International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________ ______ ____ _________ ISSN 2278 - 3202 Vol. 4 ( 1 2 ), 40 - 45 , December (201 5 ) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 40 Invasive Alien Angiospermic plants from Chamorshi Tahsil of Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra, India Deshmukh U.B.¹ * , Shende M.B.¹ and Rathor O.S.² ¹ Higher Learning and Research Centre, Janata Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur, 442 401, MS, INDIA ² N.E.S. Science College, Nanded, MS, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in , www.isca.me Received 1 st November 201 5 , revised 2 0 th November 201 5 , accepted 5 th December 201 5 Abstract Present study from Chamorshi Tahasil of Gadchiroli District Maharashtra,(India) represents 47 invasive alien angiospermic plant species belonging to 25 families and 40 genera with its additional information on nativity, life form, habitat, habit and introduction mode. About 63% of the invasive alien species contributes from Tropical America and 8% from Tropical Africa. An a nalysis shows that mostly dicots about 95 % introduced and monocot only of 05%, family asteraceae contributed more species (08 species), followed by Amaranthaceae and Convolvulaceae (04 species each).Analysis of habitat shows that herbs dominates (40 speci es), followed by shrubs (06 species) and climber (01 species). An analysis of invasive alien species reveals that about 87%plants unintentionally introduced and only about 13% intentionally introduced. Keywords : Chamorshi tahsil, Gadchiroli district, invasive alien species, angiospermic, plants. Introducti on Chamorshi is a tahsil place and small town ( 19.55°N 79.52°E ) situated near the left bank of the Wainganga River and bounded by Gadchiroli, Etapalli, Mulchera and Dhanora. Chap rala is surrounded by Saoli Taluka towards North, Mul Taluka towards west, Pombhurna Taluka towards west, Gadchiroli Taluka t owards North towards this place . Chaparala is in the border of the Gadchiroli District and Chandrapur District and Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary is about 85 km away from Chandrapur . Markandadeo is a small village in a Chamorshi Tahsil situated on the left bank of the Wainganga river about 50.37 km south of Gadchiroli. It i s the historical and tourist place in the Gadchiroli district, famous for Markanda Temple. The Markanda Temples are constructed on the bank of Wainganga river in the east side in 196 x 168 sqft.area. The Wainganga River flowing from north makes a 'U' turn to flow north again at Markandadeo region and then it flows south on its way to meet the Pranhita river and then the mighty Godavari. The Wainganga river is situated at latitude 190 59'55” North and 790 52'21” East in Markanda (19059'40”N and 79051'59” E). Thousands of plant species have been introduced to new locations by humans, especially during the last three centuries, to serve many purposes 1 . Alien species are those species which get moved to new habitats apart from its natural habitats 2 . Alien invas ive species are those exotic species which destruct native species from its habitat and flourishes well in these new habitats 3 . All over the world these invasive alien species found in all forms of ecosystem and all forms of organisms. After the habitat loss invasion of invasive alien plant species became second most reason to destruct the plant diversity in its natural habitat 4 . Invasive plant species in a forest landscape displaces the native species by out competing the seeds of native species to germ inate and by suppressing the growth of native saplings. Higher resource uptake capacity of invasive plant seedling and dense growth of the invasive plants thus providing shade to native species sapling are some strategies for this. In agricultural landscap es, the invasive plant species out compete crops for soil and water resources thus reducing crop yield and forage quality. Aquatic invasive plant species clogs water bodies thus causing danger to the existence of native aquatic flora and fauna and adversel y affecting the public water supply and irrigation system. Invasion by alien plant species affects the dynamics and composition of soil. In fact, native biodiversity greatly affected by invasion alien invasive species than any other reason like diseases, p ollution etc 5 . Alien invasive species replace native biodiversity directly or indirectly. They greatly affects the native flora and fauna by many ways like reducing reproductive abilility, changing soil texture and chemical profile and compete for polli nating agents, for water for sunlight and reduces photosynthetic rate and productivity. They also increases fire chances in an invaded habitat and become noxious to native biodiversity. For eradication of these invasive species from invented habitat or ec osystem requires herbicides which also greatly affects native biodiversity 6 . For effective management or eradication of these invasive species from invaded habitat or ecosystem it is essential to understand their life form, habitat, uses and diversity, in present study enumeration of an invasive alien species from Chamorshi tahsil of Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra along with its diversity given. Research Journal of Biological Sciences _ _____________________ ______________ _______ ____ ____________ ISSN 2278 - 3202 Vol. 4 ( 1 2 ), 40 - 45 , December (201 5 ) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 41 Material and Methods During the Jan.2012 – Sept. 2013 intensive floristic surveys were undertaken in different villages and Chaparala Wildlife Sanctuary and Markhandadeo of Chamorshi tahsil of Gadchiroli District in such way that each locality, habitat could be studied in every season of the year. Per iodic collection of invansive alien plants was made from each locality. Invasive alien p lants collected, processed and indentified from the available floras and deposited at the PG. Dept. of Botany, Janata Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur for further 7 - 11 . The nativity and introduction mode of these alien invasive plants noted from the available literature 12 - 23 . The invasive alien species enumerated alphabetically with name of the family, botanical name of plant, life form, habitat, habit, origin and introduct ion mode etc. (table - 1) Result s and Discussion Total 47 Invansive alien plant species reported from Chamorshi tahsil of Gadchiroli district from 25 families and 40 genera. (table - 1). Among these dicotyledons contributes 23 families and 38 genera and 45 species; monocotyledons contributes 02 families 02 genera 02 species. In this present study on the nativity basis ten different geographic regions recorded namely South America, Tropical America, North America, Central America, West Indies, Mexico, Brazil, Tropical Africa, Europe and Mediterranean. Maximum 27 invasive alien plant species indroduced from Tropical America and 06 species from Tropical Africa South America contributes about 05 specises, North Americ a and Medditeranean contributes 02 species each, West Indies , Brazil, Mexico, Europe, Central America contributes 01 species each . An analysis shows that mostly dicots about 95 % introduced and monocot only of 05%, family Asteraceae contributed more specie s (08 species), followed by Amaranthaceae and Convolvulaceae (04 species each). Analysis of habitat shows that herbs dominates (40 species), followed by shrubs (06 species) and climber (01 species). An analysis of invasive alien species reveals that about 87%plants unintentionally introduced and only about 13% intentionally introduced. For ornamental purpose 03 species introduced namely Lantana camara L., Impatiens balsamina L., Ageratum conyzoides L etc. and for Agroforestry Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. a nd Food purpose 01 species Portulaca oleracea L. introduced. Dominating ganera were Cassia with 03 species, family Asteraceae posses maximum 08 genera followed by 03 genera of families namely Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae and Lamiaceae. Figure - 1 Location of study area showing the Chamorshi tahsil in Gadchiroli district map Research Journal of Biological Sciences _ _____________________ ______________ _______ ____ ____________ ISSN 2278 - 3202 Vol. 4 ( 1 2 ), 40 - 45 , December (201 5 ) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 42 Table - 1 Invasive alien angiosperms from Chamorshi tahsil of Gadchiroli district Family Botanical name of plant Life form Habitat Habit Origin Introduction Mode Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb Herb River bed Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Herb River bed Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. Herb Cultivated field Annual Tropical America Unintentional Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L. Herb Cultivated field Annual Tropical Africa Unintentional Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br Shrub Wasteland Perennial Tropical Africa Unintentional Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Shrub Wasteland Perennial Tropical Africa Unintentional Asteraceae Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Herb Wasteland Annual Brazil Unintentional Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Ornamental Asteraceae Blumea eriantha DC. Herb Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata (L.) Mant. Herb Along roadside Annual Tropical America Unintentional Asteraceae Parthemiim hysterophorus L. Herb Wasteland Annual North America Unintentional Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Herb Wasteland Annual West Indies Unintentional Asteraceae Tridax procumhens L. Herb Cultivated field Perennial Central America Unintentional Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium Mill Herb Along roadside Annual Tropical America Unintentional Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina L. Herb Along roadside Annual Tropical America Ornamental Cactaceae Opunlia elatior Miller Shrub Wasteland Perennial South America Unintentional Caesalpiniaceae Cassia occidentalis L. Herb Wasteland Perennial South America Unintentional Research Journal of Biological Sciences _ _____________________ ______________ _______ ____ ____________ ISSN 2278 - 3202 Vol. 4 ( 1 2 ), 40 - 45 , December (201 5 ) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 43 Family Botanical name of plant Life form Habitat Habit Origin Introduction Mode Caesalpiniaceae Cassia pumila Lam. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Unintentional Caesalpiniaceae Cassia tora L. Herb Wasteland Annual South America Unintentional Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa L. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Unintentional Convolvulaceae Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Herb Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea Jacq Shrub Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederifolia L. Herb Forests Annual Tropical America Unintentional Convolvulaceae Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. Herb Wasteland Annual North America Unintentional Cusutaceae Cuscnta chinensis Lam Herb Wasteland Perennial Mediterranean Unintentional Cusutaceae Cuscuta reflexa Roxb Herb Wasteland Annual Mediterranean Unintentional Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Herb Cultivated field Annual Tropical America Unintentional Fabaceae Indigofera linnaei Ali Herb Forests Annual Tropical Africa Unintentional Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Herb Along roadside Annual Tropical America Unintentional Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.)R. Br. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical Africa Unintentional Lamiaceae Ocimum americamim L. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Unintentional Malvaceae Malachra capitata (L.) L. Herb Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Malvaceae Urena lobata L . Shrub Wasteland Perennial Tropical Africa Unintentional Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Unintentional Mimosaceae Prosopis julifera (Sw.) DC. Shrub Wasteland Perennial Mexico Agro forestry Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Herb Cultivated field Perennial Europe Unintentional Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Herb Wasteland Annual South America Unintentional Research Journal of Biological Sciences _ _____________________ ______________ _______ ____ ____________ ISSN 2278 - 3202 Vol. 4 ( 1 2 ), 40 - 45 , December (201 5 ) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 44 Family Botanical name of plant Life form Habitat Habit Origin Introduction Mode Pedaliaceae Martynia annua L. Herb Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus Hook. and Arn. Climber Along roadside Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C. Presl. Herb River bed Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Portulacace ae Porlulaca oleracea L. Herb Wasteland Annual South America Food Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis L Herb Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Solanaceae Datura metel L. Shrub Perennial Wasteland Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Solanaceae Physalis minima L. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Unintentional Tiliaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Herb Wasteland Annual Tropical America Unintentional Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L Herb River bed Perennial Tropical America Unintentional Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Herb Forests Perennial Tropical America Ornamental Many invansive alien plant species like Malachra capitata (L.) L. Celosia argentea L., Lantana camara L., Parthenium hysterophorus L. Xanthium strumarium L. and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Ageratum conyzoides L. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, becomes higly invansiv e and found in Agriculture land , Forest area and along roadside and in procted areas like in Chaparala Wild Life Sanctury. As compared to native plant diversity invasive alien plants species more rapidly adapt and establish to invaded habitat because they grows rapidly by producing more biomass, more reproduction ability by producing more viable seed and by vegetative propagation and having more seed dispersal mechanism s and having more competitive ability than native plant species 24 . Invasive alien species change ecosystem structure and function by changing vegetation and by replacing native biodiversity and produces more biomass and density as compared to native specie s which is more threat for decline of endangered and threatened species in invaded habitat 25 . Invasive alien weeds becomes noxious and badly affects ecosystem, native flora and fauna, environment, habitat of native biodiversity and also affects the human health and economics 13 . Because of this, it is important to raising awareness at all levels, both at governmental and non - governmental level to face the serious problem of invasive alien species in any ecosystem or non - procted and procted areas like in C haparala Wild Sanctuary and in Chamorshi Tahsil of Gadchiroli district. Public awareness is important among rural, tribal and schools, college student levels in presence of Agriculturist or Botanist or Environmentalist or Officer from forest department or all of them to stop the invasion or eradication of invaded invansive plant species. Acknowledgment The authors thankful to Janata Education Mahavidyalaya and Secretary of Chanda Shikshan Prasark Mandal Chandrapur, for providing facilities. Reference s 1. 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