@Research Paper
<#LINE#>The physiological role of Vitamin D in the female fertility in rats<#LINE#>El-Hameed@Noura E. Abd ,Mohammed@Haiam A. ,A.A. @El-Badry ,M.M.Z.@Hamada  <#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-083.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt@Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt@Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt@Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt<#LINE#>12/10/2018<#LINE#>6/2/2019<#LINE#>This study was set up to assess the role of vitamin D on the female fertility using albino rats in order to get benefit from its use. For this study, fifty female albino rats obtained as weanling (21 days –old) weighing 30 g, were allocated randomly into 2 equal groups (First group was vitamin D-deficient rats which fed vitamin D deficient diet and the second group is vitamin D-replete rats which fed the same diet but received 2µg cholecalciferol per week in 0.1ml propylene glycol by a single intra peritoneal injection). A animals were maintained till become adult. The body weight was recorded from the age of 21 till the age of 4 months, the length and regularity of estrus cycle were monitored daily by vaginal smears and sera were used for determination of estrogen level. Tissue samples (ovaries and uteri) were used for histopathological examination. The obtained results showed a significant increase in the body weights of the replete females as compared with the deficient group. Moreover, the deficient females had longer days of estrus cycle. Estradiol level in the deficient females was lower than the replete females. Histopathological examination of the ovary showed abnormal development of the follicles and uterine hypoplasia was recorded in the deficient females as compared with the replete one. Vitamin Dare capable of inducing useful effects on the reproductive systems of female rats.<#LINE#>Bouillon R., Okamura W.H. and Norman A.W. (1995).@Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system.@Endocrine reviews, 16(2), 200-257.@Yes$Mizwicki M.T., Menegaz D., Yaghmaei S., Henry H.L. and Norman A.W. (2010).@A molecular description of ligand binding to the two overlapping binding pockets of the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR): structure–function implications.@J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 121, 98-105.@Yes$Dusso A.S. (2005).@Brown A.J., Slatopolsky E., Vitamin D.@Am J Physiol Renal Physiol., 289, F8-F28.@Yes$Lal H., Pandey R. and Aggarwal S.K. (1999).@Vitamin D: Non-skeletal actions and effects on growth.@Nutrition Research, 19(11), 1683-1718.@Yes$Anagnostis P., Karras S. and Goulis D.G. (2013).@Vitamin D in human reproduction: a narrative review.@International journal of clinical practice, 67(3), 225-235.@Yes$Stumpf W.E. (1995).@Vitamin D sites and mechanisms of action: a histochemical perspective. Reflections on the utility of autoradiography and cytopharmacology for drug targeting.@Histochem. Cell Biol., 104(6), 417-427.@Yes$Kinuta K., Tanaka H., Moriwake T., Aya K., Kato S. and Seino Y. (2000).@Vitamin D is an important factor in estrogen biosynthesis of both female and male gonads.@Endocrinology, 141, 1317-1324.@Yes$Kumari K.R. and Hadalagi N.M. (2015).@Role of sunshine vitamin “D” sufficiency in male and female infertility.@International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4(2), 305-311.@Yes$Kwiecinski G.G., Petrie G.I. and DeLuca H.F. (1989).@Vitamin D is necessary for reproductive functions of the male rat.@J. Nutr., 119, 741-744.@Yes$Johnson L.E. and DeLuca H.F. (2002).@Reproductive Defects Are Corrected in Vitamin D–Deficient Female Rats Fed a High Calcium, Phosphorus and Lactose Diet.@J. Nutr., 132, 2270-2273.@Yes$Halloran B.P. and DeLuca H.F. (1980).@Effect of vitamin D deficiency on fertility and reproductive capacity in the female rat.@J. Nutr., 110(8), 1573-1580.@Yes$Yoshizawa T., Handa Y., Uematsu Y., Takeda S., Sekine K., Yoshihara Y., Kawakami T., Arioka K., Sato H., Uchiyama Y., Masushige S., Fukamizu A., Matsumoto T. and Kato S. (1997).@Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia, and growth retardation after weaning.@Nat. Genet., 16, 391-396.@Yes$Sun W., Xie H., Ji J., Zhou X., Goltzman D. and Miao D. (2010).@Defective female reproductive function in 1,25(OH)2D-de&#64257;cient mice results from indirect effect mediated by extracellular calcium and/or phosphorus.@Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 299, 928-935.@Yes$Uhland A.M., Kwiecinski G.G. and Deluca H.F. (1992).@Normalization of serum calcium restores fertility in vitamin D-deficient male rats.@J. Nutr., 122, 1338-1344.@Yes$National Research Council (NRC) (1995).@Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals.@Fourth Revised Edition, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.@Yes$Suda T., DeLuca H.F. and Tanaka Y. (1970).@Biological activity of 25-hydroxyergocalciferol in rats.@The Journal of nutrition, 100(9), 1049-1052.@Yes$Laing J.A. (1979).@Fertility and infertility in domestic animals in pregnancy diagnosis.@Third edition, 54.@No$Lichtenberg V., Schulte-Baukloh A., Lindner Ch. and Braendle W. (1992).@Discrepancies between results of serum 17&#946;-Oestradiol E2 determinations carried out using different immunoassay kits in women receiving oestrogen replacement therapy.@Lab med., 16, 412-416.@Yes$Johnson M.R., Carter G., Grint C. and Lightman S.L. (1993).@Relationship between ovarian steroids, gonadotropin and relaxin during the menstrual cycle.@Acta Endocrinol., 129(2), 121-125.@Yes$Bancroft J.D. and Gamble M. (2008).@Theory and Practice of Histological Technique.@4th Ed., Churchill, Livingston, New York, London, San Francisco, Tokyo.@No$SPSS (2012).@Statistical package for social sciences.@21.0 for Windows, U.S.A. Copyright 2012, spss Inc.@Yes$Zanatta L., Zamoner A., Gonçalves R., Zanatta A., Bouraïma-Lelong H., Bois C., Carreau S. and Silva F.R. (2011).@Effect of 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in plasma membrane targets in immaturerat testis: Ionic channels and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity.@Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 515, 46-53.@Yes$Osmundsen B.C., Huang H.F.S., Anderson M.B., Christakos S. and Walters M.R. (1989).@Multiple sites of action of the vitamin D endocrine system: FSH stimulation of testis 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor.@J. Steroid Biochem., 34, 339-343.@Yes$Agic A., Xu H., Altgassen C., Noack F., Wol&#64258;er M.M., Diedrich K., Friedrich M., Taylor R.N. and Hornung D. (2007).@Relative expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor, vitamin D 1&#945;-hydroxylase, vitamin D 24-hydroxylase, and vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in endometriosis and gynecologic cancers.@Reproductive Sciences, 14(5), 486-497.@Yes$Shahbazi M., Jeddi-Tehrani M., Zareie M., Salek-Moghaddam A., Akhondi M.M., Bahmanpoor M., Sadeghi M.R. and Zarnani A.H. (2011).@Expression profiling of vitamin D receptor in placenta, decidua and ovary of pregnant mice.@Placenta, 32(9), 657-664.@Yes$Blomberg Jensen M., Nielsen J.E., Jørgensen A., Rajpert-De Meyts E., MøbjergKristensen D., Jørgensen N., Skakkebaek N.E., Juul A. and Leffers H. (2010).@Vitamin D receptor and vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are expressed in the human male reproductive tract.@Human Reproduction, 25(5), 1303-1311.@Yes$Sood S., Marya R.K., Reghunandanan R., Singh G.P., Jaswal T.S. and Gopinathan K. (1992).@Effect of vitamin D deficiency on testicular function in the rat.@Ann. Nutr. Metab., 36(4), 203-208.@Yes$Sood S., Reghunandanan R., Reghunandanan V., Marya R. K. and Singh P.I. (1995).@Effect of vitamin D repletion on testicular function in vitamin D-deficient rats.@Ann. Nutr. Metab., 39(2), 95-98.@Yes$Janssen H.C., Samson M.M. and Verhaar H.J. (2002).@Vitamin D de&#64257;ciency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people.@American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(4), 611-615.@Yes$Dace A., Martin-el Yazidi C., Bonne J., Planells R. and Torresani J. (1997).@Calcitriol is a positive effector of adipose differentiation in the OB 17 cell line: relationship with the adipogenic action of triiodothyronine.@Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 232(3), 771-776.@Yes$Kurose H., Yamaoka K., Okada S., Nakajima S. and Seino Y. (1990).@1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1, 25-(OH) 2D3] increases insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors in clonal osteoblastic cells. Study on interaction of IGF-I and 1, 25-(OH) 2D3.@Endocrinology, 126(4), 2088-2094.@Yes$Singh K.P. and Dash R.J. (1997).@Vitamin D endocrine system.@J. Assoc. Physicians, India, 45, 559-568.@No$Zarnani A.H., Shahbazi M., Salek-Moghaddam A., Zareie M., Tavakoli M., Ghasemi J., Rezania S., Moravej A., Torkabadi E., Rabbani H. and Jeddi-Tehrani M. (2010).@Vitamin D3 receptor is expressed in the endometrium of cycling mice throughout the estrous cycle.@Fertil., Steril., 93(8), 2738-2743.@Yes$Dicken C.L., Israel D.D., Davis J.B., Sun Y., Shu J., Hardin J. and Neal-Perry G. (2012).@Peripubertal Vitamin D3 Deficiency Delays Puberty and Disrupts the Estrous Cycle in Adult Female Mice.@Biology of Reproduction, 87(2), 51, 1-12.@Yes$Jukic A.M.Z., Steiner A.Z. and Baird D.D. (2015).@Lower plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with irregular menstrual cycles in across-sectional study.@Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 13, 20.@Yes$Nelson D.R., Kamataki T., Waxman D.J., Guengerich F.P., Estabrook R.W., Fey-Ereisen R., Gonzalez F.J., Coon M. J., Gunsalus I.C., Gotoh O., Okuda K. and Nebert D.W. (1993).@The P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes, and nomenclature.@DNA Cell Biol., 12, 1-51.@Yes$Fisher C.R., Graves K.H., Parlow A.F. and Simpson E.R. (1998).@Characterization of mice deficient in aromatase (ArKO) because of targeted disruption of the cyp19 gene.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 95(12), 6965-6970.@Yes$Abdullah U.H., Lalani S., Syed F., Arif S. and Rehman R. (2017).@Association of Vitamin D with outcome after intra cytoplasmic sperm injection.@The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 30(1), 117-120.@Yes
<#LINE#>A preliminary study of diversity, prevalence and mean intensity of haemoparasites in green bellied lizards (Darevskia chlorogaster) from north of Iran<#LINE#>Noghanchi @Esmail ,Javanbakht@Hossein  <#LINE#>8-12<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-087.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran@Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran<#LINE#>7/11/2018<#LINE#>15/2/2019<#LINE#>Reptiles are exposed to inter and intracellular apicomplexan blood parasites mainly haemogregarines and haemosporidians, as well as inter cellular kinetoplastida and microfilarians. In the present study diversity, prevalence and intensity of haemoparasites in 50 specimens of Darevskia chlorogaster from north of Iran were investigated. The specimens were captured, blood collected, thin blood smears prepared, stained with Giemsa, and screened with light microscope. According to the morphological characteristics 4 group of apicomplexan blood parasites were detected which belong to haemogregarines and haemosporidians. The prevalence and intensity of apicomplexan blood parasites were consistent with infection of European lacertid lizards. Moreover, we detected one species of trypanosome in red blood cells. To our knowledge this is the first report of trypanosome in Darevskia genus. Molecular methods are needed to identify of apicomplexan parasites as well as trypanosome species due to complexity in life cycle, flexibility in shapes of parasites and few useful characters to differentiate between species.<#LINE#>Telford Sam (2008).@Hemoparasites of the Reptilia: Color Atlas and Text.@CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.@Yes$Kope&#269;ná J., Jirk&#367; M., Oborník M., Tokarev Y.S., Lukes J. and Modry D. (2006).@Phylogenetic Analysis of Coccidian Parasites from Invertebrates: Search for Missing Links.@Protist., 157(2), 173-183.@Yes$Mihalca A.D., Racka K., Gherman C. and Ionescu D.T. (2008).@Prevalence and intensity of blood apicomplexan infections in reptiles from Romania.@Parasitol. Res., 102(5), 1081-1083.@Yes$Haklová-Ko&#269;íková B., Hiž&#328;anová A., Majláth I., Ra&#269;ka K., Harris D.G. and Földvári G. (2014).@Molecular characterization of Karyolysus– a neglected but common parasite infecting some European lizards.@Parasite. Vectors., 7, 555.@Yes$O@Haemoprotozoa: Making biological sense of molecular phylogenies.@Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites. Wildl., 6(3), 241-256.@Yes$Dimitrov D., Zehtindjiev P., Bensch S., Ilieva M., Iezhova T. and Valki&#363;nas G. (2014).@Two new species Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from European birds, with emphasis on DNA barcoding for detection of haemosporidians in wildlife.@Syst. Parasitol., 87(2), 135-151.@Yes$Schmidt G. D., Roberts L.S. and Janovy J. (2013).@Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts@McGraw- Hill Higher Education, 9th edition, 688.@Yes$Lee John, Leedale Gordon and Bradbury Phyllis (2000).@Illustrated guide to the protozoa. Second edition. Society of Protozologists.@Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 1475.@No$Silva V., Valenzula A., Ruiz P. and Oyarzun C. (2005).@Trypanosoma humboldti en Schroederichthys chilensis (Cohodrichthyes, Elasmoranchii, Scyliorhinidae) como indicador no destructivo de contaminacion.@Gayana., 69, 160-165.@Yes$Cook C.A., Netherlands E.C. and Smit N.J. (2016).@Redescription, molecular characterization and taxonomic re-evaluation of a unique African monitor lizard haemogregarine Karyolysus paradoxa (Dias, 1954) n. comb. (Karyolysidae).@Parasite. Vectors., 9, 347.@Yes$Hamilton P.B., Gibson W.C. and Stevens J.R. (2007).@Patterns of co-evolution between trypanosomes and their hosts deduced from ribosomal RNA and protein-coding gene phylogenies.@Mol. Phylogenetics. Evol., 44, 15-25.@Yes$Silvano D.L. and Segalla M.V. (2005).@Conservação de anfíbios no Brasil.@Megadiversidade, 1, 79-86.@Yes$Sajjadi S. and Javanbakht H. (2017).@Study of Blood Parasites of the Three Snake Species in Iran: Natrix natrix, Natrix tessellata and Zamenis longissimus (Colubridae).@Journal of Genetic Resources, 3(1), 1-6.@Yes$Tuniyev B., Ananjeva N., Agasyan A., Orlov N.L., Tuniyev S. and Anderson S. (2009).@Darevskia chlorogaster. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.@e.T164702A5919117, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK. 2009.RLTS.T164702A5919117.en. Downloaded on 23 November 2018.@Yes$Harutyunyan T.K., Danielyan F.D. and Arakelyan M.S. (2015).@Blood parasites morphotypes of rock lizards of Armenia.@J. Biol. Chem., 2, 45-49.@Yes$Jakes K.A., O’Donoghue P.J. and Cameron S.L. (2003).@Phylogenetic relationships of Hepatozoon (Haemogregarina) boigae, Hepatozoon sp., Haemogregarina clelandi and Haemoproteus chelodina from Australian reptiles to other Apicomplexa based on cladistic analyses of ultrastructural and life-cycle characters.@Parasitol., 126, 555-559.@Yes$Amo L., Lopez P. and Martin J. (2004).@Prevalence and intensity of haemogregarinid blood parasites in a population of the Iberian rock lizard, Lacerta monticola.@Parasitol. Res., 94(4), 290-293.@Yes$Molnar O., Bajer K., Meszaros B., Török J. and Herczeg G. (2013).@Negative correlation between nuptial throat colour and blood parasite load in male European green lizards supports the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis.@Naturwissenschaften., 100(6), 551-558.@Yes$Maia J., Perera A. and Harris D.J. (2012).@Molecular survey and microscopic examination of Hepatozoon Miller, 1908 (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) in lacertid lizards from the western Mediterranean.@Folia. Parasitol., 59(4), 241-248.@Yes
<#LINE#>Antimicrobial activity of bioactive molecules isolated from filamentous fungi<#LINE#>Shrivastava@Meghna ,Saraf@Ashish  <#LINE#>13-18<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-089.pdf<#LINE#>Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, MATS University, Raipur, (C.G), India@MATS School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, MATS University, Raipur (C.G), India<#LINE#>12/11/2018<#LINE#>23/2/2019<#LINE#>Various microorganisms display antagonism as a principle phenomenon for the production of secondary metabolites. The present study aims at employing this antagonistic property of fungi for the production of some useful bioactive secondary metabolites. 53 isolates were screened for the production of antimicrobials after the incorporation of lactose which triggered the production of secondary metabolites, out of which only 3 showed positive results against the test pathogens. These were identified as Aspergillus flavus var flavus, Acremonium cellulolyticus and Aspergillus chevialeri. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of various functional groups such as amines, amides, carboxylates, alcohols, alkanes, alkynes, nitro groups, etc. The knowledge of these components can be further employed for the production of pharmaceutically important products in due course of time<#LINE#>O@Fungal community analysis by large-scale sequencing of environmental samples.@Applied and environmental microbiology, 71(9), 5544-5550.@Yes$Stajich J.E., Berbee M.L., Blackwell M., Hibbett D.S., James T.Y., Spatafora J.W. and Taylor J.W. (2009).@Primer- The Fungi.@Current biology: CB, 19(18), R840.@Yes$Sharma M. and Sharma R. (2016).@Drugs and drug intermediates from fungi: Striving for greener processes.@Critical reviews in microbiology, 42(2), 322-338.@Yes$Mayer A., Rodríguez A.D., Taglialatela-Scafati O. and Fusetani N. (2017).@Marine pharmacology in 2012–2013: Marine compounds with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis and antiviral activities; affecting the immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action.@Marine drugs, 15(9), 273.@Yes$Li C.S., Yang B.J., Turkson J. and Cao S. (2017).@Anti-proliferative ambuic acid derivatives fom Hawaiian endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. FT172.@Phytochemistry, 140, 77-82.@Yes$Smith D. and Ryan M.J. (2009).@Fungal sources for new drug discovery.@McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology, 131-133.@Yes$Shrivastava M., Tiwari M. and Saraf A. (2017).@Pigment Extraction Methods From Fungi For Industrial Application: A review.@International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering, 6(10).@No$Tiwari M. and Saraf A. (2017).@Isolation, Screening and Identification of Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Indigenous Fungus from Oil Contaminated Soil of Moudhapara Automobile shop of Raipur C.G.@International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering, 6(10).@No$Shrivastava M., Saraf A., Shukla K.K. and Sharma D. (2017).@Isolation of bioactive metabolites producing fungal strains from milk products and milk industries of raipur district.@World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(9), 1652-1658.@Yes$Ström K., Schnürer J. and Melin P. (2005).@Co-cultivation of antifungal Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 393 and Aspergillus nidulans, evaluation of effects on fungal growth and protein expression.@FEMS Microbiology Letters, 246(1), 119-124.@Yes$Bok J.W. and Keller N.P. (2004).@LaeA, a regulator of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus spp.@Eukaryotic cell, 3(2), 527-535.@Yes$Vasant R.A., Thangaraj M., Ajithkumar T.T., Ramanadevi V. and Bhimba B.V. (2013).@Antagonistic assay of secondary metabolites of mangrove associated fungi against fish and human pathogens.@Bulletin of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences (BOPAMS), 1(1), 20-26.@Yes$Jaiswal S., Saini R., Sangani S.R., Tiwari S., Agrawal M. and Agrawal M.K. (2012).@Antibacterial activity of five fungal strains isolated from a leguminous soil field against nitrogenfixing bacteria.@Ann. Biol. Res, 3, 2829-2837.@Yes$Hameed I.H., Hamza L.F. and Kamal S.A. (2015).@Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Aspergillus niger by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.@Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 7(8), 132-163.@Yes$Field L.D., Sternhell S. and Kalman J.R. (2012).@Organic structures from spectra.@John Wiley & Sons, 1-470.@Yes
<#LINE#>An in silico study of lignans as selective estrogen receptor modulators to treat viral infections<#LINE#>Sekar@Aishwarya ,Begum@Nargis ,Margret@Anita  <#LINE#>19-25<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-100.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Bioinformatics, Stella Maris College, Cathedral Road, Chennai-600086, Tamil Nadu, India@Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohammed College, Tiruchirappalli, India, nargisalmas@gmail.com@Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Excellence, MHRD, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-625 009 Tamil Nadu, India<#LINE#>27/12/2018<#LINE#>17/2/2019<#LINE#>Viral infections are more predominant and hazardous to human life. Treatment of viral infections poses a serious threat to the economy and the growth of society. Flax is an oil herb that constitutes lignans as the major phytocompounds. These lignans maneuver as phytoestrogens with the capability of modulating the Estrogen Receptor alpha and beta selectively. Explicitly phytoestrogens are cataloged into four main categories, such as Flavonoids, Stilbenes, Coumestans,and Lignans. Molecular docking studies were performed with 238 phytoestrogen compounds which resulted in the appreciable binding of lignans to the isoforms of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. The X ray crystal structures of human estrogen receptor &#945; with an agonist (PDBID-1GWR), human estrogen receptor &#945; with an antagonist (PDBID-3ERT), human estrogen receptor &#946; with an agonist (PDBID-2JJ3) and estrogen receptor &#946; with an antagonist (PDBID-1QKN) were used as targets. The two lignans molecules of flax seeds, Isoariciresinol and lariciresinol interacted well with both the estrogen receptors &#945; and &#946;. Conversely, they were analogous to an agonist with the binding score of -9.78 and -9.08 respectively with a profound binding affinity to the alternative receptors which act as agonists. They also obey the ADMET parameters with no violations of Lipinski’s rules and show drug-likeliness. Isoariciresinol and lariciresinol are proficient in modulating the Estrogen Receptor Signaling. Various research papers have proved that viral replication is inhibited by the availability of estrogen to ER&#946; and hence can be designed as therapeutic leads for treating viral infections.<#LINE#>Brinkmann A., Nitsche A. and Kohl C. (2016).@Viral metagenomics on blood-feeding arthropods as a tool for human disease surveillance.@International journal of molecular sciences, 17(10), 1743.@Yes$Blomström A.L. (2011).@Viral metagenomics as an emerging and powerful tool in veterinary medicine.@Veterinary Quarterly, 31(3), 107-114.@Yes$Peretz J., Pekosz A., Lane A.P. and Klein S.L. (2015).@Estrogenic compounds reduce influenza A virus replication in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from female, but not male, donors.@American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 310, L415-L425.@Yes$Escribese Maria M. (2008).@Estrogen Inhibits Dendritic Cell Maturation to RNA Viruses.@Blood, 112(12), 4574-4584.@No$Sharma A., Jyoti D.N. and Saxena S. (2014).@Health benefits of phytoestrogens.@Int J Adv Res, 2(4), 1024-1030.@Yes$Powers C.N. and Setzer W.N. (2015).@A molecular docking study of phytochemical estrogen mimics from dietary herbal supplements.@silico pharmacology, 3(1), 4.@Yes$Al-Jumaily E.F., Al-Shimary A.O. and Shubbr E.K. (2012).@Extraction and purification of lignan compound from flax seed Linum usitatissimum.@Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research, 2(3), 306-312.@Yes$Gupta C., Prakash D. and Gupta S. (2016).@Phytoestrogens as pharma foods.@Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J, 2(1), 19-31.@Yes$Ng H.W., Zhang W., Shu M., Luo H., Ge W., Perkins R. Hong H. (2014).@Competitive molecular docking approach for predicting estrogen receptor subtype &#945; agonists and antagonists.@In BMC bioinformatics, 15(11), S4.@Yes$Asthana S.O.M.Y.A., Agarwal T.A.R.U.N., Khursheed A. S.I.F. and Dutta D.E.B.E.S.H.I. (2014).@Molecular modeling and QSAR analysis to explore therapeutic potentials of phytoestrogens in Osteoporosis.@Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 6, 239-243.@Yes$Chakraborty S., Levenson A.S. and Biswas P.K. (2013).@Structural insights into Resveratrol’s antagonist and partial agonist actions on estrogen receptor alpha.@BMC structural biology, 13(1), 27.@Yes$Santhi N. and Aishwarya S. (2011).@Insights from the molecular docking of withanolide derivatives to the target protein PknG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.@Bioinformation, 7(1), 1.@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Screening of agricultural wastes for Glutaminase biosynthesis via Solid-state fermentation<#LINE#>Manipati@Srikanth ,Pallem@Chanakya  <#LINE#>26-28<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-091.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Oncology, NRI Academy of Sciences, Mangalagiri Road, Chinakakani-522503, Andhra Pradesh, India@Department of Microbiology, Ganesh Scientific Research Foundation (GSRF), Kirti Nagar, New Delhi-110015, India<#LINE#>24/11/2018<#LINE#>21/2/2019<#LINE#>An incredible increase in the world’s population has led to the generation of million tons of agro-industrial wastes, which are in turn a great source of several bioactive metabolites such as therapeutic enzymes namely glutaminases. The enzyme has got immense potential applications across various industries varying from pharmaceutical to food. With the onset of scientific innovations, the usage of these nutritionally rich agricultural wastes for the synthesis of many valuable compounds significantly minimizing the production cost and pollution load on environment. The current investigation is aimed to explore and evaluate these inexpensive agro-wastes for glutaminase production under solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus wentii NCIM 661 and Fusarium oxysporum NCIM 1008.  All the agro-wastes supported good microbial growth with better enzyme productivity. But among them, the maximum enzyme yield was noticed with wheat bran (9.36U/gds) using Aspergillus wentii NCIM 661, and sesame oil cake (10.27U/gds) with Fusarium oxysporum NCIM 1008, leaving the other substrates as noteworthy alternatives for the synthesis of glutaminase enzyme. This work had established the economical use of agro-industrial wastes into valuable metabolites which has considerable promising economics and environmental meaning.<#LINE#>Pandey A. and Soccol C.R. (2000).@Economic utilization of crop residues for value addition-A futuristic approach.@J. Sci. Ind. Res. India., 59(1), 12-22.@Yes$Hartman S.C. (1970).@Glutaminase (Escherichia coli).@Method. Enzymol., 17(A), 941-945.@Yes$Carter P. and Welbourne T.G. (1997).@Glutamate transport regulation of renal glutaminase flux in vivo.@Am. J. Physiol., 273(3), 521-527.@Yes$Roberts J., Holcenberg J.S. and Dolowy W.C. (1970).@Anti-neoplastic activity of highly purified bacterial glutaminase.@Nature., 227, 1136-1137.@Yes$Schmid F.A. and Roberts J. (1974).@Anti-neoplastic and toxic effects of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas glutaminase-asparaginase.@Cancer. Chemoth. Rep., 58(6), 829-840.@Yes$Zhao J., Lopez A.L., Erichsen D., Herek S., Cotter R.L., Curthoys N.P. and Zheng J. (2004).@Mitochondrial glutaminase enhances extracellular glutamate production in HIV-1-infected  macrophages: Linkage to HIV-1 associated dementia.@J. Neurochem., 88, 169-180.@Yes$Sabu A., Chandrasekaran M. and Pandey A. (2000).@Bio-potential of microbial glutaminases.@Chem. Today (ChimOggi)., 18, 21-25.@Yes$Nakadai T. and  Nasuno S. (1989).@Use of glutaminase for soy sauce made by Koji or a preparation of proteases from Aspergillus oryzae.@J. Ferment. Bioeng., 67(3), 158-162.@Yes$Chou C.C. and Hwan C.H. (1994).@Effect of ethanol on the hydrolysis of protein and lipid during the ageing of a Chinese fermented soya bean curd-sufu.@J. Sci. Food. Agr., 66(3), 393-398.@Yes$Wade H.E., Robinson H.K. and Philips B.W. (1971).@Asparaginase and glutaminase activities of bacteria.@J. Gen. Microbiol., 69(3), 299-312.@Yes$Imada A., Igarasi S., Nakahama K. and Isono M. (1973).@Asparaginase and glutaminase activities of microorganisms.@J. Gen. Microbiol., 76, 85-99.@Yes$Yamamoto S. and Hirooka H. (1974).@Production of glutaminase by Aspergillus sojae.@J. Ferment. Technol., 52, 564-569.@Yes$Saxena R.K. and Sinha U. (1981).@L-asparaginase and glutaminase activities in the culture filtrates of Aspergillus nidulans.@Curr. Sci. India., 50, 218-219.@Yes$Datar R. (1986).@Economics of primary separation steps in relation to fermentation and genetic engineering.@Process. Biochem., 21, 19-26.@Yes$Hesseltine C.W. (1972).@Solid state fermentation.@Biotechnol. Bioeng., 14(4), 517-532.@Yes$Raimbault M. (1998).@General and microbiological aspects of solid substrate fermentation.@Electron. J. Biotechn., 1(3), 174-188.@Yes$Sadh P.K., Duhan S. and Duhan J.S. (2018).@Agro-industrial wastes and their utilization using solid state fermentation: a review.@Bioresour. Bioprocess., 5, 1-15.@Yes$Sabu A., Keerthi T.R., Kumar S.R. and Chandrasekaran M. (2000).@L-Glutaminase production by marine Beauveria sp. under solid state fermentation.@Process. Biochem., 35(7), 705-710.@Yes$Nagendra P.G. and Chandrasekaran M. (1996).@L-Glutaminase production by marine Vibrio costicola under solid-state fermentation using different substrates.@Journal of marine biotechnology, 4(3), 176-179.@Yes$El-Sayed A.S. (2009).@L-glutaminase production by Trichoderma koningii under solid-state fermentation.@Indian journal of microbiology, 49(3), 243-250.@Yes$Sathish T., Lakshmi G.S., Rao C.S., Brahmaiah P. and Prakasham R.S. (2008).@Mixture design as first step for improved glutaminase production in solid&#8208;state fermentation by isolated Bacillus sp. RSP&#8208;GLU.@Letters in applied microbiology, 47(4), 256-262.@Yes$Pandey A. (2003).@Solid-state fermentation.@Biochemical Engineering Journal, 13(2-3), 81-84.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Traditional fishing crafts and gears of Madhya Pradesh, India<#LINE#>Bose@Riddhi ,Gupta@Sandipan ,Das@Archan Kanti ,Suresh@V.R. ,Bose@Arun Kumar  <#LINE#>29-36<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-039.pdf<#LINE#>ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, WB, India@Department of Applied Science and Humanities, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India@ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, WB, India@ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, WB, India@ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, WB, India<#LINE#>18/6/2018<#LINE#>28/12/2018<#LINE#>Fishing is an age old practice carried out since time immemorial. The crafts and gears in use in different parts of India are mostly primitive, low-cost and non-mechanized. A wide range of fishing crafts and gears to catch fish has been evolved by the fishers of Madhya Pradesh which have contributed a lot to the total fish production and economy of the local population. Information so far available on this field is scattered and very precisely scanty. With this view, the present work was aimed to document the traditional fishing crafts and gears which are in use in Madhya Pradesh. In total eight types of crafts and ten types of gears have been documented during the study period.<#LINE#>Sreekrishna Y. and Shenoy L. (2001).@Fishing gear and craft technology.@Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi, 342.@Yes$Hameed M.S. and Boopendranath M.R. (2000).@Modern fishing gear technology.@Daya Publication House, New Delhi, 186. ISBN: 9788170352235@Yes$Bhattacharjya B.K., Manna R.K. and Choudhury M. (2005).@Fishing crafts and gear of northeast India.@Bulletin No. 142, CIFRI, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 67.@Yes$Kokate, A.A., Bhosale, B.P., Metar, S.Y., Chogale, N.D., Pawar, R.A. and Nirmale, V.H. (2016).@Indigenous fishing crafts and gears of Krishna River with respect to Sangli district of Maharashtra, India.@Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud., 4(6), 434-438.@Yes$Welcomme R.L. (1983).@River basins.@FAO Fish. Technical Paper No. 202, 60.@Yes$Gurumayum S.D. and Choudhury M. (2009).@Fishing methods in the rivers of Northeast India.@Indian J. Tradit. Know., 8(2), 237-241.@Yes$Kolekar V. (2009).@An account of observations on fishing gear and crafts of Mandovi estuary of Goa.@J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 41(1), 41-46.@Yes$Manna R.K., Das A.K., Rao D.S.K., Karthikeyan M. and Singh D.N. (2011).@Fishing crafts and gear in river Krishna.@Indian J. Tradit. Know., 10(3), 491-497.@Yes$Pravin P., Meenakumari B., Baiju M., Barman J., Baruah D. and Kakati B. (2011).@Fish trapping devices and methods in Assam.@Indian J. Fish., 58(2), 127-135.@Yes$Baruah D., Dutta A. and Pravin P. (2013).@Traditional fish trapping devices and methods in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.@Indian J. Tradit. Know., 12(1), 123-129.@Yes$Das R.K. and Barat S. (2014).@Fishing gears operated in lentic and lotic water bodies of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal, India.@Indian J. Tradit. Know., 13(3), 619-625.@Yes$Bose A.K., Bose R., Gupta S. and Das A.K. (2017).@Dovali, the tribal fishing practice in river Narmada, MP, India.@Int. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 6(9), 26-30.@Yes$Bose A.K., Bose R. and Gupta S. (2017).@Kunche Jal’ Fishing: A low cost indigenous fishery in Ganga River basin.@Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud., 5(4), 87-90.@Yes$Bose A.K., Ridhi S.G., Suresh V.R. and Das A.K. (2017).@Indigenous fishing (Char Kanta): A traditional fisheries in River Tawa, Madhya Pradesh, India.@International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(3), 265-268.@Yes$Srivastava N.P., Ramakrishniah M. and Das A.K. (2000).@Ecology and Fisheries of Tawa Reservoir (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh).@Bulletin No. 100, CIFRI, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 17.@Yes$Singh S.N. (2008).@River Narmada, its environment and fisheries.@Bulletin No 157, CIFRI, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 64.@Yes$Chourey P., Meena D., Varma A. and Saxena G. (2014).@Study on fishing craft and gears of Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh, India.@Int. J. Theor. Appl. Sci., 6(2), 65-67.@Yes
<#LINE#>Medicinal properties of GUL-E-SURKH in perspective of unani medicine: a review study<#LINE#>Quraishi@Haider Ali ,Islam@Naquibul ,Iqbal@Arsheed ,Sheeraz@Md. ,Ashraf@Mohd. Azeem  <#LINE#>37-41<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-088.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Moalijat, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Srinagar J&K, India@Department of Moalijat, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Srinagar J&K, India@Department of Moalijat, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Srinagar J&K, India@Department of Moalijat, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Srinagar J&K, India@Department of Mahiyatul Amraz, Hayat Unani Medical College and Research Centre, Lucknow, India<#LINE#>13/11/2018<#LINE#>18/2/2019<#LINE#>The word Gul-e-Surkh (Gulab) consists of two Persian words Guland Aab, derived from Persian and Arabic lexicons meaning flower and water, respectively. This plant is cultivated throughout the world because of its beauty and fragrance. A great Unani scholar and physician Ibn-e-Sina considers Gul-e- Surkh as one of the finest drug for liver. At present-day, over 200 rose species and more than 18000 cultivars form of the plant has been known, among them Gul-e-Surkh is a prime species of Rosaceae family. It was a prime herbal drug in Unani Medicine since antique.Now a days the products of Rosa damascene mill are largely used in medicine, perfume and food industry. Keeping in view the high medicinal as well as therapeutic significance of the plant in USM, this review study provides available materialand evidence on its therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties.<#LINE#>Najmul Ghani (1921).@Khazainul Advia.@Shaikh Mohd Bashir and Sons, Lahore, III, 558-563.@No$Sheerazi HMH (1913).@Makhazanul Advia Mai Tohfatul Momineen.@Matab Munshi Nawal Kishor, Kanpur, 635.@No$Hakeem A (1311).@Bustanul Mufradat, Idara-e-Taraqqi.@Urdu publication, Lucknow, 280.@No$Ibn Baitar (2003).@Al-Jameul Mufradat al Adviawal Aghzia.@IV, CCRUM, New Delhi, 416-419.@No$Najmul Ghani (2011).@Khazainul Advia.@Idara Kitabus Shifa, New Delhi, 1133-1135.@No$Hakim M.A. (2002).@Bustanul Mufradat.@Idara Kitabus Shifa, New Delhi, 490-491.@Yes$Kabeeruddin M. (2011).@Makhzenul Mufradat.@Aijaz Publishing House, New Delhi, 350-351.@No$Anonymous (1972).@Wealth of India.@CSIR, IX, 65-68.@No$Anonymous (1996).@Indian Medicinal Plants.@Arya Vaidya Sala, Orient Longman Press, Kottakttal, 8.@No$Atal C.K. and Kapur B.M. (1982).@Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic plants.@R.R.L, C.S.I.R., Jammu Tawi, 537-544.@Yes$Nadkarni A.K. (1976).@The Indian Materia Medica.@Bombay Popular Prakashan, I, 1072-1073.@Yes$Boskabady M.H., Shafei M.N., Saberi Z. and Amini S. (2011).@Pharmacological effects of Rosa damascena.@Iranian J. of Basic Medical Sciences, 14(4), 295-307.@Yes$Panday B.P. (1993).@Taxonomy of Angiosperms.@S. Chand and Company limited, New Delhi, 118-120.@No$Ibn-e-Baitar Z.A. (1987).@Al Jameul Mufradat Al Adviawal Aghzia.@II, C.C.R.U.M., New Delhi, 219-220.@No$Ibn-e-Sina (1930).@Al Qanoonfittib (Reprint 1992), Urdu translation by Kantoori MGH.@II, ShaikhMohd. Basheer and Sons, Lahore, 85-87.@No$Kareem N. (1879).@Makhzan al-Advia.@Matbaa Munshee, Nawal Kishore, Lucknow, 2, 214-215.@Yes$Hasan B. (1311).@Jameul Mufradat, Matbaasna Ashri.@Lahore, 199.@No$Aziz M.A. (1948).@Mufradat-e-Azizi.@Sahitya Mandir Press, Lucknow, 23, 26, 54, 61, 69, 81.@Yes$Hasan M. (1894).@Tauzihul Advia.@Matba Gulzar Mohammad, Merrut, 286.@Yes$Ali M.N. (1301).@Mufradate Nasiri.@Matba Qaisiri, Lahore, 86.@No$Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B.D. (1986).@Indian Medicinal Plants.@International Book Distributor, Dehradun, II, 980-981.@No$Chopra R.N., Chopra I.C., Handa K.L. and Kapoor L.D. (1958).@Indigenous drug of India, HN Dhar and Sons pvt Limited.@Calcutta, 674.@Yes$Dymock W., Warden C.J.H. and Hooper D. (1980).@Pharmacographia Indica.@M/S Bishansingh and Mahender Pal Singh, Dehradun, I, 574-578.@No$Nicolov N., Tsoutsoulova A. and Nenov N. (1976).@Essences de Roses at autres Huibs Essentielles Bulgares.@Itali, 349-365.@No$Ibn-e-Baitar (2003).@Al-Jameul Mufradat al Adviawal Aghzia.@IV, CCRUM, New Delhi, 416-419.@No$Lubhaya R. Goswami (1982).@Bayanul Advia, Goswami Pharmacy, Qasim Jan Street.@Delhi I., 295-297.@No$Bustanul Mufradat A.H.M. (1999).@Zafar Book Depot.@Delhi, 181.@Yes$Najmul Ghani (2011).@Khazainul advia.@Idara Kitab al Shifa, New Delhi, 741-742.@Yes$Rastogi R.P., Mehrotra B.N., Sinha S., Pant P. and Seth R. (1990).@Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants: 1985-1989.@Central Drug Research Institute and Publications & Information Directorate, New Delhi, 4.@Yes$Demole E., Enggist P., Sauberli U., Stoll M. and Kovast S.Z.E. (1970).@Structure and Syntheses Rosa damascenone, C.D.R.I. Lucknow and Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi,IV,636-637.@undefined@No$Idem I. (1995).@Structure and Synthesis of Rosa demascena, C.D.R.I.@Lucknow and Publication and Information Directorate., New Delhi, III, 554.@No$Shafei M.N., Rakhshandah H. and Boskabady M.H. (2003).@Antitussive Effect of Rosa damascena in Guineapigs.@Iranian J. of Pharmaceutical Research, 231-234.@Yes$Dolati K., Rakhshandeh H. and Shafei M.N. (2013).@Effect of aqueous fraction of Rosa damascena on ileum contractile response of guinea pigs.@Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 3(3), 248-253.@Yes$Gholamhoseinian A. and Fallah H. (2009).@Inhibitory effect of methanol extract of Rosa damascena Mill. flowers on &#945;-glucosidase activity and postprandial hyperglycemia in normal and diabetic rats.@Phytomedicine, 16(10), 935-941.@Yes$Arezoomandan R., Kazerani H.R. and Behnam Rasooli (2011).@The Laxative and Prokinetic Effects of Rosa damascena Mill in Rats.@Iranian J. of Basic Medical Sciences, 14(1), 9-16.@Yes$Hajhashemi V., Ghannadi A. and Hajiloo M. (2010).@Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Rosa damascena hydroalcoholic extract and its essential oil in animal models.@Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR, 9(2), 163.@Yes$Biswas N.R., Gupta S.K., Das G.K., Kumar N., Mongre P. K., Haldar D. and Beri S. (2001).@Evaluation of Ophthacare® eye drops—a herbal formulation in the management of various ophthalmic disorders.@Phytotherapy Research, 15(7), 618-620.@Yes$Rakhshandah H. and Hosseini M. (2006).@Potentiation of pentobarbital hypnosis by Rosa damascena in mice.@Indian J. of Experimental Biology, 44(11), 910-912.@Yes$Boskabady M.H., Vatanprast A., Parsee H. and Ghasemzadeh M. (2011).@Effect of aqueous-ethanolic extract from Rosa damascena on guinea pig isolated heart.@Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 14(2), 116-121.@Yes$Kwon E.K., Lee D.Y., Lee H., Kim D.O., Baek N.I., Kim Y.E. and Kim H.Y. (2010).@Flavonoids from the buds of Rosa damascene inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme.@J. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(2), 882-886.@Yes$Gholamhoseinian A., Shahouzehi B. and Sharifi-Far F. (2010).@Inhibitory effect of some plant extracts on pancreatic lipase.@International Journal of Pharmacology, 6(1), 18-24.@Yes$Mahmood N., Piacente S., Pizza C., Burke A., Khan A.I. and Hay A.J. (1996).@The anti-HIV activity and mechanisms of action of pure compounds isolated from Rosa damascene.@J. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 229(1), 73-79.@Yes
<#LINE#>Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw vegetables and fruits and their plant contamination routes: a review<#LINE#>Raval@Hiral S. ,Shah@Alkesh I.  <#LINE#>42-48<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-096.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, B.P. Baria Science Institute, Navsari, Gujarat, India@Department of Zoology, B.P. Baria Science Institute, Navsari, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>12/9/2018<#LINE#>24/12/2018<#LINE#>Raw vegetables and fruits are essential ingredients of healthful nourishment and necessity for salad vegetables and fruits have become greater than before as vegetables and fruits act as antioxidants and immune boosters. In conflict to their health profits, it is observed by scientists that utility of raw vegetables and fruits have also been connected with the risk of disease if consume draw. Some Salmonella spp. contain virulence plasmid (pSV) which encodes spv operon are capable to adhere with plant surfaces by using T3SS and vigorously infect the core of plants by defeating immune response of plants as equally as animal cells, Salmonella spp. defeat plant defence mechanisms, shows that Salmonella possess a variety of infection strategy including agfD gene which is responsible for infecting variety of host from different kingdoms, which arise questions of Salmonella host specificity. The purpose of review study is to discuss and gain depth knowledge of routes and infection pattern of Salmonella with contrast to plant physiology, microbiological physiology, environmental interrelationship, crop processing, crop handling mechanisms along with crop cultivation methodology that provides opportunity for contamination will lead us to develop foolproof reliable policies, trustworthy standard operating procedures and infallible technologies for reducing the risk of contamination.<#LINE#>Berger C.N., Sodha S.V., Shaw R.K., Griffin P.M., Pink D., Hand P. and Frankel G. (2010).@Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the transmission of human pathogens.@Environmental microbiology, 12(9), 2385-2397.@Yes$Sivapalasingam S., Friedman C.R., Cohen L. and Tauxe R. V. (2004).@Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997.@Journal of food protection, 67(10), 2342-2353.@Yes$Westrell T., Ciampa N., Boelaert F., Helwigh B., Korsgaard H., Chriél M. and Mäkelä P. (2009).@Zoonotic infections in Europe in 2007: a summary of the EFSA-ECDC annual report.@Eurosurveillance, 14(3), 19100.@Yes$Hedberg C.W., Angulo F.J., White K.E., Langkop C.W., Schell W.L., Stobierski M.G. and Griffin P.M. (1999).@Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health.@Epidemiol Infect, 122(3), 385-393.@Yes$Cummings K., Barrett E., Mohle-Boetani J.C., Brooks J.T., Farrar J., Hunt T. and Slutsker L. (2001).@A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Baildon associated with domestic raw tomatoes.@Emerging infectious diseases, 7(6), 1046-1048.@Yes$Gupta S.K., Nalluswami K., Snider C., Perch M., Balasegaram M., Burmeister D. and Montgomery S. (2007).@Outbreak of Salmonella Braenderup infections associated with Roma tomatoes, northeastern United States, 2004: a useful method for subtyping exposures in field investigations.@Epidemiology & Infection, 135(7), 1165-1173.@Yes$Gayler G.E., Maccready R.A., Reardon J.P. and Mc K.B. (1955).@An outbreak of salmonellosis traced to watermelon.@Public Health Rep., 70(3), 311-313.@Yes$Mohle-Boetani J.C., Reporter R., Werner S.B., Abbott S., Farrar J., Waterman S.H. and Vugia D.J. (1999).@An outbreak of Salmonella serogroup Saphra due to cantaloupes from Mexico.@The Journal of infectious diseases, 180(4), 1361-1364.@Yes$Bowen A., Fry A., Richards G. and Beauchat L. (2006).@Infections associated with cantaloupe consumption: a public health concern.@Epidemiology & Infection, 134(4), 675-685.@Yes$Munnoch S.A., Ward K., Sheridan S., Fitzsimmons G.J., Shadbolt C.T., Piispanen J.P. and Musto J.A. (2009).@A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul in Australia associated with cantaloupe consumption.@Epidemiology & Infection, 137(3), 367-374.@Yes$Pagadala S., Marine S.C., Micallef S.A., Wang F., Pahl D.M., Melendez M.V., Kline W.L., Oni R.A., Walsh C.S., Everts K.L. and Buchanan R.L. (2015).@Assessment of region, farming system, irrigation source and sampling time as food safety risk factors for tomatoes.@Int J Food Microbiol., 196, 98-108.@Yes$Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2008).@An Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items – The United States.@MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 57, 929-934.@Yes$Schikora A., Carreri A., Charpentier E. and Hirt H. (2008).@The dark side of the salad: Salmonella Typhimurium overcomes the innate immune response of Arabidopsis thaliana and shows an endopathogenic lifestyle.@PLoS ONE, 3(5), e2279.@Yes$Denny J., Threlfall J., Takkinen J., Lofdahl S., Westrell T., Varela C. and Straetemans M. (2007).@Multinational Salmonella paratyphi B variant Java (Salmonella Java) outbreak.@Eurosurveillance, 12, 3332.@Yes$Rangel J.M., Sparling P.H., Crowe C., Griffin P.M. and Swerdlow D.L. (2005).@Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157: H7 outbreaks, united states, 1982-2002.@Emerging infectious diseases, 11(4), 603.@Yes$Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005).@Outbreaks of Salmonella infections associated with eating Roma tomatoes--United States and Canada, 2004.@Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 54(13), 325.@Yes$Greene S.K., Daly E.R., Talbot E.A., Demma L.J., Holzbauer S., Patel N.J. and Painter J.A. (2008).@Recurrent multistate outbreak of Salmonella Newport associated with tomatoes from contaminated fields, 2005.@Epidemiology & Infection, 136(2), 157-165.@Yes$Cummings K., Barrett E., Mohle-Boetani J.C., Brooks J.T., Farrar J., Hunt T. and Slutsker L. (2001).@A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Baildon associated with domestic raw tomatoes.@Emerging infectious diseases, 7(6), 1046.@Yes$Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007).@Multistate outbreaks of Salmonella infections associated with raw tomatoes eaten in restaurants--United States, 2005-2006.@Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 56(35), 909-911.@Yes$Kumar V. (2012).@Incidence of Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes in some salad vegetables, which are eaten raw: a study of Dhanbad City, India.@Int J Eng Sci Res., 2(10), 1437-1442.@Yes$Hamilton A.J., Stagnitti F., Premier R., Boland A.M. and Hale G. (2006).@Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water.@Appl Environ Microbiol., 72(5), 3284-3290.@Yes$Tyrrel S.F., Knox J.W. and Weather head E.K. (2006).@Microbiological water quality requirements for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom.@J Food Prot., 69(8),  2029-2035.@Yes$Sivapalasingam S., Barrett E., Kimura A., Van Duyne S., De Witt W., Ying M. and Reddy V. (2003).@A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport infection linked to mango consumption: impact of water-dip disinfestation technology.@Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(12), 1585-1590.@Yes$Beuchat L.R. and Ryu J.H. (1997).@Produce handling and processing practices.@Emerg Infect Dis., 3, 459-465.@Yes$Roever C.D. (1998).@Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on fresh produce.@Food Control., 9(6), 321-347.@Yes$Natvig E.E., Ingham S.C., Ingham B.H., Cooperband L.R., and Roper T.R. 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