@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Karyotypic analysis in three species of Allium and their some Varieties<#LINE#>Ramesh@Ahirwar<#LINE#>1-9<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-074.pdf<#LINE#> School of Studies in Botany, Vikram University Ujjain, M.P., 456010, INDIA <#LINE#>13/5/2015<#LINE#>30/6/2015<#LINE#>  Karyotypic studies were made in 3 three species of Allium genus (Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L. and Allium tuberosum Rottl).  All the three varieties  of Allium cepa as Nasik, White and Kashmiri  and two varieties Allium sativum as Deshi and Kashmiri were diploid with (2n=16) and Allium tuberosum   was tetraploid with (2n=32). The chromosome types were detected as mostly metacentrics (M), submetacentrics (Sm) and few subtelocentrics (St).   Karyotype formula is 8M+6Sm+2St in all the varieties of Allium cepa and Allium sativum. The sixth pair of subtelocentric chromosomes was nucleolar represented by prominent satellites in Allium sativum. Karyotype formula is 22M+6Sm+4St in Allium tuberosum. All the species have symmetrical karyotype.  <#LINE#> @ @ Friesen N., Fritsch R.M. and Blattener F.R., Phylogeny and new intergeneric classification of Allium  L. (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences, Aliso, 22, 372-395 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ahirwar R. and Verma R.C., Karyotypic studies in some members of Liliaceae, J. Cytol. Genet.,15, 61-74 (2014) @No $ @ @ Soliman M.I., Karyologikal studies on some wild species of family cruciferae in Egypt, Pakistan Journal of Biological Science,5, 943-947 (2002) @No $ @ @ Kutarekar D.R. and Wanjari K.B., Karyomorphological studies in some of the varieties of  Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum Linn), Cytologia,48, 699-705 (1983) @No $ @ @ Naruhashi N. and Iwatsubo Y., Cytotaxonomic study on two putative hybrids in the genus Duchesnea (Rosaceae), The Botanical Magazine, 104, 137-143 (1991) @No $ @ @ Joshi N., Ravindra A. and Mahajan V.,  Investigations on chemical mutagen sensitivity in Onion (Allium cepa), International Journal of Botany, 1-6 (2011) @No $ @ @ Mukherjee  A. and Ray S.C., Karyotype analysis of five species of Allium, Indian journal of fundamental and applied life science,2, 374-383 (2012) @No $ @ @ Vries J.N., Onion chromosome nomenclature and homoeology relationships workshop report, Euphytica, 49, 1-3 (1990) @No $ @ @ Verma S.C. and Mittal R.K., Chromosome variation in the common garlic Allium sativum L., Cytologia, 43,383-396 (1978) @No $ @ @ Yuzbasioglu D. and Unal F., Karyotyping C-and nor banding of Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae.) cultivated in Turkey, Pak. J. Bot., 36, 343-34 (2004) @No $ @ @ Gohil R.N. and Koul R., Studies on male and female meiosis in Indian Allium II, Allium tuberosum.Chromosoma,82, 735-739 (1981) @No $ @ @ Sharma G. and Gohil R.N., Chromosomal chimeras in the male track of Allium tuberosum Rottl, Ex Spreng.  Caryologia, 57, 158-162 (2004) @No $ @ @ Yan S.Z., Juan L.R., Cheng C.T. and Mei X.J., Study onchromosomes of eight species of Alliumfrom Chaina, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,  35,  434-444 (1997) @No $ @ @ Bhan A., Dhar M.K. and Langer A, Genetic diversity among Plantagos XX, A tetraploid  Plantago lagopus L.Cytologia, 55, 511-517 (1990) @No $ @ @ Raina S.N. and Khoshoo T.N., Cytogenetics of tropical bulbous ornamentals, II Variation in the mitotic complement in Crinum.The Nucleus, 14, 23-29 (1971) @No $ @ @ Lei Y., Jie-Mei X., Xiao-Liang Z. and Hai-Qing W, Karyotypical studies of six species of the genus, Allium.  Acta. Phytotaxonomica Sinica,36, 36-46 (1998) @No $ @ @ Darlington C.D., Chromosome Botany and the Origins of cultivated plants, Allen and Unwin, London, (1963) @No $ @ @ Kang S.K., Lee D.H., An H.J., Park J.H., Yun S.H., Moon Y., Bang J.W., Hur Y. and Koo D.H., Extensive Chromosomal Polymorphism Revealed by Ribosomal DNA and Satellite DNA Loci in 13 Citrus Species, Mol. Cells,26, 319-322 (2008) @No $ @ @ Jha S. and Sen S., Chromosome Study of Diploid Indian Squill, Urginea indica Kunth, Cytologia,48, 79-86 (1983) @No $ @ @ Verma R.C. and Raina S.N., Cytogenetics of CrotalariaII. Male meiosis in 8 species of Crotalaria, Cytologia,  45, 297-306 (1981) @No $ @ @ Imai H.T., Crosland M.W.J., Crozier R.H. and Taylor R.W., Modes of spontaneous chromosomal mutations and karyotypes evolution in ants with reference to the minimum hypothesis, Japanese journal of Genetics,63,159-185 (1998) @No
<#LINE#>Isolation of Beneficial Microbes for the Biodegradation of Animal and Plant Oil in Fast Foods Wastewater Effluents<#LINE#>F.F.@Coronado,R.L.@Esguerra,G.M.@Sikat,N.M.@Unciano,T.M.@Peren,J.E.@Beraye<#LINE#>10-16<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-085.pdf<#LINE#> Environment and Biotechnology Division, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology,  @ General Santos Avenue, Bicutan Taguig City 1631 Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES <#LINE#>8/6/2015<#LINE#>21/7/2015<#LINE#>This study on the isolation and screening of aerobic microbes was developed for the treatment of fast foods wastewater effluents to reduce the oil and grease processed under aerobic conditions.  The microorganisms were isolated from different fast foods wastewater effluents having both high oil and grease content, a big problem in the environment. From an initial 130 selected isolates, 54 were screened, then 28; thereafter eleven (11) isolates were found the most promising. The isolated microbes then identified as bacteria were screened and applied to the effluent and simulated wastewater for bioprocess treatment. These microbes were inoculated in nutrient broth for 24 hours at room temperature in an environmental shaker. These cultures serve as inoculum for treating contaminated fast foods wastewater in the laboratory for twenty four (24) hours.  Analytical results showed that the highest reduction of oil and grease had 93.75% for the isolate JB8/8 (uncultured Basidiomycota) in wastewater effluents and isolate JB4/6 (Bacillus cereus) was 98.25 % in simulated wastewater.  <#LINE#> @ @  Huntley M.E., Biotreatment of Agricultural Wastewater. CRC Press (1989) @No $ @ @ Akpor O.B., Wastewater Effluent Discharge: Effects and Treatment Process. Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (IPCBEE), 20, 85-91 (2011) @No $ @ @ Keener K.M., Ducoste J.J. and Holt L.M., Properties influencing fat, oil, and grease deposit formation, Water Environment Research, 80, 2241-2246 (2008) @No $ @ @ Parco G. F. and Kanzler A., Engineered Reed Bed Treatment System as a Low Cost Sanitation Option for the Philippines, UNDP Philippines Country Meeting the MDG (2002) @No $ @ @ Unpublished observation, in Coronado F.F. et al., Isolation of beneficial microbes for the biodegradation of animal and plant oil in fast foods wastewater effluents, Terminal Report, Regular Project ITDI (2013) @No $ @ @ Kurian R. and Nakhla G., Performance of aerobic MBR treating high strength oily wastewater at mesophilic–thermophilic transitional temperatures, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2006(9), 3249-3255 (2006) @No $ @ @ Barnes K.H., Meyer J.L. and Freeman B.J., Georgia Water Resources Conference, March 20-22, 1997, the University of Georgia, Athens Georgia (1998) @No $ @ @ National Small Flows Clearinghouse, High-Strength Flows-not Your Average Wastewater, Pipeline, Summer, 14(3) (2003) @No $ @ @ APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Healt Association (APHA), Washington DC (2005) @No $ @ @ Gonzalez C, Richard Greenwood and Philippe P., Quevauviller, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring, John Wiley and Sons (2009) @No $ @ @ Republic Act No. 9275, An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes, Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, Congress of the Philippines (2004)m @No $ @ @ Li Y. and Migliaccio K. (Eds.), Water Quality Concepts,Sampling, and Analysis, (7), 137-156 USA. CRC Press(2011) @No 
<#LINE#>Abundance and Diversity of Odonates in Different Habitats of Barpeta District, Assam, India<#LINE#>C.@Baruah,P.K@Saikia<#LINE#>17-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-089.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, M.C. College, Barpeta, 781301, Assam, INDIA Gauhati University, @ Guwahati, Assam 781014, INDIA<#LINE#>16/6/2015<#LINE#>24/7/2015<#LINE#>A total of 45 species of Odonata including 29 species under 3 families of Anisoptera and 16 species under 3 families of Zygoptera were recorded in four different types of habitats in Barpeta district of Assam during two years (2012 and 2013) of survey. 38 species were recorded from habitats near ponds and rivers, 39 from near beels and 41 species were recorded from open tracts of land. 7 species were recorded from three different types of habitats; 3 species were recorded from two types and 4 species were recorded from two habitat types. 32 species were recorded in all the four habitat types. The most abundant Anisopteran species in ponds was Diplacodes trivalis; in beels and rivers it was Rhyothemis variegate variegate, and Pantala flavescens was most abundant in open tracts. Among the Zygopteran species the most abundant was Ceriagrion coromandelianum in all the habitats. Shannon-Weiner index (H') was 3.323 in ponds , followed by 3.310 in open tracts of land, 3.243 in rivers and 3.305 in Beels or lakes. Margalef’s richness (DMg) index was found to be 6.47 in open tracts; 6.36 in river banks 6.12 in beels and 5.65 in ponds. The Jaccard’s similarity index (C) was 0.88 between beel and river and 0.80 between pond and open tracts.  <#LINE#> @ @ Moore N.W.,Dragonflies- Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Odonata Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, (1997) @No $ @ @ Subramanian K.A.,Dragonflies of India-A Field Guide. Vigyan PrasarDepartment of Science and Technology. A-50, Institutional Area, Sector-62 NOIDA 201 307 (Uttar Pradesh), India, (2009) @No $ @ @ Andrew R.J., Subramanian K.A. and Tiple A.D., Common Odonates of Central India. E-book for “The 18th International Symposium of  Odonatology, Hislop College, Nagpur, India, (2008) @No $ @ @ Willigalla C. and Fartmann T., Patterns in the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in cities across Central Europe, Eur. J. Entomol., 109, 235–245 (2012) @No $ @ @ Lahiri A.R.,Odonata (Insecta) From Different States of North Eastern India, Oriental Insects, 13(1-2), 119-132 (1979) @No $ @ @ Mitra T.R.,Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper: Geographical Distribution and Zoogeography of Odonata (Insecta) of Meghalaya, India,  (1999) @No $ @ @ Borah P., Acharjee B.K., Das M.  and Saikia P.K. Diversity and distribution of damselflies in Gauhati University campus, Assam, India, NeBIO, 3(2), 33-36 (2012) @No $ @ @ Majumder J., Das R.K., Majumder P., Ghosh D. and B.K. Agarwala, Aquatic Insect Fauna and Diversity in Urban Fresh Water Lakes of Tripura, Northeast India, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 13(1), 25-32 (2013) @No $ @ @ Devi M.B., Devi O.S. and Singh S.D.,Preliminary Study of Aquatic Insect Diversity and Water Quality of Loktak Lake, Manipur, Int J. Int sci. Inn. Tech. Sec., 2(3), 33-37 (2013) @No $ @ @ Remsburg A.J., Relative Influence of Prior Life Stages and Habitat Variables on Dragonfly (Odonata: Gomphidae) Densities among Lake Sites, Diversity, , 200-216 (2011) @No $ @ @ Smallshire D. and Beynon T., Dragonfly Monitoring Scheme Manual, British Dragonfly Society, (2010) @No $ @ @ Thompson D.J, Purse B.V and Rouquette J.R.,Monitoring the Southern Damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Monitoring Series No. 8, English Nature, Peterborough, (2003) @No $ @ @ Oppel S.,Using distance sampling to quantify Odonata density in tropical rainforests, International Journal of Odonatology,9(1), 81-88 (2006) @No $ @ @ Fraser F.C.,The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata Vol-I London: Taylor and Francis, 423 (1933) @No $ @ @ Fraser F.C.,The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata Vol-II London: Taylor and Francis, 398 (1934) @No $ @ @ Fraser F.C., The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata Vol-III London: Taylor and Francis,Ltd., 461 (1936) @No $ @ @ Mitra T.R., Handbook on Common Indian Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata), Zoological Survey of India, 124 (2006) @No $ @ @ Nair M.V.,Dragonflies and Damselflies of Orissa and Eastern India, Wildlife Organisation, Forest and Environment Department, Government of Orissa, (2011) @No $ @ @ Reid G.K and Richard D., Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York. (1976) @No $ @ @ Fulan J.A., Raimundo R. and Figueiredo D., Habitat characteristics and dragonflies (Odonata) diversity and abundance in the Guadiana River, eastern of the Alentejo, Portugal, Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 32(3-4), 327-340 (2008) @No $ @ @ Remsburg A.J., Anders C. Olson and Samways M.J., Shade Alone Reduces Adult Dragonfly (Odonata: Libellulidae) Abundance, J Insect Behav.21, 460–468 (2008) @No $ @ @ Arulprakash R. and Gunathilagaraj K., Abundance and diversity of Odonata in temporary water bodies of Coimbatore and Salem districts in Tamil Nadu, Journal of Threatened Taxa , 2(8), 1099-1102 (2010) @No $ @ @ Reece B.A. and Mcintyre N.E., Community Assemblage Patterns of Odonates Inhabiting a Wetland Complex Influenced by Anthropogenic Disturbance, Insect Conserv. and Diversity, The Royal Entomological Society, (2009) @No $ @ @ Subramanian K.A., Ali S. and Ramachandra T.V.,Odonata as Indicators of Riparian Ecosystem Health A Case Study From South Western Karnataka, India, Fraseria (N.S.) 7, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium of Odonatology, 83-95 (2008) @No $ @ @ Fulan J.A., Raimundo R., Figueiredo D. and Correia M., Abundance and diversity of dragonflies four years after the construction of a reservoir, Limnetica, 29(2), 279-286 (2010) @No 
<#LINE#>Selected Philippine Herbal plant extracts as Angiogenesis inhibitors using Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay<#LINE#>G.M.@Salas,E.V.@Totaan<#LINE#>28-32<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-105.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Magalang, Pampanga, PHILIPPINES <#LINE#>8/7/2015<#LINE#>17/8/2015<#LINE#>The study was conducted to assess the phytochemical components and properties of herbal plant extracts, such as (a) sabungai (Gynura nepalensis DC), (b) pandan (Pandanus odoratissimus L.) and (c) tsaang-gubat (Carmona retusa (Vahl.) Masam.), as potential angiogenesis inhibitors using the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Phytochemical analysis showed that the three extracts were found to have alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids. Only pandan extract was assessed to contain anthraquinones and steroids. The treatments were individually compared to the positive control and negative control of the study. Statistical analysis showed significant difference on the mean number of branching points of eggs treated sabungai extract, pandan extract and tsaang-gubat as compared to negative control of the study. Sabungai extract was found significantly different to the positive control. On the other hand, no significant difference is seen in the mean number of the branching points of the eggs treated with pandan and tsaang-gubat extracts when individually compared to the positive control. Using the formula for CAM Vascularity that determines the inhibition properties of the extracts, it was found out that tsaang-gubat gained the highest inhibition of vascularity followed by pandan, then sabungai.<#LINE#> @ @ Roomi M.W., Ivanov V., Niedzwiecki A. and Rath M., Anti-Angiogenic and Antimetastatic Activities of a Novel Nutrient Formulation of Lysine, Proline, Ascorbic Acid, Proceedings of the 96th Annual Meeting of the AACR. (2005) @No $ @ @ Zetter B., Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis, Annual Review of Medicine,49, 407-24 (1998) @No $ @ @ Ji B., Chow W., Hsing A., Mclaughlin J.K, Dai Q., Gao Y., Blot W. and Fraumenijr J.F., Green tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancers, International Journal of Cancer, 255-258.(1997) @No $ @ @ Mandl M., Kapeller B., Lieber R. and Macfelda K., The hen's egg test - chorio-allantoic-membrane (het-cam) assay as an alternative for animal experiments, (2010) @No $ @ @ Allera J.P., Potential Angiogenic and Anti-angiogenic of Alagaw(Prema odorata), Banaba (Lagerstomia speciosa) and Yerba Buena (Mentha cordifolia) using Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Undergraduate Thesis. Pampanga Agricultural College, Magalang, Pampanga, (2007) @No $ @ @ Guevarra B.Q., A Guidebook to Plant Screening: Phytochemical and Biological Revised Edition (2005) @No $ @ @ Philippine Medicinal Plants, Sabungai, Retrieved October 11, 2013. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Sabungai.html, (2013) @No $ @ @ Sasikumar J.M., Jinu U. and Shamna R., Antioxidant Activity and HPTLC Analysis of Pandanus odoratissimus L. Root. European J. of Biol. Sci., 1(2), 17-22 (2009) @No $ @ @ Penecilla G.L. and Magno C.P., Antibacterial activity of extracts of twelve common medicinal plants from the Philippines, J. Med. Plant. Res. 5(16), 3975-3981 (2012) @No $ @ @ Starr F., Starr K. and Loope L., Carmona retusa, Retrieved October 11, 2013, http://www.hear.org/starr/ hiplants/reports/pdf/carmona_retusa.pdf, (2003) @No $ @ @ Kadioglu, O., Seo, E.J. and Efferth T. Targeting Angiogenesis By Phytochemicals, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(5), (2013) @No $ @ @ Kim MH, Flavonoids inhibit VEGF/bFGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro by inhibiting the matrix-degrading proteases, J Cell Biochem, 89(3), 529-38 (2003) @No $ @ @ Marienfeld C., Yoko Y. and Tushar P., Tannic acid inhibits angiogenesis induced by human cholangiocarcinoma cells, Gastroenterology 124(4), (2003) @No $ @ @ Xu H., Lui W., Chu C., Ng P., Wang C. and Rogers M., Anti-angiogenic effects of green tea catechin on an experimental endometriosis mouse, (2008) @No $ @ @ Mukhtar H. and Ahmad N., Tea polyphenols: prevention of cancer and optimizing health, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1698-1702 (2000) @No $ @ @ Foster, S. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis). Thorne Research, Inc., 200, (2007) @No $ @ @ Frei B. and Higdon J.V., Antioxidant Activity of Tea Polyphenols In Vivo: Evidence from Animal Studies. Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Symposium on Tea and Human Health: Role of Flavonoids in the Diet, The Journal of Nutrition, 3275-3284 (2003) @No $ @ @ Katiyar, S., Elmets, C., and Katiyar SK. Green tea and skin cancer: photoimmunology, Angiogenesis and DNA repair, (2007) @No $ @ @ Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley M, Wildiers H, Van Oosterom A, and De Bruijn E. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis, Pharmacological Reviews, (2004) @No 
<#LINE#>Traditional Fish Processing and Economic Status of Fishermen of Central India with Special reference to Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India<#LINE#>Mahish@PramodKumar<#LINE#>33-42<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-111.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biotechnology, Govt. Digvijay Post Graduate (Autonomous) College, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, INDIA<#LINE#>22/7/2015<#LINE#>4/8/2015<#LINE#>Traditional fishing and fish processing are very significant activity in Chhattisgarh. The fishing and fish processing in Chhattisgarh is related with the culture, employment and protection of food. This present study was done to find out the traditional methodology of fish processing in Rajnandgaon and also to recognize the economic status of fishermen involve in fish processing. Data was collected by a survey between July to December 2014 in five local markets and some colonies of fishermen. Personal interview and on sight observation was taken for the fish processing methodology, preservation technique and economic status of fishermen. A total of 15 species of processed fish was collected during the investigation period. Half burning and sun drying were found as a common traditional method for processing of fish. Bamboo stick made vessels and jhangi was founded as local technique adopted for the preservation of fish. The economic status was found not enough for the fishermen. The fishermen want to large scale production of processed fish to flouriest the business. The active involvement of females was found during the investigation. The processed fish obtained from the traditional methodology were found cheap and satisfactory to the customers.<#LINE#> @ @ Tawari C.C. and Abowei J.F.N., Traditional Fish Handling and Preservation in Nigeria, Asian J. Agric. Sci., 3(6), 427-436 (2011) @No $ @ @ Pradhan A., Nag S.K. and Patil S.K., Traditional fishing techniques of tribes in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, Indian J. Tradit. Know., 10 (), 386-387 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kolawole O.D., Williams S.B. and Awujola A.F., Indegenous fish processing and preservation practices amongst women in Southwestern Nigeria, Indian J. Tradit. Know.,  (), 668-672 (2010) @No $ @ @ Tidwell J.H. and Allan G.L., Fish as food: aquaculture’s contribution Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries,EMBO Rep., 11), 958–963 (2001) @No $ @ @ Gram L. and Huss H.H., Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 33), 121-137 (1996) @No $ @ @ Ghaly A. E., Dave D., Budge S. and Brooks M. S., Fish Spoilage Mechanisms and Preservation Techniques: Review, American Journal of Applied Sciences (), 859-877 (2010) @No $ @ @ Singh S.P., Fisseha Tegegne and Enefiok E., The Food Processing Industry in India: Challenges and Opportunities, JFDR, 43), 81-89, (2012) @No $ @ @ Shinde S.E., Pathan T.S., Raut K.S., Bhandare R.Y. and Sonawane D., Fish Biodiversity of Pravara River at Pravara Sangam District Ahmednagar, (M.S.) India, World Journal of Zoology.  (), 176-179 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kharat S.S., Paingankar M. and Dahanukar N., Freshwater fish fauna of Krishna River at Wai, northern Western Ghats, India, J. Threat. Taxa., ), 2644–2652 (2012) @No $ @ @ Emere MC and Dibal DM, A Survey of the Methods of Fish Processing and Preservation Employed By Artisanal Fishermen in Kaduna City, Food Science and Quality Management., 11, 16-22 (2013) @No $ @ @ Faruque M.O., Nazrul K.M.S., Tonny U.S., Islam K.R., Dey S.C., Mona S.J. and S.D., Status of an ideal Dry Fish  Market of Bangladesh: A Study on Asadganj Dry Fish Market, Chittagong, Int. J. LifeSc. Bt and Pharm. Res., ), 214-225 (2012) @No $ @ @ Lin Y., Liu H., Chang Y., Cheng C., Exploring the critical factors for improving customers perceived food quality of casual dining restaurants, IJSPR., ), 1-12 (2015) @No $ @ @ Lusardi A. and Mitchell O. S., The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence, J. Econ. Lit., 52), 5–44 (2014) @No $ @ @ Choubey K. and Qureshi Y. Study of Ichthyofaunal Biodiversity of Rajnandgaon town, CG, India, International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, ), 21-24 (2013) @No $ @ @ Joshua R. and Vasu V., Dry Fish Processing with Solar Dryers: An EnvironmentFriendly Alternative, The IUP Journal of Environmental Sciences,  (), 57-66 (2012) @No $ @ @ George F. O. A., Ogbolu A. O., Olaoye O. J., Obasa S. A., Idowa A. A., and Odulate D. O., Fish Processing Technologies in Nigeria: A case study of Ibeju-Lekki Local Government Area, Lagos State, Am. J. Food Technol., ), 302-310 (2014) @No $ @ @ Ghorai S. K., Bera S. K., Jana D. and Mishra S., Status of the largest dry fish market of East India: A study on Egra Regulated Dry Fish Market, Egra, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, Int. J. Curr. Res. Aca. Rev., ), 54-65 (2014) @No
<#LINE#>Soil to plant Transfer Factors of Radionuclides in Ficus racemosa (L.), a Medicinal plant<#LINE#>K.@Chandrashekara,H.M.@Somashekarpa<#LINE#>43-47<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-116.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics, St. Philomena College, Puttur, 574202, INDIA @ University Science and Instrumentation Centre, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, 574 199, INDIA <#LINE#>2/8/2015<#LINE#>17/8/2015<#LINE#>Ficus racemosa (L.),a naturally grown medicinal plant, from malnad region of Kerala state in India, was analysed for natural and artificial radionuclides, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs, using a high resolution HPGe gamma spectrometer. The transfer factors (TF), average annual committed effective dose (AACED), and threshold annual consumption rate of medicinal plant were also estimated. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs were found to be 31.16±1.30, 31.49±4.20, 51.34±2.24, 225.00±12.91, and 3.65±0.60 Bqkg-1, 1.28±0.17, 14.24±1.83, 1.34±0.27, 384.47±2.83 Bqkg-1, and BDL, respectively in soil of the rooting area and bark of the plant respectively. In leaves of this plant activity concentrations of these radionuclides were BDL, 98.37±9.09, BDL, 1043.00±77.28 Bqkg-1, and BDL respectively. The estimated values of AACED due to consumption of this plant were found to be far below the world average of  0.3 mSv/y. Thus present study shows that there is no radiological health risk of using this medicinal plant for treating the diseases.  <#LINE#> @ @ Parchure S.N., CharakSamhita, Sagar Publications, Pune, India, (1983) @No $ @ @ Sharma P.V, Dravya Guna Vigyan, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, (1993) @No $ @ @ Radhakrishna A.P., Somashekarappa H.M., Narayana Y. and Siddappa K., A new natural background radiation area on the southwest coast of India, Health Phys., 65(4), 390-395 (1993) @No $ @ @ Somashekarappa H.M., Narayana Y., Radhakrishna A.P., Karunakara N., Balakrishna K.M. and Siddappa K., Bio indicators in the Tropical Forest of Kaiga Environment, J. Environ. Radioact., 31(2), 189-198 (1996) @No $ @ @ Chethan Rao, Studies on site specific environmental transfer factors for radionuclides and trace elements in Kaiga region, PhD Thesis, Mangalore University (2012) @No $ @ @ IAEA, Classification of soil systems on the basis of transfer factors or radionuclides from soil to reference plants, IAEA-TECDOC1497, Vienna (2006) @No $ @ @ Lordford Tettey-Larbi, Emmanuel Ofori Darko, Cyril Schandorf and Alfred Ampomah Appiah Natural radioactivity levels of some medicinal plants commonly used in Ghana, Springer Plus, 2, 157, (2013) @No $ @ @ Eisenbud M., Environmental radioactivity, Third Edition, Academic Press, California, (1987) @No $ @ @ Shetty B.V., Kaveriappa K.M. and Gopalakrishna Bhat K., Plant Resources of Western Ghats and Lowlands o Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts, Mangalore, Pilikula Nisarga Dhama Society, (2002) @No $ @ @ Herbert L, Volchok and Gail De Planque, EML Procedure Manual. 26thEdn, Environmental Measurement Laboratory (EML) (1983) @No $ @ @ Karunakara N., Somashekarappa H.M., Narayana Y., Avadhani D.N., Mahesh H.M. and Siddappa K., 226Ra, 40K and 7Be activity concentration in plants in the environment of Kaiga, India, J. Environ. Radioact., 65(3), 255-266 (2003) @No $ @ @ Njinga R.L., Jonah S.A. and Gomin M., Preliminary investigation of naturally occurring radionuclides in some traditional medicinal plants used in Nigeria, J. Radiat. Res. and Appl.Sci., 1-8, (2015) @No $ @ @ UNSCEAR, Sources and effects of ionising radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations, New York (2000 @No $ @ @ Parfenov Y.D., Po-210 in the environment and in the human organism, Atomic energy Rev., 12, 75-143 (1974) @No $ @ @ Karunakara N., Studies on radionuclide distribution and uptake in the environment of Kaiga, PhD Thesis, Mangalore University (1997) @No $ @ @ Somashekarappa H.M., Baseline Background Radiation Studies in the Environment of Kaiga, PhD Thesis,Mangalore University (1993) @No 
<#LINE#>Assessment of Bacteria and Fungi in air from College of Applied Medical Sciences (Male) at AD-Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia<#LINE#>GouseBasha@Sheik,Rheam@AliIsmailAliAbdAl,Shehri@ZaferSaadAl,Otaibi@OmarBinMuathAl<#LINE#>48-53<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-120.pdf<#LINE#>College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA <#LINE#>8/8/2015<#LINE#>14/8/2015<#LINE#>This study was conducted to learn the microbial diversity in our college environment so that we can we can develop a database of the microbial load and to have a preliminary idea of the environmental status. A total of 125 samples were collected in duplicate by open plate method from 5 different sites (Microbiology Laboratory, Classrooms, Toilets, Lift and Office rooms) at College of Applied Medical Sciences, Dawadmi was experimentally investigated during Months of October 2014 to February 2015. The number of Bacteria and fungi present in our college environment were studied by exposing Nutrient agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates for 30 minutes at different sites. The bacteria isolated were; Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase –ve Staphylococcus, Micrococcus species and Bacillus species. The moulds isolated were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria species and Penicillium species. The yeast belonging to Rhodotorula species was also isolated. The data collected in this study can used for further research. Although microorganisms are present in our college, the amount is within the range (61 - 460 CFU/m) which indicates a low level of contamination according to the guidelines by World Health Organization. <#LINE#> @ @ Slawomira M., Duma\na and Marzenna R. Dudzinska., Microbiological Indoor Air Quality in Polish Schools,  Annual set the environmental protection, 15, 231-244 (2013) @No $ @ @ Huttunen K., Rintala H., Hirvonen M.R., Vepsalainen A., Hyvarinen A. and Meklin T., Indoor air particles and bioaerosols before and after renovation of moisturedamaged buildings, Environmental Research, 107, 291–298 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kim K.Y. and Kim C.N., Airbornemicrobiological characteristics in public buildings of Korea, Building and Environment, 42, 2188–2196 (2007) @No $ @ @ Stanley N.J., Kuehn T.H., Kim S.W., Raynor P.C., Anantharaman S. and  Ramakrishnan M.A., Background culturable bacteria aerosol in two large public buildings using HVAC filters as long term, passive, high-volume air samplers, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10,474–481 (2008) @No $ @ @ Stryjakowska Sekulska M., Piotraszewska Pajak A., Szyszka A., Nowicki M and Filipiak M., Microbiological quality of Indoor air in University rooms, Polish.  J. of  Environ. Stud, 16(2), 623-632 (2007) @No $ @ @ Bush R.K. and Portnoy J.M., The role and abatement of fungal allergens in allergic diseases, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107, 430–440 (2001) @No $ @ @ Bornehag C.G., Blomquist G., Gyntelberg F., Jarvholm B., Malmberg P., Nordvall L. et al., Dampness in buildings and health, (NORDDAMP), Indoor Air,11, 72–86 (2001) @No $ @ @ Augustowska M. and Dutkiewicz J., Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward within aperiod of one year, Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 13, 99-106 (2006) @No $ @ @ Atlas R. and Bartha R., Ecologia microbiana y microbiologia ambiental,  Ed. Pearson Educacion, Madrid (2002) @No $ @ @ Pasquarella C., Pitzurra O. and Savino A., The index of microbial air contamination, J. Hosp. Infect., 46, 241-256 (2000) @No $ @ @ Cheesbrough M., District laboratory practice in Tropical countries, Part 2 Cambridge Low price Editions, 3-8 (2000) @No $ @ @ Zafar S., Aqil F and Ahmad I., Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agriculture soil, Bio. resour. Technol, 98, 2557-2561 (2007) @No $ @ @ Mostafa M.A.,  Al-Fifi Z.I., Alawlaqi M.M. and Al Abboud M.A., Indoor Airborne Fungi in Faculty of Science in Aboarish , Jazan University, Saudi Arabia, Journal of Jazan University, 1(2), 26-35 (2012) @No $ @ @ Shelton B.G., Kimberly H., Kirkland W., Flanders D. and Morris G.K., Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 68, 1743–1753 (2002) @No $ @ @ Kavita Naruka and Jyothi Gaur V., Microbial air contamination in a school, In. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci,  2(12), 404-410 (2013) @No $ @ @ Geller R.J., Rubin I.L., Nodvin J.T., Teague W.G. and Frumkin H., Safe and healthy school environments, Pediatr. Clin. North. Am, 54, 351-373 (2007) @No $ @ @ Jain A.K., Survey of bioaerosol in different indoor working environments in central India, Aerobiologia, 16,221 – 225 (2000) @No $ @ @ World  Health  Organization: WHO indoor air quality guidelines, Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1-454 (2010) @No 
<#LINE#>Odonata of Island Garden city of Samal and its Relation to other Small Islands in the Philippines<#LINE#>Dejadena@MedinaMiltonNorman,Cabras@AnalynAnzano,Torayno@VillanuevaReaganJoseph<#LINE#>54-60<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-121.pdf<#LINE#>Research and Publication Center, University of Mindanao, Davao City, PHILIPPINES @ Math and Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences Education, University of Mindanao, Matina, Davao City 8000, PHILIPPINES @ 3D3C Gahol Apartment, Lopez Jaena St., Davao City, 8000, PHILIPPINES<#LINE#>10/8/2015<#LINE#>28/8/2015<#LINE#>The first record of odonata fauna in the Island Garden City of Samal is presented with comparison to other small islands in the Philippines. Opportunistic and photo documentation were employed in all fluvial systems surveyed between April 2014 to April 2015. Thirty one (31) species belonging to 7 families and 22 genera was recorded. Twelve species (12) or 39% are zygopterans and 19 species or 61% are anisopterans. A relatively low level of endemism (35%) is recorded which is attributed to the different habitat modifications of its fluvial systems. Kroeber’s percentage of similarity revealed Island Garden City of Samal shares similar odonata species with Siargao and Saranggani Islands characterized by karst ecosystem with low lying topography. Creation of local policy to protect the head waters where most of the endemic species found is urgently needed. <#LINE#> @ @ Andrew RJ, Subramanian KA and Tiple AD., Common Odonates of Central India, In: The 18th International Symposium of Odonatology, Hislop College, Nagpur, India, 1-49 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kalkman VJ, Clausnitzer V, Dijkstra K-DB, Orr AG, Paulson DR and Van Tol J., Global Diversity of Dragonflies (Odonata) in Freshwater, Hydrobiology, 198, 351-363 (2008) @No $ @ @ Hämäläinen M., Critical species of Odonata in the Philippines, International Journal of Odonatology, 7(2), 305-310 (2004) @No $ @ @ Hämäläinen M. and Muller R.A., Synopsis of the Philippine Odonata with List of Species Recorded from Forty Islands, Odonatologica, 26(3), 249-315 (1997) @No $ @ @ Villanueva R.J.T., Odonata Fauna of Babuyan and Batanes group of islands, Philippines, International Dragonfly Fund,17, 1-16 (2009) @No $ @ @ Villanueva R.J.T. and Cahilog L., Odonata Fauna of Balut and Saranggani Island, Davao Occidental Province, Philippines, International Dragonfly Fund , Report, 66, 1-23 (2014) @No $ @ @ Villanueva R.J.T., Odonata fauna of Polillo Island, Revisited, International Dragonfly Fund – Report, 27,  1-6 (2010) @No $ @ @ Villanueva R.J.T., Odonata Fauna of Siargao and Bucas Grande islands, Philippines, International Dragonfly Fund, 34, 1-25 (2011) @No $ @ @ LGU Samal Revised Comprehensive Land Use plan, Island Garden City of Samal, Davao del Norte, Philippines, (2008) @No $ @ @ Oppel S., Comparison of two Odonata communities from a natural and a modified rainforest in Papua New Guinea, International Journal of Odonatology, 9, 89-102 (2006) @No $ @ @ Arulprakash R and Gunathilagaraj K., Abundance and diversity of Odonata in temporary water bodies of Coimbatore and Salem districts in Tamil Nadu, Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2(8), 1099-1102 (2010) @No $ @ @ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http:// www.iucnredlist.org, (2014) @No 
<#LINE#>Comparative Study of Biochemical Alterations Induced by Carbofuran and Malathion on Channa punctatus (Bloch.)<#LINE#>Thoker@MuddassirAhmad<#LINE#>61-65<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-132.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Zoology, PMB Gujrati Science College Indore, Devi Ahliya University, Indore, M.P., INDIA<#LINE#>30/8/2015<#LINE#>29/8/2015<#LINE#>Channa punctatus, fish were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of carbofuran (0.1ml) and malathion (0.09ml) for 28 days. The biochemical effect induced by carbofuran and malathionpesticides on liver of fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch.) at different time intervals 7,14,21 and 28  days showed statistically significant increase value in liver glucose and significant decrease value in total protein level.  <#LINE#> @ @ Adedeji B.O., Acute effect of diazinon on blood plasma biochemistry in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Journal of clinical medicine and research, , 16 (2010) @No $ @ @ Tripathi G and Harsh S., Fenvalerate-induced macromolecular changes in the catfish Clarias batrachus, J. Environ. Biol, , 143 – 146 (2000) @No $ @ @ Tucker J.W. and Thompson C.Q., Dangers of using organ phosphorous pesticides and diesel oil in fish ponds, Aquacutt. Mag, 13, 62-63 (1987) @No $ @ @ Singh P.A. and Yadav K, Toxic effect of phorate on the serum biochemical parameters of the snake head fish Channa puncatus (Bloch), Advances in Bioresearch, 1, 177 181 (2010) @No $ @ @ Obomanu F.G., Gabriel U.U. and Emetonjor J.N., Biomarker enzymes in muscle tissue and organs of Clarias gariepinus after intramuscular injection with aqueous extracts of Lepidagathis alopecuroides leaves, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,, 9951001 (2009)  @No $ @ @ Dalela R.C., Bhatnagar M.C. and Verma S.K., In vivo hematological alterations in the freshwater teleost, Mystus vittatus following sub-acute exposure to pesticide and their combination, J. Environ. Biol, 2, 79 – 86 (1981) @No $ @ @ Trinder P, Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen receptor, Ann. Clin. Biochem, 6, 24 – 27 (1969) @No $ @ @ Dumas B.T., Determination of total protein and albumin in serum, Clinc. Chem. Acta,31, 87-96 (1971) @No $ @ @ Finney D.J., Probit analysis 3rd edn, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, 20, (1997) @No $ @ @ Hanke W.G., Gluth  H. and Muller R., Physiological changes in carps induced by pollution, Eco. Environ. Saf.,7, 229–241 (1983) @No $ @ @ Begum G. and Vijayaraghavan S., Level of blood glucose in freshwater fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) during commercial dimethoate intoxication, J.Aqucult. Bio, , 74–76 (1994) @No $ @ @ Geetha N., Manavalaramanujam R. and Ramesh M., Influence of methomyl, a carbamate pesticide on biochemical components of a freshwater fish Catla catla, Ad. Bios, 18, 1–6 (1999) @No $ @ @ Ramesh M. and Saravanan M., Hematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to chlorpyrifos, International Journal of Integrative Biology,, 80–83 (1985) @No $ @ @ Singh R.K. and Sharma B., Carbofuran induced biochemical changes in Clarias batrachus, Pesticide science, 53, 285–290 (1998) @No $ @ @ Ravichandran S., Midhuna  S.K. and Indra N.J., Impact of phenol on protein metabolism in freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus, Ecotoxicol Environ. Monit, 4, 33–38 (1994) @No $ @ @ Maya, Toxicity of rogor to Claris batrachus a morphological and pathophysiological study Ph.D. thesis. Meerut University, Meerut, (1988) @No $ @ @ Garg V.K. and Tyagi S.K., Manganese induced hematological & biochemical anomalies in Indian catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, J. Enivorn. Bio,4, 349–353 (1989)  @No $ @ @ Velisek  J., Whasow J., Gomulka P., Svobodova Z. and Novotny L., Effects of 2-phenoxythanol anesthesia on sheatfish (Silurus glaris), Veterinarni. Medicina,52, 103–110 (2007) @No $ @ @ Shaikh Irshaid and Gautam R.K., Effect of organophosphate pesticide, nuvan on serum biochemical parameters of fresh water catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), In. Res. J. Environment. Sci, 3, 1-6 (2014) @No 
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Human Disease: A Consequence of Forest Loss<#LINE#>A@Dutta,H@Dutta<#LINE#>66-68<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-125.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Life Science, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, INDIA @ Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam - 788011, INDIA <#LINE#>19/8/2015<#LINE#>22/8/2015<#LINE#>Forest loss has always been associated with climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. But it has also led to the emergence of many diseases in different parts of the world. A study of literature reveals that deforestation has triggered the occurrence of several infectious diseases by initiating series of mechanisms. These mechanisms operate through effects on vectors, disease reservoirs and so on. It is thus important to recognise the fact that spreading of disease can occur due to forest loss.  <#LINE#> @ @ Kahn L.H., Deforestation and emerging diseases, Bulletin of atomic scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org/ web-edition/columnists/ laura-h-kahn/deforestation-and-emerging-diseases, (2011) @No $ @ @ Science Daily, www.sciencedaily.com/releases /2008/02/080206090510.htm, (2008) @No $ @ @ Wilcox B.A. and Ellis B., Forests and emerging infectious diseases of humans, Unasylva, 224,57, 11-18 (2006) @No $ @ @ Maheshwari J.K., Origin of AIDS virus linked to rainforest destruction, Environews, 7(4), 1-2 (2001) @No $ @ @ Johnson P.T.J and Thieltges D.W., Diversity, decoys and the dilution effect: How ecological communities affect disease risk, J.  Exp. Biol., 213, 961-970 (2010) @No $ @ @ Melrose W., Deforestation in Papua New Guinea: Potential impact on health care, www.tropmed.org/rreh/vol1_11.htm, (2012) @No $ @ @ Dass S.K., Global climate and development, Isha Books, New Delhi (2004) @No $ @ @ Bockarie M.J. and Paru R., Forest clearing, mosquitoes and malaria, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Report of the Jubilee International Colloquium, Madang (1993) @No $ @ @ Keesing F., Holt R.D. and Ostfeld R.S., Effects of species diversity on disease risk, Ecol. Lett., , 485-498 (2006) @No $ @ @ Walsh J.F., Molyneux D.H. and Birley M.H., Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease, J. Parasitol., 106, 55-65 (1993) @No $ @ @ Cheong W.H., Vectors of filariasis in Malaysia. In Filariasis (Ed. J. W. Mak), Bulletin No.19, Institute for Medical Research Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur (1983) @No $ @ @ Colfer C.J.P., Sheil D. and Kishi M., Forests and human health: Assessing the evidence, Occasional Paper 45, Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia (2006) @No $ @ @ Lilley B., Lammie P., Dickerson J. and Eberhard M., An increase in hookworm infection temporally associated with ecologic change, Emerg. Infec. Diseases., , 391-393 (1993) @No $ @ @ Johnson P.T.J., Lund P.J., Hartson R.B. and Yoshino T.P., Community diversity reduces Schistosoma mansonitransmission, host pathology, and human infection risk, Proc Biol Sc., 276, 1657-1663 (2009) @No $ @ @  @No 
@Case Study
<#LINE#>Evaluation of SMBG, Diet and Physical Activity in DM II Patients, A Case Study at Tertiary Care Hospital of Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan<#LINE#>Abbas@Waseem,Ghoto@MuhammadAli,Dayo@Abdullah,Arain@MudassarIqbal,Rabia@Parveen,Qureshi@Ali<#LINE#>69-73<#LINE#>11.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-118.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Pharmacy, SMBBMU, Larkana, PAKISTAN @ Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, PAKISTAN <#LINE#>//2015<#LINE#>th/1/2015<#LINE#>Self monitoring of blood glucose level helps to evaluate the result of dietary requirements, medical treatment, stress and physical activity on glucose levels within blood.Out of 400 patients 9% were involved in SMBG once daily, (14%) were involved in SMBG two times in a week, 7% were involved in SMBG three times in a week and 70% were involved in SMBG once in a 15 days or month(s). The frequency of SMBG and adjustment in dose of drug was as 28 (78%) once daily, 34 (60%) two times in a week, 19 (67%) three times in week and none of the patients who were involved in SMBG once in a 15 days or month(s) adjust their dose. The frequency of SMBG and adjustment in diet was as 34 (94%) once daily, 42 (75%) two times in a week, 21 (75%) three times in week, 4 (50%) once in a 15 days and 122 (44%) who were involved in SMBG once in a month(s) involved in adjustment of their diet. The frequency of SMBG and adjustment in physical activity was as 16 (44%) once daily, 19 (33%) two times in week, 7 (25%) three times in a week and 74 (27%) who were involved in SMBG once in a month(s) involved in adjustment of their physical activity.It was also concluded that the patients who were involved in SMBG as per recommendation got the benefit by adjusting their dose, diet and physical activity. <#LINE#> @ @ Harris M and Zimmet P, Classifiation of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, Second edition. chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; P9-23 (1997) @No $ @ @ Hunt Kj Schullerkl, The increasing prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecolclin north Am, 34 (2), 173-199 (2007) @No $ @ @ Al-Nuaim Ar, Mirdad S, Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Mazrouy, Al-Attas O and Al-Daghari N., Pattern and factors associated with glycemic control of Saudi diabetic patients, Ann Saudi Med., 18, 109-12 (1998) @No $ @ @ Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group, The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of longterm complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 329, 977-986 (1993) @No $ @ @ Uk Prospective Diabetes Study (Ukpds) Group, Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33), Lancet, 352, 837-853 (1998) @No $ @ @ Coutinho M, Gerstein Hc, Wang Y and Yusuf S., The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years, Diabetes Care, 22, 233–240 (1999) @No $ @ @ Stratton Im, Adler Ai, Neil Ha, Matthews Dr, Manley Se, Cull Ca, Hadden D, Turner Rc and Holman Rr, Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35), prospective observational study. BMJ, 321, 405-412 (2000) @No $ @ @ Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven Pd and ZieveFj et.al, Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med;360, 129-139 (2009) @No $ @ @ Schwedes U, Siebolds M and Mertes G., Meal-related structured self-monitoring of blood glucose: effect on diabetes control in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care, 25, 1928-1932 (2002) @No $ @ @ Jansen Jp, Self-monitoring of glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A Bayesian meta-analysis of direct and indirect comparisons, Curr Med Res Opin, 22, 671-681 (2006) @No $ @ @ SarolJn Jr, Nicodemus Na Jr, Tan Km and Grava Mb, Self-monitoring of blood glucose as part of a multicomponent therapy among non-insulin requiring type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis (1966–2004), Curr Med Res Opin., 21, 173–84 (2005) @No $ @ @ Welschen Lm1, Bloemendal E, Nijpels G, Dekker Jm, Heine Rj, StalmanWa and Bouter Lm, Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin: A systematic review, Diabetes Care, 28, 1510–17 (2005) @No $ @ @ Katharine D, Barnard Amanda, J Young and Norman R Waugh, Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: A Survey of Diabetes UK Members with Type 2 Diabetes Who Use SMBG, BMC Research Notes, , 318, (2010) @No $ @ @ Maureen Harris Mi., Frequency of blood glucose monitoring in relation to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care,  24, 979-82 (2001) @No