International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 4(10), 52-56, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 52 Biochemical Responses Induced by Sub lethal Concentrations of Carbaryl and Parathion on Certain Enzymes of Fresh Water Catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)Ajaz Ahmad Rather Department of Zoology, PMB Gujrati Science College Indore, Devi Ahliya University, Indore, M.P, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 30th July 2015, revised 28th August 2015, accepted 15th September 2015 Abstract The main objective of the study was to determine the effect induced by carbaryl and parathion at sub lethal concentrations for 28 days on biochemical parameters including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) enzyme activity ofcatfish, Clarais batrachus (Linn.). The sub lethal concentration were 0.5 ml (1/5 of LC50) of Carbaryl, and 0.09 ml (1/5 of LC50) of parathion for which the fish were exposed at different time intervals 7,14, 21 and 28 days. The present study showed statistically significant increase value in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) level. Keywords: Carbaryl, parathion, Clarais batrachus, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT). Introduction Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides are used widely for agricultural and residential applications as insecticides and fungicides. The use of pesticides has resulted in increased crop production and has raised concerns about potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. Owing to their toxic effects on nontarget organisms many pesticides may produce serious detrimental effects on ecosystem. The water that runs through agricultural areas has high probability of being contaminated by runoff and ground water leaching by a variety of chemicals. The principal hazards of insecticides residues in water are twofold; large number of aquatic invertebrates and fish are killed or the residues may get accumulated in tissues of these organism. Among aquatic organisms fishes are the main and best source of food, so it is essential to secure the health of fishes. Numerous biochemical indices of stress have been proposed to assess the health of non-target organism exposed to toxic chemicals in aquatic ecosystem. The toxicity of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides results inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme of the nervous system. The inhibition causes an accumulation of acetylcholine in synapses with disruption of the nerve functions, which can result in death. Material and Methods The active and healthy specimens of freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus were selected and acclimatized to laboratory conditions for two weeks prior to experimentation. Fishes were kept in 0.2% KMnO to get rid-off any dermal infection. The dechlorinated water used was changed every alternate day. The feeding was stopped 24 hours prior to the exposure period. One set of fishes was maintained as control besides experimental group in tap water. The weight and length of the experimental animals varied between 100 – 130g and 16 – 20 cm respectively. The experiment was conducted in ten aquariums two were used for control and other aquaria used for the pollution study. The experimental fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentration 0.5 ml of Carbaryl and 0.09 ml of parathion separately at different time intervals 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The LC50of Carbaryl and parathion was calculated by probit analysis of Finney. Blood from the experiment and control groups was collected from the cut caudal vein into the plain sterilized glass centrifuge tubes. The blood was used for the biochemical estimation of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) by Reitman and Franket method (1957). The experimental data were analyzed by student’s test for determining the significance of the changes from control. Results and Discussion Clarias batrachus exposed to concentrations of 0.5 ml of Carbaryl and 0.09 ml of parathion separately exhibit many biochemical alterations have been summarized in tables. Discussion: Effect of carbaryl and parathion on serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT): Theserum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (IU/L) in the experimental animals after carbaryl and parathion sub lethal intoxication shows an increasing trend at different time intervals (7, 14, 21 Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(10), 52-56, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 53 and 28 days). The elevated level of SGPT is due to cellular impermeability, hepatocellular damage in liver ultimately caused liver necrosis which leads to extensive liberation of SGPT in the blood serum of Clarias batrachus. Rising level of SGOT shows damage to the cells of heart as myocardial infarction (heart attack) liver necrosis, cirrhosis, muscular dystrophy and brain injury. After the toxic stress of carbaryl and parathion fish enzyme SGOT level significantly increased due to damage of hepatocytes. It might be possible due to myocardial damage in heart or due to cellular degradation caused by the toxicant that leads to liberation of SGOT in higher level in blood of Clarias batrachus. Present finding gain support with the finding of Mukhopadhyay and Dehadrai noticed various biochemical changes as SGOT in Clarias batrachus under Malathion stress. Verma et al.explained alteration in the level of serum transaminase due to thiotox, DDVP and carbofuran in Mystus vittatus. Tewari and Reddy explained SGOT increased level in Heteropneustes fossilis blood due to starvation. It may be altered metabolic pathways and enormous release of enzymes in blood. Table-1 Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase content of Clarias batrachusexposed to sub lethal concentration of carbarylBiochemical parameter Control groups Range Mean ± S.Em.Exposure in days 7 days range Mean ± S.Em. 14 days range Mean ± S.Em. 21 days range Mean ± S.Em. 28 days range Mean ± S.Em. SGOT (IU/L) 81.70 – 87.90 84.50± 1.24 86.20 – 92.50 88.30± 1.29NS87.20 – 95.60 89.50 – 101.30 88.30 – 103.45 90.20± 1.67* 93.30 ± 2.37** 96.30± 3.17*** SGPT (IU/L) 64.90 – 70.10 68.20 – 75.40 70.20 – 78.50 72.50 – 84.50 73.30 – 87.40 67.30± 1.10 71.60± 1.42NS 73.20± 1.80* 76.40± 2.50** 79.40± 2.90*** Results are expressed as ± S.Em. NS = Non-significant at p � 0.05; * = Significant at p 0.05; ** = Highly significant at p 0.01; *** = Very highly significant at p 0.01 Figure-1 Biochemical estimation of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (IU/L) after carbaryl intoxication in experimental fish Clarias batrachus Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(10), 52-56, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 54 Figure-2 Biochemical estimation of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (IU/L) after carbaryl intoxication in experimental fish Clarias batrachusTable-2 Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase content of Clarias batrachusexposed to sub lethal concentration of parathionBiochemical parameter Control groups Range Mean ± S.Em. Exposure in days 7 days range Mean ± S.Em. 14 days range Mean ± S.Em. 21 days range Mean ± S.Em. 28 days range Mean ± S.Em. SGOT (IU/L) 82.90 – 88.60 85.60± 1.26 88.10 – 93.90 89.30± 1.32NS89.10 – 97.40 91.50 – 105.30 94.30 – 109.35 92.20± 1.72* 94.90 ± 2.47** 98.10± 3.37** SGPT (IU/L) 62.80 – 69.90 69.50 – 77.10 73.00 – 79.80 75.60 – 87.50 79.50 – 89.10 66.40± 1.02 73.20± 1.5NS 75.46± 1.85* 78.40± 2.80*** 84.60± 3.10*** Results are expressed as ± S.Em., NS = Non-significant at p � 0.05; * = Significant at p 0.05, ** = Highly significant at p 0.01; *** = Very highly significant at p 0.01 Yang and Chen reported significant increase in carp SGOT level due to toxic stress. It may reveal possible leakage of enzymes across damaged plasma membranes or increased synthesis of enzymes by the liver. Nayaka et al10 depicted SGOT higher level in rohu after -permethrin. Das et al11 noted increased level of SGOT and other organ of Cirrhinus mrigala under ammonia stress. Jee and Kang12 find higher level of SGOT in Korean rock fish due to Cypermethrin toxicity. Min and Kang13 suggested that benomyl stress lead to greater increases in GOT level of Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus. Effect of carbaryl and parathion onserum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT): Theserum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (IU/L) in the experimental animals after carbaryl and parathion sub lethal intoxication shows an increasing trend at different time intervals (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). Goel and Maya14 explained SGPT increased level due to liver damage due to rogor stress. Revathi et al.15 resulted increment in GPT level of S. mossambicus under temephos. Rehulka and Minarik16 reported increment in ALT level in rainbow trout after deltamethrin toxicity, indicate tissue damage. Bhattacharya et al17 resulted ALT activities increased in both tissues (liver and kidney) in fish Rosy barbs exposed to the highest concentration of CCl4.