sud-Ouest de Brazzaville, Congo.@Afrique Science, 5(1), 82-98.@Yes$Estelle Sorrenti (2007).@Étude de la passivation de la pyrite : chimie de surface et réactivité.@Doctorate Thésis. Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Français, ffNNT: 2007INPL054Nff. fftel-01752848f.@Yes$Sebastian Teir, Sanni Eloneva, Carl-Johan Fogelholm, Ron Zevenhoven (2006).@Stability of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate in rainwater and nitric acid solutions.@Energy Conversion and Management, 47(18-19), 3059-3068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006. 03. 021@Yes$Ali H. Amteghy, Mohammed S. Moyel and Muayad H.M. Al-Behadili (2020).@Ground Water Chemistry andQuality Assessment of the Dibdibba Aquifer at Safwan- Zubair Area, Southern IRAQ.@Iraqi National Journal of Chemistry, 18. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication /339443456@Yes$Saida Bedbabis (2014).@Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil chemical properties and infiltration rate.@Journal of Environmental Management, 133, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.007.@Yes
<#LINE#>Assessing diversity indices for the macroinvertebrates in the tidal mudflat of Hana Char in the Sunderbans, WB, India<#LINE#>Gautam Kumar @Das <#LINE#>39-46<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-007.pdf<#LINE#>19, Raj Krishna Pal Lane, Kolkata–700 075, India<#LINE#>15/3/2021<#LINE#>6/6/2021<#LINE#>Shannon-Wiener diversity index is undoubtedly the best choice for the estimation of diversity indices of a particular ecological community among several such conventional indices like Margalef index or Magurran index used by the researchers in the field of applied forest ecology, marine ecology, or brackish water ecology in the estuarine environment though the Margalef index and Magurran index categorically state about species richness indices sensitive to abundance based sampling of species. And after application of all these indices for the estimation of diversity index for the macro-invertebrates identified and sampled at a tidal mudflat of Hana Char in the estuarine environment of the world famous mangrove ecosystem of the Sunderbans, the obtained values show completely different results like the values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index 0.74, Margalef diversity index 1.066, and Magurran diversity index 0.30 because of their sensitiveness to the presence-absence based data and abundance based data of the sample populations. For obtaining such different diversity indices values, a thorough literature search has been conducted for finding a modified combined form or reformulated version of the Margalef diversity index and the Magurran diversity index that will be befitted for the better interpretation of the diversity indices in broader aspects and shows similarity in values with that of the Shannon-Wiener Index. Finding out no such scientific literatures related to the combined formulas of these indices, an attempt has been taken to reformulate the diversity indices measurement combining and modifying both Margalef diversity index and Magurran diversity index which are well-known as species richness indices in the field of applied ecology. The estimated value 0.72 for the macroinvertebrates of Hana Char applying the modified and reformulated version for measuring diversity indices is remarkably close to the value 0.74 obtained from the Shannon-Wiener diversity index which might be used for the estimation of diversity indices in a particular ecological community and might be compared with the index’s values of the Shannon-Wiener index.<#LINE#>Lyons K. G., Brigham C. A., Traut B. H. & Schwartz M. W. (2005).@Rare species and ecosystem functioning.@Conservation Biology, 19, 1019-1024.@Yes$Lande, R., De Vries, P. J. & Walla T. R. (2000).@When species accumulation curves intersect: implications for ranking diversity using small samples.@Oikos, 89, 601–605.@Yes$Hurlbert S. H. (1971).@The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters.@Ecology, 52, 577-586.@Yes$Gorelick R. (2011).@Commentary: Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? The fallacy of true diversity.@Oecologia, 167, 885–888.@Yes$Gotelli, N.J. & Colwell, R.K. (2010).@Estimating species richness.@pp. 39-54 in: Biological Diversity: Frontiers: In Measurement and Assessment. A.E. Magurran and B.J. McGill (eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp 1-345. ISBN: 9780199580675@Yes$Juwarkar, A. A., Singh, L., Kumar, G. P., Jambhulkar, H. P., Kanfade, H. and Jha, A. K. (2016).@Biodiversity Promotion in Restored Mine Land through Plant-Animal Interaction.@Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography, 6(1). DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000176.@Yes$Morris, E. K., Caruso, T., Buscot., F. et al. (2014).@Choosing and using diversity indices: Insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories.@Ecology and Evolution., 4(18), DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1155.@Yes$Leinster, T. and Cobbold, C. A. (2012).@Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity.@Ecology, 93, 477-489.@No$Shameem, S. A., Soni, P. and Bhat, G. A. (2010).@Comparative study of herb layer diversity in lower Dachigam National Park, Kashmir Himalaya, India.@International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2(10), 308-315.@Yes$Das, G. K. (2021).@Soil characteristics in the forest patches of Jungle Mahal in WB, India.@International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10(1),81-85.@Yes$Norton, B.G. (1994).@On what we should save: the role of cultures in determining conservation targets.@In: Forey P, Humphries CJ, Vane-Wright RI (eds), Systematics and conservation evaluation. Systematics Association/ Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 23–40. ISBN: 0198577710@Yes$Simpson, E. H. (1949).@Measurement of diversity.@Nature, 163, 688.@Yes$Peet, R. K. (1974).@The measurement of species diversity.@Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 285-307.@Yes$Pant, S. A.S., Pande, H. C. and Rinchen, T. (2013).@Diversity and distribution pattern of the Pteridophytes of Tehsil Thannamandi of district Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India.@eJournal of Applied Forest Ecology, (eJAFE), 1(1), 29-34.@No$Pielou, E. C. (1966).@Species-diversity and pattern-diversity in the study of ecological succession.@Journal of Theoretical Biology, 10, 370–383.@Yes$Jost, L. (2006).@Entropy and diversity.@Oikos, 113, 363-375.@Yes$Das, G. K. (2017).@Tidal Sedimentation in the Sunderban’s Thakuran Basin.@Springer, Switzerland, pp 1-151. ISBN: 978-3-319-44190-0@Yes$Das, G. K. (2015).@Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans, Springer, Switzerland.@1-211. ISBN: 978-3-319-11342-5@Yes$Das, G. K. (2011).@Sunderbans – Environment and Ecosystem, Sarat Book House, Kolkata.@1-254. ISBN: 81-87169-72-9@Yes$Ellingsen, K. E., Hewitt., J. E. & Thrush, S. F. (2007).@Rare species, habitat diversity and functional redundancy in marine benthos.@Journal of Sea Research, 58, 291-301.@Yes$Gaertner, J-C., Mérigot, B., Rélini., G., Bertrand., J.A., Mazouni, N., et al. (2010).@Reproducibility of the multi-component aspect of species diversity across different areas and scales: towards the constitution of a shortlist of complementary indices for monitoring fish diversity?.@Ecography, 33, 1123-1135.@Yes$Lande, R. (1996).@Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities.@Oikos, 76, 5–13.@Yes$Hill, M. (1973). Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54, 427-432.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Heip, C. (1974).@A new index measuring evenness.@Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 555–557.@Yes$Gaston, K. J. (1994).@Rarity. Chapman and Hall, London.@1-220. ISBN: 978-94-011-0701-3_1@No$Beisel, J. N., Usseglio-Polatera, P., Bachmann, V. & Moreteau, J. C. (2003).@A comparative analysis of evenness index sensitivity.@International Review of Hydrobiology, 88, 3-15.@Yes$Zaiontz, C. (2020).@Multiple Correlation Coefficient, Real Statistics using Excel, Real Statistics.@Correlation, 1-5. www.real-statistics.com,.@No$Magurran, A.E. (2004).@Measuring biological diversity.@Blackwell Science. DOI: 10.2307/4126959.@Yes$Magurran, A. E. (1988).@Ecological diversity and its measurement.@Croom Helm Limited, London. 1-179. ISBN: 0-632-05633-9@Yes$Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. (1949).@The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.@1-28. ISBN: 978-0-252-09803-1.@No$Margalef, R. (1958).@Information theory in ecology.@General Systems, 3, 36–71.@Yes$Ma M. (2005).@Species richness vs evenness: independent relationship and different responses to edaphic factors.@Oikos, 111, 192-198.@Yes$Somerfield, P. J., Clarke, K. R., Warwick, R. M. and Dulvy, N. K. (2008).@Average functional distinctness as a measure of the composition of assemblages.@Ices Journal of Marine Science, 65, 1462-1468.@Yes$Thomas, C.D. and Mallorie, H.C. (1985).@Rarity, species richness and conservation: buttterflies of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco.@Biological Conservation, 33, 95-117.@Yes$Modica, M. V., Bouchet, P., Cruaud, C., Utge, J. & Oliverio, M. (2011).@Molecular phylogeny of the nutmeg shells (Neogastropoda, Cancellariidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 685-697.@undefined@Yes$Hoffmann, S. & Hoffmann, A. (2008).@Is there a “true” diversity?.@Ecological Economics, 65, 213-215.@Yes$Rogers, S.I., Clarke, K.R. and Reynolds, J.D. (1999).@The taxonomic distinctness of coastal bottom-dwelling fish communities of the North-east Atlantic.@Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 769-782.@Yes$Purvis, A. and Hector, A. (2000).@Getting the measure of biodiversity.@Nature, 405,212-219.@Yes$Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (1998).@A taxonomic distinctness index and its statistical properties.@Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 523-531.@Yes$Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (1999).@The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels.@Marine Ecology Progress Series, 184, 21-29.@Yes$Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (2001).@A further biodiversity index applicable to species lists: variation in taxonomic distinctness.@Marine Ecology Progress Series, 216, 265-278.@Yes$Gaston, K.J. & Spicer, V.I. (1998).@Biodiversity: An Introduction.@Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1-208. ISBN: 978-1-405-11857-6@No$Boyle, T. P., Smillie, G. M., Anderson, J. C. and Beeson, D. R. (1990).@A sensitivity analysis of nine diversity and seven similarity indices.@Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 62,749-762.@Yes$Chao, A., Chiu, C.H. and Jost, L. (2010).@Phylogenetic diversity measures based on Hill numbers.@Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 3599-3609.@Yes$Buckland, S. T., Magurran, A. E., Green, R. E. & Fewster, R. M. (2005).@Monitoring change in biodiversity through composite indices.@Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 360, 243-254.@Yes$Berger, W. H. and Parker, F. L. (1970).@Diversity of planktonic Foraminifera in deep sea sediments.@Science, 168, 1345–1347.@Yes$Wilsey, B. & Stirling, G. (2007).@Species richness and evenness respond in a different manner to propagule density in developing prairie microcosm communities.@Plant Ecology, 190, 259-273.@Yes$Smith, B. & Wilson, J. B. (1996).@A consumer@Oikos, 76,70-82.@Yes$Parangpe, S. A. and Gore, A. P. (1997).@Effort needed to measure biodiversity.@International Journal of Ecology and Environment Sciences, 23, 173-183.@Yes$Moreno, C. & Rodríguez, P. (2010).@A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity?@Oecologia, 163, 279-282.@Yes$Walker, B., Kinzig A. & Langridge, J. (1999).@Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function: The nature and significance of dominant and minor species.@Ecosystems, 2, 95-113.@Yes$Warwick, RM & Clarke, K.R. (1995).@New ‘biodiversity’ measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress.@Marine Ecology Progress Series, 129, 301–305.@Yes$Plazzi, F., Ferrucci, R., & Passamonti, M. (2010).@Phylogenetic representativeness: a new method for evaluating taxon sampling in evolutionary studies.@BMC Bioinformatics, 11, 209.@Yes$Ricotta, C., De Zuliani, E., Pacini, A. & Avena, G. C. (2001).@On the mutual relatedness of evenness measures.@Community Ecology, 2, 51-56.@Yes$Hillebrand, H., Bennett, D. M. & Cadotte, M. W. (2008).@Consequences of dominance: a review of evenness effects on local and regional ecosystem processes.@Ecology, 89, 1510-1520.@Yes$Chiarucci, A., Bacaro, G. & Scheiner, S. M. (2011).@Old and new challenges in using species diversity for assessing biodiversity.@Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366, 2426–2437.@Yes$Mérigot, B. and Gaertner, J.-C. (2011).@Incorporation of phylogeny in biological diversity measurement: Drawbacks of extensively used indices, and advantages of quadratic entropy.@Bioessays, 33, 819-822.@Yes$Mouchet, M., Villéger, S., Mason, M. & Mouillot, D. (2010).@Functional diversity measures: an overview of their redundancy and their ability to discriminate community assembly rules.@Functional Ecology, 24, 867-876.@Yes$Tolimieri, N. & Anderson, M.J. (2010).@Taxonomic Distinctness of Demersal Fishes of the California Current: Moving Beyond Simple Measures of Diversity for Marine Ecosystem-Based Management.@PLoS ONE 5(5), e10653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010653.@Yes$Tuomisto, H. (2010).@A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist.@Oecologia, 164, 853-860.@Yes$Wilsey, B.J., Chalcraft, D.R., Bowles, C.M. & Willig, M.R. (2005).@Relationships among indices suggest that richness is an incomplete surrogate for grassland biodiversity.@Ecology, 86, 1178-1184.@Yes$Das, G. K. (2020).@Required Optimum Sample Size Determination of Forest Stands in West Bengal.@eJournal of Applied Forest Ecology, 8(2), 1-6.@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Trophic status of freshwater lentic ecosystem-Halali reservoir (Vidisha, MP, India) with special reference to Nitrate and Phosphate<#LINE#>Ishfaq @Gul <#LINE#>47-49<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-002.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Higher Education, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India<#LINE#>9/2/2021<#LINE#>11/4/2021<#LINE#>Nitrate and phosphate are the two key nutrients required by plants and animals to perform certain necessary functions. Accelerated anthropogenic activities (via use of nitrate and phosphate based compounds) and processes like runoff from sewerage, agricultural and construction sites; septic tank leachate; runoff and infiltration from animal feedlots etc. brings large quantities of such nutrients into the nearby water bodies and support the luxurious growth of algae and other aquatic plants like Hydrilla, Ceratophylum, Vallisneriaspiralis etc. which alternately make the water eutrophic and cause the gradual shrinking of the water body. The excessive growth of these aquatic plants causes some more complicated conditions like reduced light penetration, low DO and also snatches the aesthetic value of the aquatic system and ultimately reduces its life span to a large extent.<#LINE#>Tamot, P., Mishra, R. and Somdutt (2007).@Water quality of the Halali reservoir with reference to cage aquaculture as a modern tool for obtaining enhanced fish production. Proceedings of Taal.@The 12th world lake conference: 318-324.@No$Freeman, S., Hamilton, H., Hoot, S., Podgorski, G., Ryan, J. M., Smith, S. S., ... & Weigle, D. S. (2002).@Instructor Guide.@Biological science, Vol. 1. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.@Yes$Trivedy, R.K. and Goel, P.K. (1986).@Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies.@Environmental Publication, Karad, Maharashtra, India.@Yes$Lee GF, Jones RA and Rast W (1981).@Alternative approach to trophic state classification for water quality management.@Occ. Pap 66: Dept. Civil Environ. Engg. Prog. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.@Yes$APHA (1998).@Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water 20th addition. American Public Health Association, Washington.@Aquaculture Engineering. 19; 119-131.@No$Adoni, A.D. (1985).@Work book of limnology.@Pratibha publication. Sagar MP, India.@Yes$U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976).@Quality criteria for water (report number EPA-440/9-76-023).@Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.@No$Hannan, H.H. and Young, W.J. (1975).@The influence of a deep storage reservoir on the Physico-chemical limnology of a central Texas river.@Hydrobiologia, 44(2), 177-207.@Yes$Peterson, J.B., Barlow, J.P. and Savage (1974).@The physiological state with respect to phosphorus of Caynga lake phytoplankton.@Limnology and Oceanograpgy, 19, 396-408.@Yes$Dixit, S., Gupta, S.K. and Tiwari, S. (2005).@Nutrient Overloading of a Freshwater Lake in Bhopal, India.@Electronic Green Journal Issue, 21, Earth Day; ISSN: 1076-7975.@Yes$Marsden M.W. (1989).@Lake restoration by reducing external phosphorus loading: the influence of sediment phosphorus release.@Fresh Water Biology, 21, 139-162.@Yes
@Case Study
<#LINE#>An assessment of the impact of intercropping on food security in Maramani communal area: the case of Shashe Irrigation Scheme: Beitbridge District: Zimbabwe<#LINE#>Noel @Dube,Darlington @Ndlovu <#LINE#>50-54<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJEvS-2020-065.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Matebeleland South Regional Campus, Box 346, Gwanda, Zimbabwe@Mapane Secondary School, P.O. Box 221, Gwanda, Zimbabwe<#LINE#>2/12/2020<#LINE#>4/4/2021<#LINE#>The purpose of the study was to determine the impacts of intercropping of food security in the Maramani Ward. A case study research design was adopted for this research because it is appropriate to the problem and the advantages it possess. The population of this study was confined to one hundred and eighty three villagers ward councilor, CESVI manager, irrigation committee member, agricultural extension worker and the Beitbridge District Council officer. The sample consisted of forty villagers, ward councilor, CESVI manager, irrigation committee member, agricultural extension worker and Beitbridge District Council officer. 89% of the respondents were of the opinion that intercropping had a positive impact on food security. However some respondents (8.9%) pointed out that the intercropping has led to some misunderstanding within family members. 2.2% of the respondents were undecided on the impact of intercropping on food security. The majority of the respondents (86.7%) indicated that intercropping had actually improved their standard of living as they were now producing a surplus which they could sale and purchased a number of necessities. They had now ventured into cash crops instead of depending on the traditional crops like maize and sorghum. The major factors affecting intercroppig were identified as being availability of labour and access to capital to buy inputs. The majority of respondents (67%) were women and most of whom were afraid to guard their crops against wildlife at night. As a result most of their crops were destroyed by wildlife especially elephants at night.<#LINE#>Mudima, K. (2002). Socio-economic impact of smallholder irrigation development in Zimbabwe: A case study of five successful irrigation schemes. In Private Irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa; Proceedings of Regional Seminar on Private Sector Participation and Irrigation Expansion in sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 21-30.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Rukuni, F., (2006).@Africa: Addressing growing threats to food security.@W. K. Kellogg Foundation, University of Pretoria, Hatfield.@No$Francis, N., (1986).@Your Research Project.@London: SAGE Publications@No$FAO (2002).@The state of food insecurity in the world 2001.@Rome.@No$Mudzonga, E., and Chigwada, T., (2009).@Agriculture: Future scenarios for Southern Africa. A case study of Zimbabwe’s food security.@International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Winnipeg, Canada.@Yes$Mushunje, A. and Mukurumbwa, (2010).@Irrigation development: A food security and household income perspective University of Fort Hare, South Africa.@@No$Peter, G. (2011). The impact of small scale irrigation schemes on household food security in Swaziland. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(6), 102-117.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Flick Uwe, (2009).@An Introduction to Qualitative Research.@4th Edition. Thousand Oaks CA, SAGE Publications Ltd.@Yes$Cohen, M., and Marion, R. (2011).@Imperial Education. Pretoria: UNISA.@@No$Leady P.D. (1980).@Practical Research:  Planning and Design.@New York. (1980)@No$Cloward C. and Ohlin K. (2002).@Data collection in context. London: Longman.@@No$Kothari C. R., (1985).@Research methodology: Methods & techniques.@Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.@Yes$Harwell M.R. (2010).@Research design in qualitative, quantitative & mixed methods.@University of Minnesotta.@No$Holloway I. (1997).@Basic concepts for qualitative research.@Oxford. Blackwell Science.@Yes$Lieber, E. (2009). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Insights into design and analysis issues. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research, 3(4).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Best, J. and Khan, W. (1993).@Research in Education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.@@Yes$Cohen Louise and Manion Lawrence (1994).@Research Methods in Education.@4th Edition, London, Routledge.@Yes$Driscoll, D. L., Yeboah, A. A., and Salib, P., (2007).@Merging qualitative & quantitative data in mixed methods research: How to & why not; University of Nebraska, Lincoln.@@Yes$Gwimbi, P. and Dirwai C. (2003).@Research Methods in Geography and Environmental Studies. Harare, Zimbabwe Open University.@@No$Neuman, L. W. (2000).@Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.@New York.@Yes
<#LINE#>Perception and attitude of tribal people towards human-elephant conflicts in Gorumara National Park: A Study of Purba Kantadighi Kumarpara Village, Jalpaiguri District, WB, India<#LINE#>Pranab Kr. @Das <#LINE#>55-61<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJEvS-2021-004.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geography, Sree Chaitanya College, Habra, District: North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>8/3/2021<#LINE#>25/4/2021<#LINE#>Human-wildlife conflict arises due to direct and indirect negative interactions between them in and around forest areas. This could be potentially harmful to both sides and leads to negative human attitudes towards wildlife. This type of conflict causes economic losses particularly hampering of crop productions, agricultural activities and collection of non-timber forest products. Often human-wildlife conflicts become fatal due to their rivalries for food and niche. Human-elephant conflict in and around Gorumara National Park of West Bengal is a perfect example of this scenario. Gorumara is the natural habitat of approx 104 Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) among them 85 is residential. Here elephant density is 1.06/km2, one of the highest in the world. The study area, Purba Kantadighi Kumarpara (26°43'38.26"N, 88°45'52.02"E), is a small tribal village, situated at the western fringe Gorumara National Park, under Kumali Panchayat in Mal Bazar Police Station of Jalpaiguri district. It is inhabited by only 115 tribal people of 20 families; most of them are engaged in subsistence marginal farm activities. Due to proximity to forest, crop-raiding and damages of household properties by elephants is a recurring event here. This is a case study on human-elephant conflicts in Purba Kantadighi Kumarpara village, emphasising on people’s perceptions and attitudes regarding this fact.<#LINE#>Choudhury, A., Lahiri Choudhury, D.K., Desai, A., Duckworth, J.W., Easa, P.S., Johnsingh, A.J.T., Fernando, P., Hedges, S., Gunawardena, M., Kurt, F., Karanth, U., Lister, A., Menon, V., Riddle, H., Rübel, A. & Wikramanayake, E. (2008).@IUCN SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group, Elephas maximus.@The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T7140A12828813@No$Naha D., Sathyakumar S., Dash S., Chettri A. and Rawat  G.S. (2019).@Assessment and prediction of spatial patterns of human-elephant conflicts in changing land cover scenarios of a human-dominated landscape in North Bengal.@PLOS ONE 14(2): e0210580. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0210580@Yes$Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India (2017).@Synchronized Elephant Population Data 2017.@Project Elephant Division, 1-28.@No$Shrivastava Sambhav Kumar, Gupta Alok, Suchitra M and Bera Sayantan (2014).@Jumbo Conflicts.@Down to Earth, 22 (3), 32-38@No$Bisht S.S. (2002).@An overview of elephant conservation in India.@Indian Forester, 128(1), 121-136@Yes$Hoare R. (2000).@Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a land use mosaic.@Journal of Applied Ecology, 36(5), 689-700.@Yes$Chatterjee P. (2001).@A Time for Tea: Women, Labor, and Post/Colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation.@Duke University Press, p-216, ISBN:13:978-0-8223-2674-8.@No$Choudhury A. (1999).@Status and conservation of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in north-eastern India.@Mammal Review, Wiley, 29(3), 141-174.@Yes$Lahiri-Choudhury DK. (1991).@Keeping wild elephants at bay, in: Eltringham SK (Eds.).@The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants. Salamander Books, London, p. 166–173. ISBN: 0- 8610-155-6.@Yes$Chowdhury Vijay (2019).@Gorumara National Park complete detail [Blog Post].@Divisional Forest Office, Gorumara Wildlife & Kumlai Panchayat Office. Retrieved from http://natureconservation.in/gorumara-national-park-complete-detail-updated/ , accessed on 27.11.2020@No$Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India. (2009).@Annual Report of Environment and Forest.@2008-09, p-227@No$Munier Nolbert (2005).@Introduction to Sustainability: Road to a Better Future.@Springer, p-289. ISBN:978-1-4020-3558-6@Yes$Gurstelle William (2009).@Absinthe & Flamethrowers:  Projects and Ruminations on the Art of Living Dangerously.@Chicago Review Press, pp-170-72. ISBN: 9781569763070@Yes$King Lucy E. (2019).@Elephant and Bees: Using Beehive Fences to Increase Human-Elephant Coexistence for Small-Scale Farmers in Kenya.@In Beatrice Frank, Jenny A. Glikman, Silvio Marchini (Eds), Human–Wildlife Interactions: Turning Conflict into Coexistence , Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, pp-217-241. ISBN-13:978-1108416061.@No