@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Comparative analysis of Homo sapiens ERBB2 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2<#LINE#>Shahid @Raza,Muhammad Waseem @Shoaib,Hira @Mubeen <#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-085.pdf<#LINE#>Lahore Garrison University, Lahore Pakistan@District Head Quarter Hospital (DHQ), Faisalabad, Pakistan@Lahore Garrison University, Lahore Pakistan<#LINE#>28/5/2016<#LINE#>23/5/2017<#LINE#>Growth factors are special proteins which help to stimulate proliferation and differentiation in both normal and malignant cells. The first growth factor was epidermal growth factor. The receptor tyrosine kinases includes the receptor epidermal growth factor receptor EFGR. They have many other members like erbB2/HER-2, erbB3/HER-3, and erbB4/HER. These receptors are anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane and share a similar structure that is composed of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a short hydrophobic transmembrane region, and an intracytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Activation of these receptor leads to the phosphorylation of important tyrosine residues within the COOH-terminal portion of EGFR resulting in specific docking sites for cytoplasmic proteins. To overcome various problems associated with ERBB gene mutations, prior identification and analysis of these mutations is necessary. In this study, we have analyzed the ERBB receptor tyrosine kinase, its structural classification and various protein domains by using bioinformatics tools.<#LINE#>Burgess A.W., Cho H.S., Eigenbrot C., Ferguson K.M., Garrett T.P., Leahy D.J. and Yokoyama S. (2003).@An open-and-shut case? Recent insights into the activation of EGF/ErbB receptors.@Molecular cell, 12(3), 541-552.@Yes$Hubbard S.R. (2005).@EGF receptor inhibition: attacks on multiple fronts.@Cancer cell, 7(4), 287-288.@Yes$Frederick L., Wang X.Y., Eley G. and James C.D. (2000).@Diversity and frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in human glioblastomas.@Cancer research, 60(5), 1383-1387.@Yes$Anido J., Scaltriti M., Serra J.J.B., Josefat B.S., Todo F.R., Baselga J. and Arribas J. (2006).@Biosynthesis of tumorigenic HER2 C&#8208;terminal fragments by alternative initiation of translation.@The EMBO journal, 25(13), 3234-3244.@Yes$Liu D., Ghiso J.A.A., Estrada Y. and Ossowski L. (2002).@EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma.@Cancer cell, 1(5), 445-457.@Yes$Fischer O.M., Hart S., Gschwind A. and Ullrich A. (2003).@EGFR signal transactivation in cancer cells.@Biochemical Society Transactions, 31(6), 1203-1208.@Yes$Tan M., Li P., Klos K.S., Lu J., Lan K.H., Nagata Y. and Yu D. (2005).@ErbB2 promotes Src synthesis and stability: novel mechanisms of Src activation that confer breast cancer metastasis.@Cancer research, 65(5), 1858-1867.@Yes$Tan M., Lan K.H., Yao J., Lu C.H., Sun M., Neal C.L. and Yu D. (2006).@Selective inhibition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer in vivo by a novel TAT-based ErbB2-targeting signal transducers and activators of transcription 3–blocking peptide.@Cancer research, 66(7), 3764-3772.@Yes$Sun M., Li P., Tan M. and Yin G. (2006).@Upregulation and activation of PKCż by ErbB2 through Src promotes breast cancer cell invasion that can be blocked by combined treatment with PKCż and Src inhibitors.@Oncogene: An International Journal, 25(23), 3286-3295.@Yes$Yarden Y. and Sliwkowski M.X. (2001).@Untangling the ErbBsignalling network.@Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 2(2), 127-137.@Yes$Zhou X., Tan M., Hawthorne V.S., Klos K.S., Lan K.H., Yang Y. and Yu D. (2004).@Activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/4E-BP1 pathway by ErbB2 overexpression predicts tumor progression in breast cancers.@Clinical Cancer Research, 10(20), 6779-6788.@Yes$Zhang H., Berezov A., Wang Q., Zhang G., Drebin J., Murali R. and Greene M.I. (2007).@ErbB receptors: from oncogenes to targeted cancer therapies.@The Journal of clinical investigation, 117(8), 2051-2058.@Yes$Giaccone G. and Rodriguez J.A. (2005).@EGFR inhibitors: what have we learned from the treatment of lung cancer?.@Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 2(11), 554-561.@Yes$Cappuzzo F., Hirsch F.R., Rossi E., Bartolini S., Ceresoli G.L., Bemis L. and Ludovini V. (2005).@Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non–small-cell lung cancer.@Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(9), 643-655.@Yes$Pao W., Wang T.Y., Riely G.J., Miller V.A., Pan Q., Ladanyi M. and Varmus H.E. (2005).@KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.@PLoS medicine, 2(1), e17.@Yes$Olayioye M.A. (2001).@Intracellular signaling pathways of ErbB2/HER-2 and family members.@Breast Cancer Research, 3(6), 385.@Yes$Cho H.S. and Leahy D.J. (2002).@Structure of the extracellular region of HER3 reveals an interdomain tether.@Science, 297(5585), 1330-1333.@Yes$Bublil E.M. and Yarden Y. (2007).@The EGF receptor family: spearheading a merger of signaling and therapeutics.@Current opinion in cell biology, 19(2), 124-134.@Yes$Guy C.T., Webster M.A., Schaller M., Parsons T.J., Cardiff R.D. and Muller W.J. (1992).@Expression of the neuprotooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(22), 10578-10582.@Yes$Stern D.F. (2000).@Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases.@Breast Cancer Research, 2(3), 176.@Yes$Burgess A.W., Cho H.S., Eigenbrot C., Ferguson K.M., Garrett T.P., Leahy D.J. and Yokoyama S. (2003).@An open-and-shut case? Recent insights into the activation of EGF/ErbB receptors.@Molecular cell, 12(3), 541-552.@Yes$Hubbard S.R. (2005).@EGF receptor inhibition: attacks on multiple fronts.@Cancer cell, 7(4), 287-288.@Yes$Frederick L., Wang X.Y., Eley G. and James C.D. (2000).@Diversity and frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in human glioblastomas.@Cancer research, 60(5), 1383-1387.@Yes$Anido J., Scaltriti M., Serra J.J.B., Josefat B.S., Todo F.R., Baselga J. and Arribas J. (2006).@Biosynthesis of tumorigenic HER2 C&#8208;terminal fragments by alternative initiation of translation.@The EMBO journal, 25(13), 3234-3244.@Yes$Liu D., Ghiso J.A.A., Estrada Y. and Ossowski L. (2002).@EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma.@Cancer cell, 1(5), 445-457.@Yes$Fischer O.M., Hart S., Gschwind A. and Ullrich A. (2003).@EGFR signal transactivation in cancer cells.@Biochemical Society Transactions, 31(6), 1203-1208.@Yes$Tan M., Li P., Klos K.S., Lu J., Lan K.H., Nagata Y. and Yu D. (2005).@ErbB2 promotes Src synthesis and stability: novel mechanisms of Src activation that confer breast cancer metastasis.@Cancer research, 65(5), 1858-1867.@Yes$Tan M., Lan K.H., Yao J., Lu C.H., Sun M., Neal C.L. and Yu D. (2006).@Selective inhibition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer in vivo by a novel TAT-based ErbB2-targeting signal transducers and activators of transcription 3–blocking peptide.@Cancer research, 66(7), 3764-3772.@Yes$Sun M., Li P., Tan M. and Yin G. (2006).@Upregulation and activation of PKCż by ErbB2 through Src promotes breast cancer cell invasion that can be blocked by combined treatment with PKCż and Src inhibitors.@Oncogene: An International Journal, 25(23), 3286-3295.@Yes$Yarden Y. and Sliwkowski M.X. (2001).@Untangling the ErbBsignalling network.@Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 2(2), 127-137.@Yes$Zhou X., Tan M., Hawthorne V.S., Klos K.S., Lan K.H., Yang Y. and Yu D. (2004).@Activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/4E-BP1 pathway by ErbB2 overexpression predicts tumor progression in breast cancers.@Clinical Cancer Research, 10(20), 6779-6788.@Yes$Zhang H., Berezov A., Wang Q., Zhang G., Drebin J., Murali R. and Greene M.I. (2007).@ErbB receptors: from oncogenes to targeted cancer therapies.@The Journal of clinical investigation, 117(8), 2051-2058.@Yes$Giaccone G. and Rodriguez J.A. (2005).@EGFR inhibitors: what have we learned from the treatment of lung cancer?.@Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 2(11), 554-561.@Yes$Cappuzzo F., Hirsch F.R., Rossi E., Bartolini S., Ceresoli G.L., Bemis L. and Ludovini V. (2005).@Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non–small-cell lung cancer.@Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(9), 643-655.@Yes$Pao W., Wang T.Y., Riely G.J., Miller V.A., Pan Q., Ladanyi M. and Varmus H.E. (2005).@KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.@PLoS medicine, 2(1), e17.@Yes$Olayioye M.A. (2001).@Intracellular signaling pathways of ErbB2/HER-2 and family members.@Breast Cancer Research, 3(6), 385.@Yes$Cho H.S. and Leahy D.J. (2002).@Structure of the extracellular region of HER3 reveals an interdomain tether.@Science, 297(5585), 1330-1333.@Yes$Bublil E.M. and Yarden Y. (2007).@The EGF receptor family: spearheading a merger of signaling and therapeutics.@Current opinion in cell biology, 19(2), 124-134.@Yes$Guy C.T., Webster M.A., Schaller M., Parsons T.J., Cardiff R.D. and Muller W.J. (1992).@Expression of the neuprotooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(22), 10578-10582.@Yes$Stern D.F. (2000).@Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases.@Breast Cancer Research, 2(3), 176.@Yes
<#LINE#>Isolation of bioactive compounds by GC-MS and biological potentials of acanthus ilicifolius, L.<#LINE#>S.@Sofia ,Teresa M.V. @Merlee  <#LINE#>7-19<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-042.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam-682011, Kerala, India@Dept. of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam-682011, Kerala, India<#LINE#>22/4/2017<#LINE#>27/5/2017<#LINE#>Mangroves are ecological group of halophytic plant species, which provide a wide range of pharmaceutical and economic products and services. The present work focussed on a study of Acanthus ilicifolius, L.a mangrove plant from Kerala. Phytochemical constituents were determined by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Free radical scavenging activity was estimated using in vitro methods like DPPH, Nitric Oxide Radical, ABTS and Super Oxide Dismutase while minimum inhibitory concentration of leaf extracts were determined by resazurin based microtiter dilution assay and the characterisation of bioactive components by GC-MS analysis. The methanol extract of A. ilicifolius, L. leaf showed better scavenging activity in SOD method (419 µg/ml) followed by ABTS (450.7 µg/ml), NO (556 µg/ml) and DPPH (562.5 µg/ml). The crude methanolic extract showed remarkable MIC of 0.469 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, 0.521 mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumonia, 0.416 mg/ml against Candida albicans and Pencilliumnotatum. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins had higher correlation with antioxidant activities. The GC-MS of active column fraction revealed that the active principles were a mixture of Lupeol, decanoic acids, cyclolignan glycosides, glycine, cyano colchicine and other therapeutically active compounds. It could be concluded that A .ilicifolius, L. contains compounds with various biological activities and so recommended as a plant of phyto pharmaceutical importance.<#LINE#>Saranya Arumugam, Ramanathan T., Kesavanarayanan K.S. and Adam A. (2015).@Traditional Medicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of a Mangrove Plant, Acanthus ilicifolius, Linn. : A Brief  Review.@J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15(2), 243-250.@Yes$Ganesh S. and Vennila J.J. (2010).@Screening for antimicrobial activity in Acanthus ilicifolius.@Arch. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(5), 311-315.@Yes$Wostmann R. and Liebezeit G. (2008).@Chemical composition of the mangrove holly Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae) - review and additional data.@Senckenbergiana Maritime, 38, 31-37.@Yes$Liu L., Fan H., Qi P., Mei Y., Zhou L., Cai L., Lin X. and Lin J. (2013).@Synthesis and hepatoprotective properties of Acanthus ilicifolius alkaloid A and its derivatives.@Exp. Ther. Med, 6(3), 796-802.@Yes$Govindasamy C. and Kannan R. (2012).@Pharmacognosy of mangrove plants in the system of unani medicine.@Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 2(Suppl 1), S38-S41.@Yes$Firdaus M.,  Prihanto A.A. and Nurdiani R. (2013).@Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.@Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 3, 17-21.@Yes$Mani Senthil Kumar K.T.,  Gorain B., Roy D.K., Samanta S.K., Pal M., Biswas P., Roy A., Adhikari D., Karmakar S. and Sen T. (2008).@Anti-inflammatory activity of Acanthus ilicifolius.@J Ethnopharmacol., 120, 7-12.@Yes$Babu B.H., Shylesh B.S. and Padikkala J. (2001).@Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius.@Fitoterapia., 72(3), 272-277.@Yes$Wu J., Zhang S.I., Li Q., Huang J., Xiao Z. and Long L. (2004).@Two New Cyclolignan Glycosides from Acanthus ilicifolius.@Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 59(3), 341-344.@Yes$Kanchanapoom T., Kamel M.S., Kasai R., Yamasaki K., Picheansoonthon C. and Hiraga Y. (2001).@Lignanglucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius.@Phytochemistry, 56(4), 369-372.@Yes$Huo C., Liang H., Tu G., Zhao Y. and Lin W.A. (2008).@New 5, 11 epoxy megastigmaneglucoside from Acanthus ilicifolius.@Nat. Prod. Res, 22(10), 896-900.@Yes$Gamble J.S. (1984).@Flora of the presidency of Madras.@Adlard & Son Ltd, 21, Hart Street, W.C. London, 1014.@No$Harborne J.B. (1973).@Phytochemical Methods.@Chapman and Hall Ltd, London. 49-188.@Yes$Sofowora A. (1982).@Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa.@New York John Wiley 1982, 256.@Yes$Trease G.E. and Evans W.C. (1989).@A test book of pharmacognosy, 11th (Ed.) Bailliere Tindall.@London, 430.@Yes$Omoruyi B.E., Bradley G. and Afolayan A.J. (2012).@Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Carpobrotusedulis (L.) bolus leaf used for the management of common infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Eastern Cape Province.@Complementary and Alternative Medicine,  12, 215.@Yes$Boham A.B. and Kocipai R.A. (1974).@Flavonoid and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian vaccinumvaticulum and vicalycimum.@PracificSci, 48, 458-463.@Yes$Chang C., Yang M., Wen H. and Chern J. (2002).@Estimation of total Flavonoids content in Propilis by two complementary colorimetric methods.@J. Food Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178-182.@Yes$Lu Y. and Foo L.Y. (2001).@Antioxidant activities of polyphenols from sage (Salvia officinalis).@Food Chemistry, 75(2), 197-202.@Yes$Kono Y. (1978).@Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase.@Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 186(1),189-195.@Yes$Garratt D.C. (1964).@The quantitative analysis of drugs.@Third Edition, Chapman and Hall Ltd., Tokyo, 456-458.@Yes$Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A. and Yang M. (1999).@Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolourization assay.@Free RadicBiol Med, 26(9), 1231-1237.@Yes$Palomino J.C., Martin A., Camacho M., Guerra H., Swings J. and Portaels F. (2002).@Resazurinmicrotiter assay plate: simple and inexpensive method for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.@Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46(8), 2720-2722.@Yes$Wadood A., Ghufran M., Jamal S.B., Naeem M., Khan A., Ghaffar R. and Asnad C. (2013).@Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants Occurring in Local Area of Mardan.@Biochem Anal Biochem, 2(4), 1-4.@Yes$Satapathy S., Satapathy S. and Jena B.K. (2013).@Antitumor and Growth effector screen of leaf extracts of selected mangroves of Bhitarkanika, Odisha.@International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research,1(4), 25-30.@Yes$Krishnamoorthy M., Sasikumar J.M., Shamna R., Pandiarajan C., Sofia P. and Nagarajan B. (2011).@Antioxidant activities of bark extract from mangroves, Bruguiera cylindrical (L.) Blume and Ceriops decandra Perr.@Indian J Pharmacol., 43(5), 557-562.@Yes$Cartea M.E., Francisco M., Soengas P. and Velasco P. (2011).@Phenolic compounds in Brassica vegetables.@Molecules, 16, 251-280.@Yes$Shelar P.S., Reddy V.K., Shelar G.S. and Reddy G.V.S. (2012).@Medicinal value of mangroves and its antimicrobial properties – A REVIEW.@Continental J. Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 6(1), 26-37.@Yes$Ayala-Zavala J.F., Silva-Espinoza B.A., Cruz-Valenzuela M.R., Villegas-Ochoa M.A., Esqueda M., González-Aguilar G.A. and Calderón-López Y. (2012).@Antioxidant and antifungal potential of methanol extracts of Phellinusspp. from Sonora, Mexico.@RevistaIberoamericana De Micología. 29(3), 132-138.@Yes$Vaya J., Belinky P.A. and Aviram M. (1997).@Antioxidant constituents from licorice roots; Isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidation.@Free Rad. Biol. Med, 23(2), 302-313.@Yes$Robbins R.J. (2003).@Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical methodology.@J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2866-2887.@Yes$Chandra P. and Arora D.S. (2012).@Optimization of antioxidant potential of Penicillium granulatum Bainier by statistical approaches.@Microbiol., 1-10.@Yes$Gardner P.T., White T.A.C., McPhail D.B. and Duthie G.G. (2000).@The relative contributions of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics to the antioxidant potential of fruit juices.@Food Chem., 68(4), 471-474.@Yes$Hamid A.A., Aiyelaagbe O.O., Usman L.A., Ameen O.M. and Lawal A. (2010).@Antioxidants: Its medicinal and pharmacological applications.@Afri. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 4(8), 142-151.@Yes$Sram R.J., Binkova B. and Rossner P. (2012).@Vitamin C for DNA damage prevention.@Mutat. Res.Fundamental Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis. 733, 39-49.@Yes$McNicholl B.P., McGrath J.W. and Quinn J.P. (2006).@Development and application of a resazurin-based biomass activity test for activated sludge plant management.@Water Res, 41,127-133.@Yes$Bigalke D.L. (1984).@Methods used for monitoring the microbiological quality of raw milk.@Dairy Food Sanit, 4, 189-190.@Yes$Ganesh S. and Jannet Vennila J.  (2010). Scholars Research Library, 2(5), 311-315.@undefined@undefined@No$Manilal A., Sujith S., Kiran G.S., Selvin J. and Shakir C. (2009).@Biopotentials of mangroves collected from the Southwest coast of India.@Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem., 4, 59-65.@Yes$Bose S. and Bose A. (2008).@Antimicrobial Activity of Acanthus ilicifolius (L.).@Indian J Pharm Sci., 70(6), 821-823.@Yes$Graham J.G., Quinn M.L., Fabricant D.S. and Farnsworth N.R. (2000).@Plants used against cancer.@J Ethnopharmacol,73(3), 347-377.@Yes$Babu B.H., Shylesh B.S. and Padikkala J. (2002).@Tumour reducing and anticarcinogenic activity of Acanthus ilicifoliusin mice.@J Ethnopharmacol,79, 27-33.@Yes$Tiwari P., Kumar B., Kaur M., Kaur G. and Kaur H. (2011).@Phytochemical screening and extraction.@Int Pharm Sci, 1, 98-106.@Yes$Firdaus M.,  Prihanto A.A., Nurdiani R. and Widodo N. (2013).@Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.@Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 3, 17-21.@Yes$Sen S., De B., Devanna N. and Chakraborty R. (2013).@Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the leaves of  Meynaspinosa Roxb., an Indian medicinal plant.@Chin J Nat Med, 11, 149-157.@Yes$Saeed N., Khan M.R. and Shabbir M. (2012).@Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophyllaL.@BMC Complement Altern Med, 12, 212.@Yes$Saikia L.R. and Upadhyaya Sristisri (2011).@Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of some less known medicinal plants of Assam.@International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2(2), 383-388.@Yes$Jimoh F.O., Adedapo A.A., Aliero A.A. and Afolayan A.J. (2008).@Polyphenolic Contents and Biological Activities of Rumex Ecklonianus.@Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(5), 333-340.@Yes$Kumar Shashank and Pandey Abhay K. (2013).@Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview.@The Scientific World Journal, 1-16.@Yes$Nigam S. and Schewe T. (2000).@Phospholipase A2s and lipid peroxidation.@BiochemBiophyActa, 1488, 167-181.@Yes$K. Satoh and H.Sakagami (1997).@Effect of metal ions on radical intensity and cytotoxic activity of ascorbate.@Anticancer Research, 17(2A), 1125&#8208;1129.@Yes$Senevirathne Mahinda, Kim Soo-Hyun, Siriwardhana Nalin, Ha Jin-Hwan, Lee Ki-Wan and Jeon You-Jin (2006).@Antioxidant potential of Eckloniacavaon reactive oxygen species scavenging, metal chelating, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition.@Food Sci. Technol Int., 12,  27&#8208;38.@Yes$R. Govindarajan, kumar M. Vijaya, Rawat A.K.S. and Shanta M. (2003).@Free radical scavenging potential of Picorrhizakurroa Royle ExBenth.@Ind J ExpBiol, 41, 875-879.@Yes$Valko M., Leibfritz D., Moncol J., Cronin M.T.D., Mazur M. and Telser J. (2007).@Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.@Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 39, 44-84.@Yes$Moncada S., Palmer R.M. and Hiiggs E.A. (1991).@Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology.@Pharmacol Rev, 43(2), 109-142.@Yes$Wu X., Beecher G.R., Holden J.M., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E. and Prior R.L. (2004).@Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of Common Foods in the United States.@Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 52(12), 4026-4037.@Yes$Valgimigli L., Banks J.T., Lusztyk J. and Ingold K.U. (1995).@Kinetic solvent effects on hydroxyl hydrogen atom abstractions are independent of the nature of the abstracting radical. Two extreme test using vitamin E and Phenol.@Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117(40), 9966-9971.@Yes$Prior R.L., Wu X. and Schaich K. (2005).@A standardized method for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolic in foods and dietary supplements.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(10), 4290-4302.@Yes$Fiedor J. and Burda K. (2014).@Role of Carotenoids as Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease.@Nutrients, 6(2), 466-488.@Yes$Bandaranayake W.M. (1998).@Traditional and medicinal uses of mangroves.@Mangroves Salt Marshes, 2(3), 133-148.@Yes$Govindasamy C. and Kannan R. (2012).@Pharmacognosy of mangrove plants in the system of unani medicine.@Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 2(Suppl 1), S38-S41.@Yes$Sundaram R., Ganesan R. and Murugesan G. (2012).@In vitro antiplasmodial activity of spirobenzofuran compound from mangrove plant of Southern India.@Asian Pac J Trop Med,5(5), 358-361.@Yes$Wöstmann R. and Liebezeit G. (2008).@Chemical composition of the mangrove holly Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae) - review and additional data.@Senckenbergiana Maritime, 38, 31-37.@Yes$Tiwara K.P., Minocha P.K. and Masood M. (1980).@Acanthicifoline - a new alkaloid from Acanthus ilicifolius.@Chemischer Informationsdienst, 11, 48.@Yes$Huo C.H., Wang B., Lin W.H. and Zhao Y.Y. (2005).@Benzoxazinones from Acanthus ilicifolius.@BiochemSystEcol, 33(6), 643-645.@Yes$Chinnavenkataraman Govindasamy and Mani Arulpriya (2013).@Antimicrobial activity of Acanthus ilicifolius: Skin infection pathogens.@Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 3(3), 180-183.@Yes$Wu Jun, Zhang S.I., Li Q., Huang J., Xiao Z. and Long L. (2004).@Two New Cyclolignan Glycosides from Acanthus ilicifolius.@Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 59(3), 341-344.@Yes$Wöstmann R. and Liebezeit G. (2008).@Chemical composition of the mangrove holly Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae) - review and additional data.@Senckenbergiana Maritime, 38, 31-37.@Yes$Babu B.H., Shylesh B.S. and Padikkala J. (2001).@Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius.@Fitoterapia., 72(3), 272-277.@Yes$Firdaus M., Prihanto A.A. and Nurdiani R. (2013).@Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.@Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 3, 17-21.@Yes$Huo C., Liang H., Tu G., Zhao Y. and Lin W.A. (2008).@New 5, 11 epoxy megastigmaneglucoside from Acanthus ilicifolius.@Nat. Prod. Res, 22(10), 896-900.@Yes$Kanchanapoom T., Kasai R. and Yamasaki K. (2002).@Flavonoid Glycosides from Acanthus ilicifoliusL.@Nat. Med, 56(3), 122.@Yes$Park E.S., Moon W.S., Song M.J., Kim M.N., Chung K.H., and Yoon J.S. (2001).@Antimicrobial activityof phenol and benzoic acid derivatives.@IntBiodeterior Biodegradation, 47(4), 209-14.@Yes$Mishra P.M. and Sree A. (2007).@Antibacterial activity and GCMS analysis of the extract of leaves of Finlaysoniaobovata (a mangrove plant).@Asian J Plant Sci, 6(1), 168-172.@Yes$Chandrasekar T., Rao M.R., Kumar R.V., Prabhu K., Kumar S.N. and Divya D. (2015).@GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity of an Ayurvedic medicine, Nimbapatradi Choornam.@J Chem Pharm Res, 7(8), 124-36.@Yes$Togashi N., Shiraishi A., Nishizaka M., Matsuoka K., Endo K. and Hamashima H. (2007).@Antibacterial activity of long-chain fatty alcohols against Staphylococcus aureus.@Molecules, 12(2), 139-48.@Yes$Tajkarimi M. and Ibrahim S.A. (2011).@Antimicrobial activity of ascorbic acid alone or in combination with lactic acid on Escherichia coli O157: H7 in laboratory medium and carrot juice.@Food Control, 22(6), 801-804.@Yes$Uma B. and Parvathavarthini R. (2010).@Antibacterial effect of hexane extract of sea urchin, Temnopleurusalexandri (Bell,1884).@Int J PharmTech Res, 2(3), 1677-1680.@Yes$Canas-Rodriguez A. and Smith H.W. (1966).@The identification of the antimicrobial factors of the stomach contents of sucking rabbits.@Biochem J, 100(1), 79-82.@Yes$Al-Bari M.A., Sayeed M.A., Rahman M.S. and Mossadik M.A. (2006).@Characterization and antimicrobial activities of a phthalic acid derivative produced by Streptomyces bangladeshiensis - A novel species collected in Bangladesh.@Res J Med Med Sci, 1(2), 77-81.@Yes$Ajoke F.L., Kaita H. and Ilyas M. (2014).@Antibacterial Activity of 1,2-benzenediccarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble sub-portion of the unripe fruits of Nauclealatifolia.@Int J Pure App Biosci, 2(1), 223-230.@No$Ko T.F., Weng Y.M. and Chiou R. (2002).@Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminaliacatappaleaves and seeds.@J Agric Food Chem, 50(1), 5343-5348.@Yes$Maruthupandian A. and Mohan V.R. (2011).@GC-MS analysis of some bioactive constituents of PterocarpusmarsupiumRoxb.@International Journal of ChemTech Research, 3(3), 1652-1657.@Yes
<#LINE#>Phylogenetic assay and pollen structure of few species of the genus amaranthus L.<#LINE#>Cherian @Pinkie ,D. @Sheela ,K.V.@Durga  <#LINE#>20-25<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-046.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, St.Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala-682011, India@Department of Botany, St.Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala-682011, India@Department of Botany, St.Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala-682011, India<#LINE#>22/3/2017<#LINE#>23/5/2017<#LINE#>In Amaranthaceae, morphology based identification methods are usually time consuming and may sometimes lead to misidentification and always may not provide good resolution at the species levels. The phenotypic variability of the taxa may lead to misidentifications and creation of new false identity. DNA sequencing has been used to explain evolutionary relationships for more than 20 years in molecular systematics. The aims of DNA barcoding include identification of known specimens/species and new discovery of unknown plant species for enhancing taxonomy for the good of the science and betterment of society. The study basically emphasised on palynological studies and molecular profiling of Amaranthus species using universal markers rbcL and matK. The pollen morphology of the species of Amaranthus shows significant differences in polar length and equatorial diameter whereas the aperture was pantoporate with evenly distributed microspines. The phylogenetic assay showed bootstrap value of 96 and 98 for matK while 79 and 98 for rbcL dendrograms. All barcodes yield quality sequences.<#LINE#>Townsend C.C. (1993).@Amaranthaceae. The families and genera of vascular plants. II Flowering plants.@Dicotyledones. Spring Verlag, Berlin, 3(2), 70-91.@Yes$de Jussieu A.L. (1789).@Genera Plantarum.secun dum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam.@Paris: Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois, 498.@Yes$Ventenat E.P. (1799).@Tableau Vegetal selon la Methode de Jussieu.@2, 253.@Yes$Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003).@An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants.@Bot. J. Linnean Soc., 141(4), 399-436.@Yes$Townsend C.C. (1974).@Notes on Amaranthaceae2.@Kew Bulletin, 29(3), 461-475.@Yes$Ali M.A., Gyulai G., Hidvégi N., Kerti B., Al Hemaid F.M.A., Pandey A.K. and Lee J. (2014).@The changing epitome of species identification–DNA barcoding.@Saudi J. Biolog. Sci., 21(3), 204-231.@Yes$Keil M. and Griffin A.R. (1994).@Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in the discrimination and verification of genotypes in Eucalyptus.@Theor. Appl. Genet., 89(4), 442-450.@Yes$McKinnon G.E., Vaillancourt R.E., Steane D.A. and Potts B.M. (2008).@An AFLP marker approach to lower-level systematics in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae).@Am J Bot., 95(3), 368-380.@Yes$Besnard G., Khadari B., Villemur P. and Bervillé A. (2000).@Cytoplasmic male sterility in the olive (Olea europaea L.).@Theor. Appl. Genet.,100(7), 1018-1024.@Yes$Ochieng J.W., Steane D.A., Ladiges P.Y., Baverstock P.R., Henry R.J. and Shepherd M. (2007).@Microsatellites retain phylogenetic signals across genera in Eucalypts (Myrtaceae).@Genet Mol Biol., 30(4), 1125-1134.@Yes$Ganal M.W., Polley A., Graner E.M., Plieske J., Wieseke R., Luerssen H. and Durstewitz G. (2012).@Large SNP arrays for genotyping in crop plants.@Bioscience, 37(5), 821-828.@Yes$Hebert P.D.N., Cywinska A., Ball S.L. and de Waard J.R. (2003).@Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.@Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.], 270, 313-321.@Yes$CBOL (2009).@Plant Working Group. A DNA barcode for land plants.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,106(31), 12794-12797.@Yes$Casiraghi M., Labra M., Ferri E., Galimberti A. and De Mattia F. (2010).@DNA barcoding: a six-question tour to improve users’ awareness about the method.@Brief. Bioinformatics, 11, 440-453.@Yes$Yessoufou K., Davies J.T., Maurin O., Kuzmina M., Schaefer H., Van der Bank M. and Savolainen V. (2013).@Large herbivores favour species diversity but have mixed impacts on phylogenetic community structure in an African savanna ecosystem.@Ecology, 101(3), 614-625.@Yes$Maurin O., Davies T.J., Burrows J.E., Daru B.H., Yessoufou K., Muasya M.A., Van der Bank M. and Bond W. (2014).@Savanna fire and the origins of “underground forests” of Africa.@New Phytologist, 204, 201-214.@Yes$Janzen D.H., Hallwachs W., Blandin P., Burns J.M., Cadiou J.M., Chacon I. and Dapkey T. (2009).@Integration of DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of complex tropical biodiversity.@Mol. Ecol. Resour., 9, 1-26.@Yes$Kress W.J., Wurdack K.J., Zimmer E.A., Weigt L.A. and Janzen D.H. (2005).@Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102(23), 8369-8374.@Yes$Chase M.W., Cowan R.S., Hollingsworth P.M., ven den Berg C., Madrińán S. and Petersen G. (2007).@A proposal for a standardized protocol to barcode all land plants.@Taxon., 56(2), 295-299.@Yes$Taberlet P., Coissac E., Pompanon F., Gielly L., Miquel C. and Valentini A. (2007).@Power and limitations of the chloroplast trnL(UAA) intron for plant DNA barcoding.@Nucleic Acids Res., 35(3).@Yes$Kress W.J. and Erickson D.L. (2007).@A two-locus global DNA barcode for land plants: the coding rbcL gene complements the non-coding trnH-psbA spacer region.@PLoS ONE., 2(6), e508.@Yes$China Plant BOL Group (2011).@Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that ITS should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108(49), 19641-19646.@Yes$CBOL Plant Working Group(2009).@A DNA barcode for land plants.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106(31), 12794-12797.@Yes$Hoveka L.N., van der Bank M., Boatwright J.S., Bezeng B.S. and Yessoufou K. (2016).@The noncoding trnH-psbA spacer, as an effective DNA barcode for aquatic freshwater plants, reveals prohibited invasive species in aquarium trade in South Africa.@S. Afr. J. Bot., 102, 208-216.@Yes$Ashfaq M., Asif M., Anjum Z.I. and Zafar Y. (2013).@Evaluating the capacity of plant DNA barcodes to discriminate species of cotton (Gossypium: Malvaceae).@Mol Ecol Resour., 13(4), 573-582.@Yes$Levin R.A., Wagner W.L., Hoch P.C., Nepokroeff M., Pires J.C., Zimmer E.A. and Sytsma K.J. (2003).@Family-level relationships of Onagraceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF data.@Am. J. Bot., 90, 107-115.@Yes$Rieseberg L.H., Troy E.W. and Eric J.B. (2006).@The nature of plant species.@Nature, 440, 524-527.@Yes$Fazekas A.J., Kesanakurti P.R., Burgess K.S., Percy D.M., Graham S.W. and Barrett S.C.H. (2009).@Are plant species inherently harder to discriminate than animal species using DNA barcoding markers?.@Molecular Ecology Resources, 9,130-139.@Yes$Erdtman G. (1960).@The acetolysis method.@Svensk bot. tidskr., 54, 561.@Yes$Drummond A.J., Ashton B., Buxton S., Cheung M., Cooper A., Duran C., Field M., Heled J., Kearse M., Markowitz S., Moir R., Stones-Havas S., Sturrock S., Thierer T. and Wilson A. (2011).@Geneious Pro v5. 5.6.@View Article PubMed/ NCBI Google Scholar.@Yes$Hall T.A. (1999).@BioEdit: a user- friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT.@Nucl. Acids. Symp. Ser., 41, 95-98.@Yes$Thompson J.D., Desmond G.H. and Toby J.G. (1994).@CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.@Nucleic Acids Research., 22, 4673-4680.@Yes$Kumar S., Stecher G. and Tamura K. (2016).@MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.@Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(7), 1870-1874.@Yes$Borsch T. (1998).@Pollen types in the Amarantaceae. Morphology and evolutionary significance.@Grana, 37(3), 129-142.@Yes$Erdtman G. (1952).@Pollen Morphology and Taxonomy. Angiosperms.@Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm.@Yes$Roland F. (1971).@The detailed structure and ultra-structure of an acalymmate tetrad.@Grana., 11, 41-44.@Yes$Franssen Aaron S., Skinner Daniel Z., Al-Khatib Kassim and Horak Michael J. (2001).@Pollen morphological differences in Amaranthus species and interspecific hybrids.@Weed Science, 49(6), 732-737.@Yes$Prevost A. and Wilkinson M.J. (1999).@A new system of comparing PCR primer applied to ISSR fingerprinting of potato cultivars.@Theor. Appl. Genet., 98, 107-112.@Yes$Wang G., Mahalingam R. and Knap H.T. (1998).@C-A and G-A anchored simple sequence repeats (ASSRS) generated polymorphism in Soyabean, Glycine max(L.) Merr.@Theor. Appl. Genet., 96(8), 1086-1096.@Yes$Muller K. and Borsch T. (2005).@Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae based on matk/trnk sequence dataevi dence from parsimony, likelihood and bayesian analyses.@Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden., 92(1), 66-102.@Yes$Stoeckle M. (2003).@Taxonomy, DNA, and the Bar Code of Life.@BioScience., 53(9), 796-797.@Yes$Soltis D.E., Savolainen V. and Chatrou L. (2003).@Angiosperm phylogeny based on mat K sequence information.@Am. J. Bot., 90(12), 1758-1776.@Yes$Saitou N. and Nei M. (1987).@The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.@Molecular Biology and Evolution., 4(4), 406-425.@Yes$Felsenstein J. (1985).@Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap.@Evolution., 39, 783-791.@Yes
<#LINE#>In vitro determination of anti-cancer, anti-Inflammatory and anti-dibetic potential among selected species of Spilanthes Jacq.<#LINE#>Durga @K.V.,Sheela @D. ,Neethi C. @Nair <#LINE#>26-29<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-047.pdf<#LINE#>1Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College EKM, Kerala, India@1Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College EKM, Kerala, India@1Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College EKM, Kerala, India<#LINE#>31/3/2017<#LINE#>25/5/2017<#LINE#>Many medicinal plants were with a long history of use in medicine against a variety of diseases. Spilanthes (Asteraceae) an important medicinal plant grown in tropics and subtropics, well-known indigenous medicine, has been used for the treatment of many disease such cancer, diabetes mellitus and skin infections. The aim of this study was to focusedthe biological activities of four Spilanthessps. against anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic  and anticancer activities and to evaluate the pharmacognostic activity of the plants. S. vazhachalensis Sheela, S. ghoshinis, S.calva DC, S. radicans Jacq plants showed good anticancer activity against DLA cell lines using the assays. Ethanolic extract of S.ghoshinis showed potent cytotoxic activity with cytotoxic percentage (10%-57%) and S.calva showed least activity (2%-11%). Anti-inflammatory studies and antidiabetic property of the Spilanthes sps. showed better result and thus it has immense role ethnomedicine and preparation of new drug formulation in near future.<#LINE#>Natalie Vickery (2011).@Getting Acquainte.@with spilanthes://familyherbalist.wordpress.com@No$P. Raja, N. Dhathchanamoorthy, A. Kala and S. Soosairaj (2013).@Spilanthes radicans Jacq.(Asteraceae) a new record to Tamilnadu, India.@Int. J. Int sci. Inn. Tech. Sec. A, 2(6), 34-35@Yes$Preetha T.S., Neethumohan P.M. and Najeena S.R. (2017) i.world journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences , 12, 1275-1287.@undefined@undefined@No$Sahu J., Jain K., Jain B. and Sahu R.K. (2011).@A review on phytopharmacology and micropropagation of Spilanthes acmella.@Pharmacologyonline newslett, 2, 1105-1110.@Yes$IndiaNetzone (2014).@Spilanthes Calva, Indian Medicinal Plant.@http://www.indianetzone.com/38/spilanthes_calva_plant.htm 30/10/2014@No$Sheela D. (2010).@Spilanthesghoshinis: a new species from Kerala, India.@Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 34(4), 798-800.@Yes$Sivarajan V.V. and Mathew Philip (1984).@Notes on three new immigrant species of Spilanthesjacq.(Asteraceae) in India and the identity of the common tooth ache plant.@Ancient science of life, 3(3), 169-173.@Yes$Sheela D. (2007).@Spilanthesvazhachalensis: a new species from Kerala, India.@Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 31(2), 474-477.@Yes$Subramoniam A., Nair S.A. and Shylesh B. S. (2005).@Induction of cell specific apoptosis and protection from Dalton@Indian J Pharmacol, 37(4), 232-237.@Yes$Bernfeld P. (1955).@Amylase &#945; &&#946;.@methods in enzymology. Academic Press, USA, 1, 149-158.@Yes$Azeem A.K., Dilip C., Prasanth S.S. and Junise V. (2010).@Anti-inflammatory activity of glandular extract of Thannus alalunga.@Asi. Pac. J. For Med., 3(10), 412-420.@Yes$Shamima Akter , Rahman Ataur, Azad Abul Kalam, Mohiuddin md, Mamun Abdullah Al, Sarker Jyotirmoy, Islam Mohammad Safiqul and Sarwar Shahid (2014).@Antidiabetic and thrombolytic effects of ethanolic extract of Spilanthes paniculata leaves.@Journal of Plant Sciences  2(6-1), 13-18.@Yes$Barman S., Sahu N., Deka S., Dutta S. and Das S. (2009).@Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of leaves of Spilanthesacmella(ELSA) in experimental animal models.@Pharmacologyonline, 1027-1034@Yes$Suphapong Saowapa, Worachartcheewan  Apilak, Lawung Ratana, Ruchirawat Somsak and Prachayasittikul Virapong (2009).@Bioactive Metabolites from Spilanthesacmella Murr.@Molecules, 14(2), 850-867. doi:10.3390/molecules14020850@Yes$Tiwari K.L., Jadhav S.K. and Joshi V. (2011).@An updated review on medicinal herb genus Spilanthes.@Chin. J.Integr. Med., 9(11), 1170-1178.@Yes
<#LINE#>HPTLC analysis of flavonoids among selected members of asteraceae<#LINE#>Neethi C. @Nair,D. @Sheela,Pinkie @Cherian <#LINE#>30-36<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-050.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, St. Teresas College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India@Department of Botany, St. Teresas College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India@Department of Botany, St. Teresas College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India<#LINE#>22/3/2017<#LINE#>15/5/2017<#LINE#>Flavonoids exhibit a wide range of biological activities and currently are of particularinterest as potential anticancer agents, as insect antifeedants and as natural insecticide. They constitute many secondary metabolites which have polyphenolic properties and with a wide range of pharmacological activities. The present investigation comprises eight medicinal plants  which  are coming under two sub tribes Heliantheae and Eupatorieae of the family Asteraceae viz., Adenostemma lavenia, O.Kze., Ageratum conyzoides, L., Eupatorium ayapana, Vent., Chromolaena odorata, L., Eclipta prostrata, L., Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr, Xanthium strumarium, L., and  Acanthospermum hispidum, DC. The methanolic extracts of these plants were analyzed using HPTLC CAMAG Linomat 5, Eclipta prostrata, L. is found to have more flavonoid content than others. Rf values of the plants shows the range between 0.63 – 0.68. The data analysis shows that all the plants are positively correlated. The present work emphasizes onto the quantification of flavonoids and emphasizing the therapeutic potential as anti cancerous drug.<#LINE#>Nijeveldt R., Nood E.V., Hoorn D.E.C.V., Boelens P.G., Norren K.V. and Leeuwen P.A.M.V. (2001).@Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications.@Am J ClinNutr, 74(4), 418-425.@Yes$Stumf P.K. and Corm E.E. (1981).@Biochemistry of Plants.@Academic Press. London.@No$Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Reunanen A. and Maatela J. (1996).@Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study.@Br Med J, 312(7029), 478-481.@Yes$Gibellini L., Pinti M., Nasi M., Montagna J.P., De Biasi S., Roat E., Bertoncelli L., Cooper E.L. and Cossarizza A. (2011).@Quercetin and cancer chemoprevention.@Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 591356.@Yes$Giuliani C., Noguchi Y., Harii N., Napolitano G., Tatone D., Bucci I., Piantelli M., Monaco F. and Kohn L.D. (2008).@The flavonoid quercetin regulates growth and gene expression in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells.@Endocrinology, 149(1), 84-92.@Yes$Wilson R.T., Wang J., Chinchilli V., Richie J.P., Virtamo J., Moore L.E. and Albanes D. (2009).@Fish, vitamin D and flavonoids in relation to renal cell cancer among smokers.@Am J Epidemiol, 170(6), 717-729.@Yes$Bosetti C., Rossi M., McLaughlin J.K., Negri E., Talamini R., Lagiou P., Montella M., Ramazzotti V., Franceshi S. and LaVecchia C. (2007).@Flavonoids and the risk of renal cell carcinoma.@CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 16(1), 98-101.@Yes$Gupta M.P. (1995). Plant as medicinal esiberoamericanas. Bogota.CYTED-SECAB, 270, 324.@undefined@undefined@No$Okunade A.L. (2002).@Review Ageratum co-nyzoides L.@(Asteraceae). Fitoterapia, 73, 1-16.@Yes$Inya-Agha S.I., Oguntimein B.O., Sofowora A. and Benjamin T.V. (1987).@Phytochemical and Antibacterial Studies on the Essential Oil of Eupatorium odoratum.@Int. J. Crude Drug Res, 25(1), 49-52.@Yes$Suksamram A., Chotipong A., Tananit S., Boongird S., Timsuksai P., Vimuttipong S. and Chuaynugul A. (2004).@Antimycobacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Flavonoids from the Flowers of Chromolaena odorata.@Arch Pharm Pres., 27(5), 507-511.@Yes$Talapatra S.K., Bhar D.S. and Talapatra B. (1974).@Flavonoid and TerpenoidConstitiuents of Eupatorium odoratum.@Phytochemistry, 13(1), 284-285.@Yes$Bose P.K., Chakrabarti P., Chakrabarti S., Dutta S.P. and Barua A.K. (1974).@Chemical Examination of the Leaves of Eupatorium odoratum.@Trdans. Bose Res. Ins. (Calcutta), 37, 25-30.@Yes$Fouche G., Cragg G.M., Pillay P., Kolesnikova N., Maharaj V.J. and Senabe J. (2008).@In vitro anticancer screening of South African plants.@J Ethnopharmacol, 119(3), 455-461.@Yes$Manjamalai A., Shukoor A.S., Haridas A. and Berlin G. (2011).@Evalution of antifungal and anti- inflammatory effects on methanolic extract of Wedeliachinensis.@Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Res, 3, 30-37.@Yes$Almagboul A.Z., Farrog A.A. and Tyagi B.R. (1985). Fitoterapia, 56, 103.@undefined@undefined@No$Kawase Masami, Sakagami Hiroshi, Motohashi Noboru, Hauer Hermann, Chatterjee Shyam S., Spengler Gabriella, Vigyikanne Aniko Varadi, Molnar Annamaria and Molnar Joseph (2005).@Coumarin derivatives with tumor-specific cytotoxicity and multidrug resistance reversal activity.@In Vivo, 19(4), 705-711.@Yes$Weber G., Shen F., Prajda N., Yeh Y.A., Yang H., Look K.Y. and Herenyiova M. (1996).@Increased signal transduction activity and down-regulation in human cancer cells.@Anticancer.Res,16(6A),3271-3282.@Yes$Fotsis T., Pepper M.S., Aktas E., Breit S. and Rasku S., Adlercreutz H. (1997). Cancer.Res, 57, 2916-2921.@undefined@undefined@No$Deepa N. and Rajendran N.N. (2007).@Anti-tumor Activity of Acanthospermumhispidum DC on Dalton Ascites Lymphoma in Mice.@Natural Product Sciences, 13(3), 234-240.@Yes$Ramya V., Dheena D.V. and Umamaheswari S. (2010).@In vitro studies on antibacterial activity and separation of active compounds of selected flower extracts by HPTLC.@J Chem Phar Res, 2(6), 86-91.@Yes$Sethi P.D. (1996).@High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography: Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations.@CBS Publishers and Distributers: New Delhi, 10-60.@Yes
<#LINE#>The fractal dimension study of butterfly wing pattern<#LINE#>Khushbu H. @Viththalanai,Vinod C. @Soni <#LINE#>37-40<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-051.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India@Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>26/4/2017<#LINE#>31/5/2017<#LINE#>The geometrical complexity in the wing pattern of the butterfly species of different taxa was analyzed for their fractal dimension, using mathematical models in Matlab. Fractals are geometrical figures which repeat themselves at progressively smaller scale and exhibit more complex structure at larger scale. The analysis was restricted to a small number of butterfly species of Saurashtra region, Gujrat, India. The analysis of FD value of wing pattern was conducted between species of each genus, within sub-families and among families of Lepidoptera. Preliminary results provide some evidence for the similarity of the FD value of the wing pattern. Among five families, Nymphalidae and Pieridae were found to have the same mean value for the FD of their wing pattern, in spite of their taxonomical difference. It was also found that within each family, the sub-families showed a significant variation in the mean FD value (one way ANOVA, p < 0.05). It was observed that different species in the same genus exhibit significant variation for the mean FD value (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05, one way ANOVA). The study thus exhibits that taxonomically diverse species may hold similar FD values and the determining factors for these results need to be investigated.<#LINE#>Castrejon-Pita A.A., Sarmiento-Galan A., Castrejon-Pita J.R. and Castrejon-Garcia R. (2005).@Fractal Dimension in Butterflies wing: A novel approach to understand wing pattern.@J. Math. Bio., 50(5), 584-594.@Yes$Nandania V.R. (2003).@Study of butterfly fauna of several parts of Saurashtra.@(Unpublished M.Phil dissertation), Department of Bioscience, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, viii+120.@No$Parasharya B.M. and Jani J.J. (2007).@Butterflies of Gujrat.@Anand Agricultural University, Publication, Anand, Gujrat, India.@Yes$Mandelbrot B.B. (1982).@The Fractal Geometry of Nature.@Freeman,San Francisco.@Yes$Mandelbrot B.B. (1977).@Fractal: form, chance and dimension.@San Francisco. California W.H Freeman.@No$Murray J.D. (2002).@Use and Abuse of fractal in Mathematical Biology: I. An Introduction-Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication third addition: Springer-Verlag.@New York, 484-499.@No$Nijhout H.F. (2001).@Elements of Butterfly Wing Patterns.@J. Exp. Zoo, 291(3), 213-225.@Yes
<#LINE#>In vitro bioactivity and phytochemical characterization of Nypa fruticans. Wurmb: a mangrove from Kerala, India<#LINE#>Lovly @M.S.,Merlee Teresa @M.V. <#LINE#>41-51<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-052.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, St’ Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India@Department of Botany, St’ Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India<#LINE#>22/3/2017<#LINE#>6/6/2017<#LINE#>Nypa fruticans Wurmb is an underutilized mangrove plant in India. Mangroves generally contain more secondary metabolites to thrive in a saline environment. The present study focuses on estimation of primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids etc and secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenols, tannins etc from different parts of Nypa plant such as leaf, stem, male flower, bracts, unripe endosperm and ripe endosperm. Total phenolic content (79.91±1.63 mg/g) and flavonoid contents (99.5±0.936mg/g) were high in the leaves compared to young and mature endosperm. The antioxidant activity using DPPH and SOD scavenging assay also showed very high in leaves. IC50 value of leaves for DPPH scavenging assay was 6.11±1.68 µg/ml and SOD scavenging assay was 11.85±1.16 µg/ml. GC-MS and LC-MS analysis of NFME of leaves identified several bioactive compounds. Brenzcatechin, 4-vinylphenol, 4-vinyl 2-methoxy-phenol, hexadecanoic acid etc were some of the compounds obtained from GC-MS analysis. In vitro study of methanolic extract for anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated and % inhibition was high. Percentage of &#593;-amylase inhibition of the NFME at 500 µg/ml concentration was 69.87% which showed a significant level of anti diabetic activity. Inhibition of haemolysis of erythrocytes at high temperature was 72.94% which indicated the anti inflammatory potential of NFME. Protein denaturation inhibition of methanolic extract was also significant (53.08%) that showed the anti arthritic activity.<#LINE#>Lovly M.S. and Merlee Teresa M.V. (2016).@Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) A new record from Kerala.@International Journal of Advanced Research, 4(6), 1051-1055.@No$Ebana R.U.B., Etok C.A. and Edet U.O. (2015).@Phytochemical screening and Antimicrobial activity of Nypa fruticans harvested from Oporo Riverin the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.@International J of Innovation Appl.Sci, 10(4), 1120-1124.@Yes$Cheynier V., Comte G., Davies K.M., Lattanzio V. and Marterns S. (2013).@Plant Phenolics: Recent Advances on Their Biosynthesis, Genetics and Ecophysiology.@Plant Physiol. Biochem., 72, 1-20.@Yes$Prasad K.N., Zabidah A.A., Azrina A., Amin I. and Zulfiki B.R. (2012).@Antioxidant Capacity of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Fruit.@Intl. J. Nutrition, Food Public Health., 5(1-3), 61-78.@Yes$Prasad K.N., Yang B., Kong K.W., Khoo H.E., Sun J., Azrina A., Ismail A. and Romli Z.B. (2013).@Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacity from Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Fruit.@Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-9. http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2013/154606@Yes$Aziz A. and Jack R. (2015).@Total Phenolic content and Antioxidant activity in Nypa fruticans extracts.@Journal of Sustainability of Science and Management, 10(1), 87-91.@Yes$Yusoff Nor Adlin, Ahmad Mariam, Hindi Bassel al, Widyawati Tri, Yam Mun Fei, Mahmud Roziahanim, Khairul Niza Abdul Razak and Mohd Zaini Asmawi (2015).@Aqueous Extract of Nypa fruticans.Wurmb. Vinegar Alleviates Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Normoglycemic Rats.@Nutrients, 7(8), 7012-7026.@Yes$Reza Hasan, Haq Wahid Mozammel, Das Asish K., Rahman Shahnaz, Jahan Rownak and Rahmatullah Mohammed (2011).@Anti-hyperglycemic and Antinociceptive activity of methanol leaf and stem extract of Nypa fruticans wurmb.@Pak. j. pharm. sci., 24(4), 485-488.@Yes$Dubois M., Gilles K.A., Hamilton J.K., Rebers P.A. and Smith F. (1956).@Calorimetric Method for determination of Sugars and related Substances.@Anal. Chem., 28(3), 350- 356.@Yes$Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951).@Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.@J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265-275.@Yes$Barnes H. and Blackstock J. (1973).@Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues: Detailed investigation of the sulphosphovanillin method for@J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 12, 103-118@Yes$Marinova D. Ribarova F. and Atanassova M. (2005).@Total phenolics and total Flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables.@Journal of the University of chemical technology and metallurgy, 40(3), 255-260.@Yes$Hossain M.A. and Nagooru M.R. (2011).@Biochemical profiling and total flavonoids contents of leaves crude extract of endemic medicinal plant Corydyline terminalis L. Kunth.@Pharmacogn J., 3(24), 25-30.@Yes$Boham A.B. and Kocipai A.R. (1994).@Flavonoid and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian vaccinum vaticulum and vicalycimum.@Pracific Sci., 48, 458-463.@Yes$Ranganna S. (1986).@Handbook of Analysis and Quality Control for Fruit and Vegetable Products.@Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 190-210.@Yes$Nishikimi M., Rao N.A and Yagi K. (1972).@The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen.@Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 46(2), 849-854.@Yes$Shimada K., Fujikawa K., Yahara K. and Nakamura T. (1992).@Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(6), 945-948.@Yes$Mizushima Y. and Kobayashi M. (1968).@Interaction of anti-inflammatory drugs with serum proteins especially with some biologically active proteins.@J Pharm Pharmacol, 20(3), 169-173.@Yes$Thalapaneni N.R., Chidambaram K.A., Ellappan T., Sabapati M.L. and Mandal S.C. (2008).@Evaluation of &#945;-amylase, &#945;-glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitors ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from antidiabetic medicinal plants.@Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 5(1), 1-10.@No$Sakat S., Juvekar Archana R. and Gambhire Manoj N. (2010).@In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata.Linn.@International Journal of Pharma and Pharmacological sciences, 2(1), 146-155.@Yes$Joshi L., Kanagaratnam U. and Adhuri D. (2006).@Nypa fruticans—useful but forgotten in mangrove reforestration program.@Resilience, Rights and Resources. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org.@Yes$Bravo L. (1988).@Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources,metabolism, and nutritional significance.@Nutrition Reviews, 56(11), 317-333.@Yes$Nakayoma J. and Yamada M. (1995).@Suppression of active oxygen-indeed cyto- toxicity by flavonoids.@Biochem Pharmcol, 45, 265-267.@No$Paivake A.E.A. (1985).@Tapping practices and sap yields of the nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) in Papua New Guinea.@Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 13(1), 59-72.@Yes$Tsuji Koji, Ghazalli Mohd Nor Faizal, Ariffin Zulhairil, Nordin Mohd Shukor, Khaidizar Maya Izar, Dulloo Mohammad Ehsan and Sebastian Leocadio S. (2011).@Biological and Ethnobotanical Characteristics of Nipa Palm (Nypa fructicans Wurmb.): A Review.@Sains Malaysiana, 40(12), 1407-1412@Yes$Neo Y.P., Azis A., Tan C.P. and Tan Y.A. (2008).@Determination of Oil Palm Fruit Phenolic Compounds and Their Antioxidant Activities Using Spectrophotometric Methods.@Intl. J. Food Sci. Technol., 43(10), 1832-1837.@Yes$Zhang W., Li B., Han L. and Zhang H. (2009).@Antioxidant Activity of Extract from Areca (Areca catechu L) Flower, Hush and Seed.@African J. Biotechnol., 8(16), 3887-3892.@Yes$Ban J.O., Hwang I.G., Kim T.M., Hwang B.Y., Lee U.S., Jeong H.S., Yoon Y.W., Kim D.J. and Hong J.T. (2007).@Anti-proliferate and pro-apoptotic effects of 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- 4H-pyranone through inactivation of NF-&#954;B in human colon cancer cells.@Arch Pharm Res., 30(11), 1455-1463.@Yes$Huang Z., Dostal L. and Rosazza J.P. (1993).@Microbial transformations of ferulic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas fluorescens.@Applied and Environmental Microbiology.@Yes$Steck W.F., Underhill E.W., Bailey B.K. and Chisholm M.D. (1982).@(Z )-7-Tetradecenal, a Seasonally Dependent Sex Pheromone of the w-Marked Cutworm, Spaelotis clandestina (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).@Environ Entomol, 11(5), 1119-1122@Yes$Carrasco F. (2009).@Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients 4th ed.@. Francisco Carrasco Otero, 428.@Yes$Pietta P.G. (2000).@Flavonoids as antioxidants.@Journal of Natural Products, 63(7), 1035-1042.@Yes$Ferguson L.R., Shuo-tun Z. and Harris P.J (2005).@Antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of plant cell wall hydroxycinnamic acids in cultured HT-29 cell.@Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 49(6), 585-593.@Yes$Kikugawa K., Hakamada T., Hasunuma M. and Kurechi T. (1983).@Reaction of p-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with nitrite and its relevance to nitrosamine formation.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 31(4), 780-785.@Yes$Kassim Mustafa, Achoui Mouna, Mustafa Mohd Rais, Mohd Mustafa Ali and Yusoff Kamaruddin Mohd (2010).@Ellagic acid, phenolic acids, and flavonoids in Malaysian honey extracts demonstrate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.@Nutrition Research, 30(9), 650-659.@Yes$Zhao Y., Wang J., Ballevre O., Luo H. and Zhang W. (2011).@Antihypertensive effects and mechanisms of chlorogenic acids@. Hypertension Research, 35(4), 370-374.@Yes$Onakpoya I.J., Spencer E.A., Thompson M.J. and Heneghan C.J. (2015).@The effect of chlorogenic acid on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.@Journal of Human Hypertension, 29(2), 77-81.@Yes$Souquet J., Cheynier Véronique, Brossaud Franck and Moutounet Michel (1996).@Polymeric proanthocyanidins from grape skins@. Phytochemistry, 43(2), 509-512.@Yes$Yang J. and Xiao Y.Y (2013).@Grape phytochemicals and associated health benefits.@Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr., 53(11), 1202-1225.@Yes$Kreft S., Knapp M. and Kreft I. (1999).@Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(11), 4649-4652.@Yes$Baja-Lapis A.C., David M.E., Reyes C.G. and Audije B.S. (2004).@Asean’s 100most precious plants.@European Commission (Phillipines).@Yes$Paivoke A., Adams M.R. and Twiddy D.R. (1985).@Nipa Palm Vineager in Papua-New-Guinea.@ProcessBiochem., 19, 84-87.@Yes$Hamilton L.S. and Murphy D.H. (1988).@Use and management of Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans, Arecaceae): a review.@Economic Botany, 42(2), 206-213.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Fish nutrition, potential health benefits and heavy metal research in India: Steps towards new horizon<#LINE#>Sreenivasa Rao @Jarapala <#LINE#>52-60<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2017-019.pdf<#LINE#>Jamai Osmania-PO, Food Chemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad-500007, India<#LINE#>17/2/2017<#LINE#>14/5/2017<#LINE#>Aquaculture production is increasing in recent years and predicted that it may contribute the sea food as per the increasing population demand globally in future. Among the aquaculture provisions, fish and shellfish are one of the major sources of essential nutrients for the growth and functioning of cell and have been widely accepted for the maintenance of a healthy body. However many notorious issues are needed to consider in this field includes metal toxicity, food safety and human health pertaining to fish and shell fish nutrition. These issues require evaluating in order to attain balance in safe and nutritious food production and sustainability in aquaculture. Fish production in India was increased more than tenfold since its independence in 1947. The production of fish from 1990 to 2010 has been increased two folds according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Literature show that it is well known fact that fish and shell fish were extensively accepted as a good source of nutrients for the defense of a healthy body and major source of animal protein. It is also reported to diminish the risk of heart diseases, stroke and preterm delivery due to widely consumed in many parts of the world as a good source of omega 3 fatty acids.  It is unfortunate that human beings without realizing the consequences of pollution do a lot of activities that terribly polluting the nature, resulting in deterioration of the healthy environment meant for future generations. Water contamination is one of the severe concerns that influence the marine ecosystem with high concentration of heavy metals and trace metals. According to Jingaram study the coastal or river water are contaminated by the dumping of industrial wastages. The metals accumulated in the water transmit a disease to the human by consuming the affected organisms like fish and shell fish claim that when the level of trace and heavy metal concentrations exceeds the stipulated level it turns out to be toxic. Very recently the Mc Lintock work was stated that the elevated level of metal concentration may bring shattering effect to the ecological balance by altering the range of organisms in water. The other end nutrition studies show that fish consumption has a positive impact on sleep in general and also on daily functioning which may be related to vitamin D status. Extensive literature explored that there is a gap of knowledge in the appropriate toxicity and contamination studies and survey on human through fish and seafood. More research focus is needed on metal toxicity and the knowledge to combat these challenges among the clinicians, dietitians and food researchers. Further efforts should make to widen the knowledge in this unmapped area of research.<#LINE#>Sreenivasa Rao J., Vasudeva Rao Y., Devindra S., and Longvah T. (2014).@Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Indian marine fish using ICP-MS after closed vessel micro wave digestion method.@International Journal of Analytical and Bio analytical Chemistry, 4, 67-73.@No$Chelamcherla Vijaya (2016).@Fish and Fisheries current issue.@SBW Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN: 978-81-85708-61-4.@No$Paul B.N. and Giri S.S. (2015).@Fresh Water Aquaculture Nutrition Research in India.@Indian Journal Animal Nutrition, 32(2), 113-125.@Yes$Anderson P.D., Wiener J.B., Graham J.D. and Weiner J.B. (1995).@Risk versus Risk: Tradeoffs in Protecting Health and the Environment.@Hazard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.@Yes$Deviglus M.J., Sheeshka J. and Murkin E. (2002).@Health benefits from eating fish.@Comments Toxicology, 8(4-6), 345-374.@Yes$Patterson J. (2002).@Introduction-comparative dietary risk: Balance the risks and benefits of fish consumption.@Comments Toxicology, 8(4-6), 337-343.@Yes$Jhingaram V.G. (1975).@Fish and Fisheries of India.@Hindustan Publishing Corporation, India.@Yes$Bal D.V. and Virabhadra Rao K. (1984).@Marine Fisheries.@Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.@Yes$Majid Abdul A.R. (2004).@Field guide to selected commercial marine fishes of Malaysian waters.@Malaysia. Fisheries Research Institute.@Yes$Mc Lintock A.H. (2007).@Te Ara-The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Fish.@Marine.@Yes$Irish Sea Fisheries Board (1986).@The Atlantic salmon farming industry: Past performance and future potential.@Irish Sea Fisheries Board.@Yes$Alissa Eman M. and Ferns Gordon A. (2011).@Heavy Metal Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease.@The American Heart Association. Journal of Toxicology. Article ID 870125, 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/87012.@Yes$Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012).@The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.@Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.@Yes$Chandasudha Goswami and Zade V.S. (2015).@Statistical Analysis of Fish Production in India.@International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 4, Copyright to IJIRSET DOI: 10.15680/ IJIRSET.2015.0402063 294.@No$ATSDR Toxicological profile for Arsenic (2000).@Agency for toxic substances and disease registry.@ATSDR/PB/2000/108021. US Public health service, Atlanta, GA.@No$Crinnion W. (2000).@Environmental medicine, part three: Long term effects of chronic low-dose mercury exposure.@Altern Med Rev., 5(3), 209-223.@Yes$WHO., Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization Technical Report Series 922, World Health Organization: Geneva, FAO. (2002)@The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.@Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations: Rome; Italy.@No$International Agency for Rearch on Cancer (IARC) (1980).@Monographs on the evolution of carcinogenic risks to humans- Arsenic and Arsenic compounds.@IARC Press, Lyon, France, 23, 39-141.@No$Block S. (1999).@Diagnosis and treatment of heavy metal toxicity.@Int J Integrative Med., 1(6), 7-12.@Yes$Bralley J.A. and Lord R.S. (2001).@Laboratory Evaluations in Molecular Medicine.@Norcross GA. The Institute for Advances in Molecular Medicine.@Yes$Crinnion W.J. (2000).@Environmental medicine, part three: long term effects of chronic low-dose mercury exposure.@Altern Med Rev., 5(3), 209-223.@Yes$Ikeda M., Ikui A., Komiyama A., Kobayashi D. and Tanaka M. (2008).@Causative factors of taste disorders in the elderly and therapeutic effects of zinc.@J. Laryngol Otol. 122(02), 155-160.@Yes$Plum Laura M., Rink Lothar and Haase Hajo (2010).@The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health.@Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7(4), 1342-1365. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7041342.@Yes$Roy Choudary A. (2009).@Recent Advances in Heavy Metals Induced Effect on Male Reproductive Function—A Retrospective.@Al amen J of Medical Science, 2(2), 37-42., Special: 37-42 ISSN 0974-1143.@Yes$Diana J., Egna H., Chopin T., Peterson M., and Cao L. (2013).@Responsible aquaculture in 2050: valuing local conditions and human innovations will be key to success.@Bioscience, 63(4), 255-262.@Yes$Trumbo P., Yates A.A., Schlicker S. and Poos M. (2001).@Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc.@J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 101(3), 294-301.@Yes$National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau Report (NNMB). (2006).@National Institute of Nutrition, (NIN-ICMR).@@No$Tacon A. and Metian M. (2013).@Fish matters: Importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply.@Rev Fish Sci., 21, 22-38.@Yes$Mansfield B. (2011).@Is fish health food or poison? Farmed fish and the material production of un/healthy nature.@Antipode, 43(2), 413-434.@Yes$Rao Sreenivasa Jarapala, Kandlakunta Bhaskarachary and Thingnganing Longvah (2014).@Evaluation of Trace Metal Content by ICP-MS Using Closed Vessel Microwave Digestion in Fresh Water Fish.@Journal of Environment and public Health, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/201506.@Yes$Malesa-Cie&#263;wierz M. and Usydus Z. (2015).@Vitamin D: can fish food-based solutions be used for reduction of vitamin D deficiency in Poland.@Nutrition, 31, 187-192.@Yes$Erkkila A.T., Lichtenstein A.H., Mozaffarian D. and Herrington D.M. (2004).@Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease.@Am J Clin Nutr., 80(3), 626-632.@Yes$Larsson S.C., Virtamo J. and Wolk A. (2011).@Fish consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish women.@Am J Clin Nutr.,  93(3), 487-493.@Yes$Iso H., Kobayashi M., Ishihara J., Sasaki S., Okada K., Kita Y., Kokubo Yoshihiro and Tsugane Shoichiro (2006).@Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese.@Circulation, [cited 2008 Apr 25]; 113(2), 195-202. Available from: <http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/ content/ full/ 113/2/195>. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 105.581355.@Yes$Steffen L.M., Folsom A.R., Cushman M., Jacobs D.R. and Rosamond W.D. (2007).@Greater fish, fruit, and vegetable intakes are related to lower incidence of venous thromboembolism: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology.@Circulation [Internet]. [cited 2008 Apr 24], 115(2), 188-195. [~ 9 p.] Available from: <http://www.circulationaha.org/>. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.641688.@Yes$Morris M.C., Evans D.A., Tangney C.C., Bienias J.L., and Wilson R.S. (2014).@Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study.@Oxid Med Cell Longev. 313570. Published online 2014 Mar 18. doi:  10.1155/2014/313570.@No$Benedicte M.J., Benlian Pascale, Puche Nathalie, Bassols Ana, Delcourt Cecile and Souied Eric H. (2014).@Circulating Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Neovascular Age-Related Macular DegenerationCirculating Omega-3 Fatty Acids and AMD.@Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 55(3), 2010-2019. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-13916.@Yes$Grosso Giuseppe, Galvano Fabio., Marventano Stefano, Malaguarnera Michele,  Bucolo Claudio, Drago Filippo and Caraci Filippo (2014).@Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression: Scientific Evidence and Biological Mechanisms.@Nutrition., 1-16.@Yes$Stene L.C., Joner G. and Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group (2013).@Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study.@Am J Clin Nutr., 78(6), 1128-1134.@Yes$Lim L.S., Mitchell P., Seddon J.M., Holz F.G. and Wong T.Y. (2012).@Age-related macular degeneration.@Lance. 5, 379(9827):1728-1738. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7. Age-related macular degeneration.@Yes$Oliver J. (2013).@Food, water, soil, oil: Peak everything- Almost.@Abstracts from Aquaculture Canada Conference, Guelph, Canada. June 1-4.@Yes$Ahmadi P., Farahmanda H., Miandare H., Mirvaghefi A., and Hoseinifar S. (2014).@The effects of dietary Immunogen® on innate immune response, immune related genes expression and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).@Fish Shellfish Immunol, 37(2), 209-214.@Yes$Berge G., Hatlen B., Odom J. and Ruyter B. (2013).@Physical treatment of high EPA Yarrowia lipolitica biomass increases the availability of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids when fed to Atlantic salmon.@Aquacult Nutrition., 19, 110-121.@Yes$Chang C., Huang S., Chen S. and Chen S. (2013).@Innate immune responses and efficacy of using mushroom beta-glucan mixture (MBG) on orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, aquaculture.@Fish Shellfish Immunol, 35, 115-125.@Yes$Crampton V. and Carr I.  (2012).@Fish Forever.@In: Spotlight 5 EWOS publication. EWOS, Norway.@Yes$Dobsikova R., Blahova J., Mikulikova I., Modra H. and Praskova E. (2013).@The effect of oyster mushroom &#946;-1.3/1.6-D-glucan and oxytetracycline antibiotic on biometrical, haematological, biochemical, and immunological indices, and histopathological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).@J. Fish Shellfish Immuno., 35(6), 1813-1823.@Yes$Ruxton C.H.S., Reed S.C., Simpson M.J.A. and Millington K.J. (2004).@The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence.@Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 17(5), 449-459.@Yes$Metal toxicity and health implications (2014), Indian journal of Medical research. Special issue published. 128, 331-556.@undefined@undefined@No