@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Realized Fecundity in the First Brood and size of Eggs of Chinese Mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)- Laboratory Studies<#LINE#>@CzerniejewskiPrzemyslaw,Marcello@DeGiosa<#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-JBS-2012-101.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Fisheries Management, Westpomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Krolewicza 4, PL–71–550 Szczecin, POLAND Dipartimento di Matematica, Universita' di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70125 – Bari, ITALY <#LINE#>29/6/2012<#LINE#>3rd/8/2012<#LINE#>  The Chinese mitten crab was collected from north part of Szczecin Lagoon (The Odra river estuary)within 12 October–6 December 2008 and 5 October–3 December 2010, to investigate some reproduction aspects in laboratory. This study was carried out to estimate the fecundity during oviposition period in first brood of Chinese mitten crab, eggs size and describe relation to various morphometric characters such as carapace width and height and body weight. The results showed that the fecundity of Eriocheir sinensis range from 141100 to 686200 eggs (mean 461100 eggs per female) with first brood, and mean eggs size were 371,4 µm (range 361 - 375µm). All the morphometric characteristics studied showed positive correlation with fecundity and the degree of relationship varied considerably. Among these, the carapace width was found to be the best morphometric character for predicting the fecundity of Chinese mitten crab.  <#LINE#> @ @ Lagler K.F., Studies of freshwater biology, Ann Arbor. Michigan, 119(1949) @No $ @ @ Corey S., Interspecific differences in reproductive potential, realized reproduction and actual production in the crayfish Orconectes propinquusGirard 1852) inOntario, American Midland Naturalist, 118, 424- 432 (1987) @No $ @ @ Stechey D.P.M. and Somers K.M., Potential, realized and actual fecundity in the crayfish Orconectes immunis from southwestern Ontario, Can. Journ. Zool., 73, 672-677 1995)4.Hines A., Allometric constraints and variables of reproductive effort in brachyuran crabs, Mar. Biol., 69, 309-320 (1982) @No $ @ @ 5.Turra A. and Leite F.P.P., Fecundity of three sympatric populations of hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), Crustaceana, 74(10), 1019- 1027 (2001) @No $ @ @ 6.Tallack S.M.L., Size–fecundity relationships for Cancer pagurus and Necora puber in the Shetland Islands, Scotland: how is reproductive capacity facilitated? J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 87(2), 507-515 (2007) @No $ @ @ 7.Matsuura S., Takeshita K., Fujita H., and Kawsaki S., Reproduction and fecundity of the female king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius) in the waters off western Kamchatka. II. Determination of the fecundity based on the counts of the ovarian eggs and of the spawned eggs attached to pleopods, Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. 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Ecol., , 249–262 (2003) @No $ @ @ Rudnick D.A., Halat K.M., and Resh V.H., Distribution, ecology and potential impacts of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis) in San Francisco Bay, Water Resources Center, Contribution, University of California, Berkeley, 26, 74 (2000) @No $ @ @ 2.Hymanson Z., Wang J., and Sasaki T., Lessons from the home of the Chinese mitten crab, IEP New, 12, 25–32 (1999) @No $ @ @ 3.Dittel A.I. and Epifanio Ch. E., Invasion biology of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: A brief review. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 374, 79–92 (2009) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 614.Kobayashi S. and Matsuura S., Reproductive ecology of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus (De Haan) in its marine phase, Benthos Res., 49, 15–28 (1995) @No $ @ @ 5.Kobayashi S., Fecundity of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica (de Haan), Benthos Research, 56, 1–7 (2001) @No $ @ @ 6.Herborg L.M., Bentley M.G., Clare A.S. and Last K.S., Mating behaviuor and chemical communication in the invasive Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.329, 1-10 (2006) @No $ @ @ 7.Begenal T.B., Aspects of fish fecundity, In S.D. Gerking (ed.), Ecology of Freshwater Fish Production, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 75-101 (1978) @No $ @ @ 8.Zar J.H., Biostatistical Analysis, 4th ed, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,  663 (1999) @No $ @ @ 9.Zuur A.F., Ieno E.N. and Smith G.M., Analysing Ecological Data, Springer, New York, 680 (2007) @No $ @ @ 20.Ramirez Llodra E., Fecundity and life-history strategies in marine invertebrates, Adv Mar Biol.,43, 87–170 (2002) @No $ @ @ 1.Kwei E.A., Size composition, growth and sexual maturity of Callinectes latimanus (Rath) in two Ghanaian lagoons. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 64 (2): 151–157 (1978) @No $ @ @ Guillory V., Prejean E., Bourgeois M., Burdon J. and Merrell J., A biological and fisheries profile of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. LA. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management Plan Series, 8(1), 210 (1996) @No $ @ @ 3.Leme M.H.A., Fecundity and fertility of the mangrove crab Sesarma rectum Randall, 1840 (Grapsoidea) from Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Nauplius, 12, 39-44 (2004) @No $ @ @ 4.Choy S.C., Reproductive biology of Liocarcinus pubes and L. lolratus (Decapoda, Brachyuran, Portunidae) from Gower Peninsula, South Wales, Mar. Ecol, , 227-242 (1988) @No $ @ @ 5.Perez O.S., Reproductive biology of the sand shore crab,Matuta lunaris(Brachyura: Calappida),Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 59, 83-90 (1990) @No $ @ @ 6.Shields J.D., The reproductive ecology and fecundity of Cancer crabs, In Crustacean Egg Production: Crustacean Issues, A.M. Wenner and A.M. Kuris (eds), 193-213 (1991) @No $ @ @ 7.Panning A., The Chinese mitten crab, Smithsonian Institute Annual Report 1938, 361-375 (1939) @No $ @ @ 8.Perez O.S., Reproductive biology of the sand shore crab, Matuta lunaris (Brachyura: Calappida. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 59, 83-90 (1990) @No $ @ @ 9.Rabalais N.N. and Cameron J.N., Abbreviated development of Uca subcylindrica (Stimpson, 1859) @No $ @ @ Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae) reared in the laboratory, J. Crust. Biol., 3, 519–541 (1985) @No $ @ @ Thurman C.L., Reproductive biology and population structure of the fiddler crab Uca subcylindrica (Stimpson), Biol. Bull., 169, 215–229 (1985) @No $ @ @ Erdman R.B. and Blake N.J., Reproductive ecology of female golden crabs, Geryon fenneri from southeastern Florida, J. Crustacean Biol., , 392-400 (1988) @No $ @ @ Koolkalya S., Thapanand T., Tunkijjanujij S., Havanont V. and Jutagate T., Aspects in spawning biology and migration of the mud crab Scylla olivacea in the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Fish. Manage. Ecol., 13(6), 391-397 (2006) @No $ @ @ Kumar M., Ferguson G., Xiao Y., Hooper G. and Venema S., Studies on reproductive biology and distribution of blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) in South Australian waters, SARDI Research Report Series, 47, 1324-2083 (2000) @No $ @ @ Haddon M., Size-fecundity relationships, mating behaviour, and larval release in the New Zealand paddle crab, Ovalipes catharusWhite, 1843) Brachyura: Portunidae), N.Z.J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 28, 329-334 (1994) @No $ @ @ Villegas C.T., Trino A. and Travina R., Spawner size and the biological components of the reproduction process in Penaeus monodonFabricius, In: J.L. Maclean and L.V. Hosillos (Eds.), Proceedings of the First Asian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fisheries Society, 26-31 May, Manila, Philippines, 701-702 (1986) @No $ @ @ Sharma A. and Subba R.B.R., General biology of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. 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<#LINE#>Seed Dormancy, Storage Behavior and Germination of an Exotic Invasive Species, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)<#LINE#>Wijayab@,H.@araS.M.K.,@JayasuriyaK.M.G.G.,J.L.D.H.C.@Jayasinghe<#LINE#>7-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-JBS-2012-130.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, SRILANKA Postgraduate Institute of Science University of Peradeniya, SRILANKA<#LINE#>29/7/2012<#LINE#>3rd/11/2012<#LINE#>  Lantana camara is a native shrub to West Indies. It has been introduced to several tropical and sub tropical countries. Now this plant has become invasive in these countries including Sri Lanka. The objective of this study was to gather basic information on seed biology of L. camara to aid in controlling it. Seeds were collected from numerous shrubs in Kandy and Ambalangoda. Seed moisture content (SMC), imbibition and germination of untreated and manually scarified seeds were determined. Effect of dormancy breaking treatments was studied. Length, width, mass, SMC and germinability of developing seeds were examined. Seed Moisture Content of L. camara (12.9%) suggested that seeds are orthodox. Both untreated and manually scarified seeds imbibed water in similar rate. None of the seeds germinated in light/dark and constant dark conditions. Further, seeds contained a fully developed embryo. Thus, it was concluded that L. camara seeds have physiological dormancy. Only a few seeds responded to dormancy breaking treatments suggesting that L. camara seeds have deep physiological dormancy. According to the ontogenical experiments, L. camara seeds attained physiological maturity and dispersal maturity by 4th and 5th week from pollination, respectively. It can be concluded that onset of dormancy occur before seeds attained physiological maturity, where germination of developing seeds was 0% at any stage. L. camara seeds showed the potential to retain in the soil seed bank. Thus, to control L. camara invasion, suitable methods have to be develop to deplete the soil seed bank.  <#LINE#> @ @ USDA, Invasive species: Plants, United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo. gov/plants/main.shtml ( 2011) @No $ @ @ Raizada P. and Raghubanshi A.S., Seed germination behaviour of i&#x-3.3;å ¦Lantana camara/i&#x-1.0;ȃ in response to smoke, Trop. Ecol.,51, 347-352 (2010) @No $ @ @ McGeoch, M.A., Butchart S.H.M., Spear D., Marais E. and Kleynhans E.J. et al., Global indicators of biological invasion: species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses, Diversity Distrib16, 95–108 (2010) @No $ @ @ Day M., Wiley C.J., Playford J. and Zalucki M.P., Lantana: Current Management Status and Future Prospects, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra, Australia, 128 ( 2003) @No $ @ @ Gunatilleke W.N.N.U. and Ranasinghe D.M.S.H.K., Habitat utilization pattern of I&#x-3.3;å ¦Lantana camara/I&#x-1.0;ȃ in Udawalawe national park in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Forestry and Environment Symposium on Sustainable Environmental Management Towards a Better Quality of Life, December 12-13, 2002, Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka (2002) @No $ @ @ Weerawardane N.D.R., Status of forest invasive species in Sri Lanka, http://lakdasun.com/forum/ doc_base/Status_of%20Forest_Invasive_Species_in_SriLanka.pdf  (2008) @No $ @ @ Hammer R.L., The lantana mess: A critical look at the genus in Florida. Palmetto, 2321-23 (2004) @No $ @ @ Waipara, N.W., Paynter, C.J.Q., Riding, N. and Day, M.D.. Prospects for the biological control of i&#x-3.3;女Lantana camara/i&#x-1.0;ȃ (Verbenaceae) in New Zealand, J. New Zealand Plant Protection, 6250-55 (2009) @No $ @ @ Sankaran, K.V., I&#x-15.;䊗Lantana camara/I&#x-1.0;ȃ. http://www.fao.org/forestry/13375-06ba52ce294a4e15f8264c42027052db0.pdf(2008) @No $ @ @ GISDB, Global Invasive Species Data Base: I&#x-3.3;女Lantana camara/I&#x-3.3;夀 (shrub), (2006) @No $ @ @ Baskin, C.C. and J.M. Baskin, Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic press, San Diego, CA, (1998) @No $ @ @ Yonli, D., Traore, H., Sereme, P. and Sankara, P. Use of local plant aqueous extracts as potential bioherbicides against Striga harmonthica (Del.) Benthem. in Burkina Faso., Asian Journal of Crop Scien,, 147-154 (2010) @No $ @ @ Djietror, J.C., Ohara, M. and Appiah, C., Predicting the establishment and spread of Siam weed in Australia: A test of abiotic cues on seed dormancy and germination., Research Journal of Forestry, , 115-127 ( 2011) @No $ @ @ ISTA, International Seed Testing Association.  International Rules for Seed Testing. Zu¨ richstrasse, Bassersdorf, Switzerland, ISTA, (2008) @No $ @ @ Bewley J.D. and Black M., Physiology and Biochemistry of seeds in relation to germination. Bewley, J.D. and M. Black (Ed)., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. New York, 375 (1982) @No $ @ @ Hong T.D. and Ellis R.H., A protocol to determine seed storage behavior, IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 1, International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), International Rules for Seed Testing, Zurichstrasse, Bassersdorf, Switzerland, 1-62 (1996) @No $ @ @ Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M., Seed dormancy in trees of climax tropical vegetation types, Trop. Ecol., 46, 17-28 (2005) @No $ @ @ Graff J.L., I&#x-3.3;女Lantana camara/I&#x-1.0;ȃ, the plant and some methods for its control, S. Afr. For. J., 136,  26- 30 (1986) @No $ @ @ Finch-Savage, W.E. and Leubner-Metzger, G., Seed dormancy and the control of germination, New Phytol., 171, 501-523 (2006) @No $ @ @ Ghasemi M. and Khosh-Khui M., Effects of stratification and growth regulators on seed germination and seedling growth of Quercus ilex, Journal of Plant Sciences, , 341-346 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sharma R.K. and Sharma S., Effect of storage and cold-stratification on seed physiological aspects of I&#x-3.3;女Bunium persicum/I&#x-15.;䌒: A threatened medicinal herb of trans-Himalaya, International Journal of Botany, , 151-156 (2010) @No $ @ @ Shahram S., Seed dormancy and germination of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L, International Journal of Botany, , 307 – 311 (2007) @No $ @ @ Ng F.S.P., Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian trees, Malaysian For.,36, 54-65 (1973) @No $ @ @ Yap S.K. and Wang S.M., Seed biology of Acacia mangium, Albizia falcataria,Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea, Maesopsis eminii, Pinus caribbea and Tectona grandis, Malaysian For.,46, 26-45 (1983) @No $ @ @ Belhadj S., Gerasopoulos D. and Maloupa E., Improvement of germination of Vitex angus-castus L. seeds with seed pretreatments, Acta Horticulturae,454, 207-211 (1998) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 1426.Baskin, C.C. and J.M. Baskin, When breaking seed dormancy is a problem try a move along experiment, Native Plants J., 4, 17-21 (2003) @No $ @ @ Travlos, I.S. and Karamanos,  A.J., Influence of heat on seed germination and seedling emergence of Chaste tree (Vitex angus-castus L.), Journal of Agronomy,, 25-28. (2007) @No $ @ @ Ng F.S.P., Germination ecology of Malaysian woody plants, Malayan For., 43, 406- 437 ( 1980) @No $ @ @ Saatkamp, A., L. Affre, Dutoit, T. and Poschlod, P., Germination traits explain soil seed persistence across species: the case of Mediterranean annual plants in cereal fields, Ann. Bot.,107, 415-426 (2011) @No $ @ @ Wang, N., Ju-Ying, J., Yan-Feng, J. and Dong-Li, W. Seed persistence in the soil on eroded slopes in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau region, China, Seed Scires, 21, 295-304 (2011) @No $ @ @ Le Deunff, Y. and Rachidian, Z., Interruption of water delivery at physiological maturity is essential for seed development, germination and seedling growth in pea (Pisumsativum L.), J. Exp. Bot.,39, 1221-1230 (1988) @No $ @ @ Ekpong, B. and Sukprakarn, S., Seed physiological maturity in Dill (i&#x-3.3;女Anethum graveolens/i&#x-1.0;ȃ L.) @No $ @ @ , Nat. Sci., 42, 1-6 (2008) @No $ @ @ Tekrony, P.M. and Egli, D.B., Accumilation of Seed Vigour during Development and Maturation. In: Basic and Applied Aspect of Seed Biology, Ellis, R.H., Black, M., Murdoch, A.J. and Hongceds,T.D. (Eds). Kluwer Acadamic publishers, Dordrecht, Great Britain: (1997) @No $ @ @ 4.Baskin J.M. and Baskin, C.C., A classification system for seed dormancy, Seed Science Research, 14, 1-16 (2004) @No $ @ @ 5.Sharifi M. and Pouresmael, M. Breaking seed dormancy of Bunium persicum by stratification and chemical substances, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, , 695-699 (2006) @No $ @ @ 6.Olmez Z., Temel, F., Gokturk, A. and Yahyaoglu, Z., Effect of sulphuric acid and cold stratification pretreatments on germination of Pomegranate (Punica grannatum L.) seeds,  Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,, 427-430 (2007) @No $ @ @ 7.Cicek, E. and Tilki, F.. Influence of stratification on seed germination of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach, a relic tree species, Research Journal of Botany, , 103-106 (2008) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>The effects of Anterior versus Posterior Glide joint Mobilization in Improving Functional Activity of the shoulder in Patients with adhesive capsulitis<#LINE#>V.@SrikanthBabu,M.@Srinivas,@RavindraKumarB.,Prakash@Jalaja<#LINE#>15-21<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-165.pdf<#LINE#>Department of physiotherapy, Windfield international College, KualaLumpur, MALAYSIA Department of Anatomy, MSU, kualaLumpur, MALAYSIA <#LINE#>13/9/2012<#LINE#>17/10/2012<#LINE#>  Primary adhesive capsulitis is a term used to describe an insidious onset of pain and movement restriction in the glenohumeral joint. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of anterior versus posterior glide mobilization techniques for improving functional activity of the shoulder in patients with adhesive Capsulitis. In this study a total number of 20 subjects were randomly selected. Samples were selected into experimental group and control group. Both groups received ultrasound therapy, joint glide mobilization and shoulder exercises, treatment differed in the direction of glide. Experimental group received posterior glide and control group received anterior glide. Functional activity is measured by using Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) score, Pain is measured by VAS Score, and Range of motion is measured by Goniometer initially before treatment and after 5, 10 and 15 sessions. Statistical analysis was performed to know the significant effects of parameters in pre and post and also to compare posterior mobilization and anterior mobilization groups with respect to parameters external rotation range of motion, VAS score and SPADI Score.  To know the significant effects in pre and post of each parameter we have used paired sample ‘t’ test and to compare groups we have used independent sample ‘t’ test. Group comparison was made by considering the differences between pre and post values of each parameter in both groups and found significant in external rotation range of motion and SPADI score in posterior mobilization compared to anterior mobilization group (P  0.05) but for VAS (Pain) there was no significant difference between posterior mobilization group and anterior mobilization group. (P &#x-1.0;ȃ 0.05). In conclusion posteriorly directed joint glide mobilization technique was more effective than anteriorly directed mobilization techniques in improving functional activities in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis. <#LINE#> @ @ Andrea J. Johnson, Joseph J. Godges, The effects of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis, Journal of Orthopaedics and Sports Physical therapy, 37,(2006) @No $ @ @ Nevaiser  R.J. and Nevaiser T.J., The frozen shoulder diagnosis and management, Clinical Orthopedic Rehabilitation,59-64 (1987) @No $ @ @ Henricus M. Vermeulen Piet M. Rozing Wim Robermann,Comparison of High grade and low grade mobilization techniques in the management of  adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, journal of American physical therapy association80(12)(2000) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 214.Donatelli – Physical therapy of the shoulder; 3rd edition,257-273 (1996) @No $ @ @ Mao Cy, Jaw WC, Cheng: Frozen shoulder – Correlation between the response to physical therapy and follow-up shoulder arthrography. Archives Physical medicine and rehabilitation., 857-859 (1997) @No $ @ @ Lori B. Siegel et al: Adhesive Capsulitis – A sticky issue.American family Physician, 59(7) (1999) @No $ @ @ Fitz Patrick MT, Powell SE. The anatomy, pathology and definitive treatment of rotator interval lesions, current concepts. Arthoscopy, 19, 70-79 (2003) @No $ @ @ Nicholson GG, the effects of passive joint mobilization on pain and hypo mobility associated with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, Journal of Orthopedic Sports Physical therapy.238-246 (1985) @No $ @ @ J.F. Bridgemann; Periarthritis of the shoulder and diabetes mellitus: Ann rheum Dis. 31, 69 (1972) @No $ @ @ Siegel L.B., Cohen Nj, Adhesive capsulitis a sticky issue, American family, physician 59, 1843-1852 (1999) @No $ @ @ Ekelund A.L., Rydell N. Combination treatment for adhesive capsulitis. Clinical orthoped, relat, res, 105-109 (1992) @No $ @ @ Leow M. Heichel TO, Lehnar B: Intra articular lesion in primary frozen shoulder after manipulation under general anesthesia, Shoulder elbow surgery, 16-21 (2005) @No $ @ @ Hannafin JA, Chaiaia, Adhesive capsulitis – A Treatment approach, Clinical Orthopedic, Relat. Res.,95-109 (2000) @No $ @ @ Carlyn kisner - Therapeutic exercise foundation and techniques; 4thedition, 229-230 (1996) @No $ @ @ Henricus M. Vermulen, Wim Robermann bart J Burg, End range mobilization techniques in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder joint, A multiple subject case report; Australian journal of Physical therapy, 80(12) (December 2000) @No $ @ @ Riddle D.L., Rothstein J.M. and Lamb R.L., Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting, Shoulder measurement, Journal of AmericanPhysical therapy association,67(5) 668-673 (1987) @No $ @ @ Junwal Manju and Bhai Ismail,Studies on Human Anemia haemoglobin Hb assays R.B.C count in Ujjains, MP, India, ISCA Journal of  Biological Sciences.,1(2), 38-42 (2012) @No $ @ @ Gharib tarzeh Zahra Nabizadeh Tahere and Pakdelbonab Mehdi, Investigating the effective factors in user success in digital libraries, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(9),23-30 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sharma Kalpa, Health It inIndian healthcare system: A new Initiative; Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(6), 83-86 (2012) @No $ @ @ Iyer K. and Khan Z.A., Depression. A review, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 79-87 (2012) @No $ @ @ Pebam Nganthoiba Mangang, Health Beliefs and Perception of well being among the lois of thanga in Manipur, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4),46-52 (2012) @No $ @ @ Heald S.L., Riddle D.L. and Lamb R.L., The shoulder pain and disability index; the construct validity and responsiveness of a region – specific disability measure,Journal of AmericanPhysical therapy association, 77(1997) @No $ @ @ Weinstein bauck – Turecks orthopedic principals and their application; 5th edition, 393 (2005) @No $ @ @ Maitland G.D.; Peripheral manipulations, 2nd edition (1978) @No $ @ @ Jatwa Jayshree and Bhai Ismail, Studies on human thyroid disorders based upon assay of TSH and thyroid harmones in Ujjain, MP, India, ISCA Journal of  Biological Sciences, 1(2), 43-47 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kulakarni G.S., Text book of Orthopaedics and trauma, 3(1), 2591-2595 27.Simon curette et al, Intra articular corticosteroids, supervised physiotherapy or a combination of the two in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Arthritis rheumatism., 48, 829-838 (2003) @No $ @ @ 8.Louse Solmnen – Apleys system of Orthopedics and fractures, 2nd edition,24 (2010) @No $ @ @ 9.Nishi K., Gupta N.K. and Sharma S.C., Study on the incidence of Hypertension and Migrane in ABO Blood groups, ISCA Journal of  Biological Sciences, 1(2), 12-16 (2012) @No $ @ @ 30.Abbasian S., Attarzadeh S.R., Darzabi T. and Momeni M., The Exhaustive resistance exercises with various Resistances increases the local strength of youth muscles, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(4), 53-56 (2012) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Comparative analysis of essential oil components of two Daucus species from Algeria and their antimicrobial activity<#LINE#>Nawel@Meliani,Amine@DibMohammedEl,@AllaliHocine,Boufeldja@Tabti<#LINE#>22-29<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-193.pdf<#LINE#> Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles et Bioactives (LASNABIO) Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Tlemcen, ALGERIA<#LINE#>14/10/2012<#LINE#>22nd/10/2012<#LINE#>  The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and stems of Algeria native, Daucus carota L. subsp. carota and Daucus carota L. subsp. gummifer were analyzed by GC and GC–MS. In total, 67 compounds, which accounted for more than 90.0 g/100g of the total composition of the oils, have been identified. -pinene (26.0-34.1 g/100g), sabinene (1.5-14.0 g/100g ), limonene (0.5-13.0 g/100g), -pinene (0.6-11.2 g/100g), myrcene (10.0-13.1 g/100g), terpinene-4-ol (2.4-4.9 g/100g), caryophyllene oxyde (0.8-6.0 g/100g), spathulenol (0.6-4.3 g/100g), p-cymene (3.3-4.4 g/100g) and isiospathulenol (0.2-3.8 g/100g) have been identified as the main components of both essential oils. The comparison of essential oil components of Daucus species between the present and previous work indicated that the composition of oils vary greatly with respect to the plant parts used, geographical locations and stage of development, mainly for the proportion of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. In addition, we reported for the first time, the antibacterial activity of D. carota L. subsp. gummifer essential oil against eight bacteria. The most prominent inhibitory action of this essential oil was observed against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli strains at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. The essential oil compositions of two Daucus samples can therefore be proposed as new potential sources natural for pharmaceutical industries. <#LINE#> @ @ Sessou P., Farougou S., Alitonou G., Djenontin T.S., Yèhouénou B., Azokpota P., Youssao I. and Sohounhloué D., Chemical Composition and Antifungal activity of Essential oil of Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum from Benin against six Mycotoxigenic Fungi isolated from traditional cheese wagashi, I. Res. J. Biological Sci.,1(4), 22-27 (2012) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 25Chemical composition and Antimicrobial activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume dry Leaves essential oil against Food-borne Pathogens and Adulterated Microorganisms, I. Res. J. Biological Sci., 1(6), 18-25 (2012) @No $ @ @ Avlessi F., Alitonou G.A., Djenontin T. S., Tchobo F., Yèhouénou B., Menut C. and Sohounhloué D., Chemical composition and Biological activities of the Essential oil extracted from the Fresh leaves of Chromolaena odorata (L. Robinson) growing in Benin, I. Res. J. Biological Sci., 1(3), 7-13 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bakkali F., Averbeck S., Averbeck D. and Idaomar, M., Biological effects of essential oils – A review, Food Chem Toxicol., 46(2), 446-455 (2008) @No $ @ @ Olle M. and Bender I., The content of oils in umbelliferous crops and its formation, Agronomy Res., , 687-696. (2010) @No $ @ @ Teuscher E., Medicinal spices. A handbook of culinary herbs, spices, spice mixtures and their essential oils,Stuttgart: Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers., (2006) @No $ @ @ Glisic S.B., Misic D.R., Stamenic M.D., Zizovic I.T., Asanin R.M. and Skala D.U., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carrot fruit essential oil: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity, Food Chem., 105, 3462-3470 (2007) @No $ @ @ Flamini G., Cioni P.L., Maccioni S. and Baldini R., Composition of the essential oil of Daucus gingidium L. ssp. gingidium,Food Chem.,103, 1237-1240 (2003) @No $ @ @ Pinilla M.G., Pérez-Alonso M.J. and Velasco-Negueruela A., Volatile constituents from fruits of Daucus carota L. gummifer Hook. fil, J. Essent. Oil Res., , 433-445 (1995) @No $ @ @ Rossi P.G., Bao L., Luciani A., Panighi J., Desjobert J.M., Costa J., Casanova J., Bolla J.M. and Berti L., (E)Methylisoeugenol and elemicin: antibacterial components of Daucus carota L. essential oils against Campylobacter jejuni, J. Agric Food Chem., 55, 7332-7336 (2007) @No $ @ @ Marzouki H., Khaldi A., Falconieri D., Piras A., Marongiu B., Molicotti P. and Zanetti S., Essential Oils of Daucus carota subsp. carota of Tunisia Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction, Natur Prod Commun., , 1955-1958 (2010) @No $ @ @ Maxia A., Marongiu B., Piras A., Porcedda S., Tuveri E., Gonçalves M.J., Cavaleiro C. and Salgueiro L., Chemical characterization and biological activity of essential oils from Daucus carota L. subsp. carota growing wild on the Mediterranean coast and on the Atlantic coast, Fitoterapia, 80, 57-61 (2009) @No $ @ @ Gonny M., Bradesi P. and Casanova J., Identification of the components of the essential oil from wild Corsican Daucus carota L. using 13C-NMR spectroscopy, Flav Fragr j., 19, 424-433 (2004) @No $ @ @ Özcan M.M. and Claude Chalchat J.C., Chemical composition of carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.) cultivated in Turkey: characterization of the seed oil and essential oil, Grasas y aceites., 58 (4), 359-365 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kula J., Izydorczyk K., Czajkowska A. and Bonikowski R., Chemical composition of carrot umbells oils from Daucus carota ssp. sativus cultivated in Poland, Flav Fragr J., 21, 667-669 (2006) @No $ @ @ Staniszewska M., Kula J., Wieczorkiewicz M. and Kusewicz D., Essential oils of wild and cultivated carrots-the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity, J Essent Oil Res., 17, 579-583 (2005) @No $ @ @ Sokovi M., Stojkovi D., Glamolija J., iri A., Risti M. and Grubiši D., Susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria and fungi to essential oils of wild Daucus carota, Pharmaceutical Biology., 47(1), 38-43 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mockute D. and Nivinskiene O., The sabinene chemotype of essential oil of seeds of Daucus carota L. ssp. carotagrowing wild in Lithuania, J. Essent. Oil Res., 16, 277-281 (2004) @No $ @ @ Conseil de l’Europe. Pharmacopée Européenne, Maisonneuve S.A.: Sainte Ruffine., (1996) @No $ @ @ König W.A., Hochmuth D.H. and Joulain D., Terpenoids and Related Constituents of Essential Oils. Library of MassFinder 2.1 University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hamburg., (2001) @No $ @ @ Adams R.P., Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Allured, Carol Stream, IL., (2001) @No $ @ @ Djabou N., Paolini J., Desjobert J.M., Allali H., Baldovini N., Costa J. and Muselli A., Quantitative and qualitative analysis of volatile components of Teucrium massiliense L. -identification of 6-methyl-3-heptyl acetate as a new natural product, flav fragr j., 25, 475-487 (2010) @No $ @ @ Kpadonou K.B.G.H., Yayi L.E., Kpoviessi D.S.S., Gbaguidi F., Yèhouénou B., Quetin-Leclercq J., Figueredo G., Moudachirou M., Accrombessi G.C., Chemical variation of essential oil constituents of  Ocimum gratissimum L. from Benin, and Impact on antimicrobial Properties and Toxicity against  Artemia salina LEACH, Chem. and Biodiversity., , 139-150 (2012) @No $ @ @ Prajapati A., Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activity Studies of 5-Nitro N’-[Arylidenhydrazidomethyl Indole] 2-(Substituted Aryl) -3-(N’-Indolyl Acetamiddyl)-4-Oxothiazolidines, Res. J. Recent. Sci., , 99-104 (2012) @No $ @ @ Hosni K., Msaâda K., Ben Taârit M., Ouchikh O., Kallel M. and Marzouk B., Essential oil composition of Hypericum perfoliatum L. and Hypericum tomentosum L. growing wild in Tunisia, Ind. Crops Prod., 27, 308-314 (2008) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 2750 -Selinene 1483 1495 1703 - - RI, MS 51 Bicyclogermacrene 1494 1499 1683 - 0,1 RI, MS 52 -Bisabolene 1500 1494 1720 0,1 0,2 RI, MS 53 Cuparene 1504 1500 1824 - 0,6 RI, MS 54 -Cadinene 1515 1519 1762 0,1 0,1 RI, MS 55 Elemicin 1518 1527 2232 0,1 - RI, MS, Ref 56 E--Bisabolene 1531 1526 1733 - 0,2 RI, MS 57 -Caryophyllene oxide 1546 1550 2156 - 0,1 RI, MS, Ref 58 1,5 epoxy-Salvial-4(14)ene 1561 1563 1912 0,1 0,1 RI, MS 59 Spathulenol 1572 1568 2095 0,6 4,3 RI, MS 60 Caryophyllene oxyde 1576 1574 1937 0,8 6.0 RI, MS 61 Copaborneol 1592 1588 2154 - 1,9 RI, MS 62 Humulene epoxyde II 1601 1595 2009 0,1 2,1 RI, MS 63 Isospathulenol 1625 1615 2386 0,2 3,8 RI, MS, Ref 64 T-Muurolol 1634 1624 2138 0,1 0,4 RI, MS 65 -Cadinol 1645 1638 2227 0,1 0,7 RI, MS 66 (Z)--Santalol  1669 1667 2306 - 0,3 RI, MS 67 (E,Z)-Farnesol  1685 1680 2313 - 0,8 RI, MS Oil yield (%, w/w)   1,52 1,64   Total identification (g/100g) 95,9 90,1  Monoterpene hydrocarbons 83,2 54.0  Oxygenated monoterpenes 8,6 8,2  Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 1,4 6,4  Oxygenated sesquiterpenes 2.0 20,5  Phenylpropanoids 0,2 -  Non-terpenic compounds  0,5 1.0  Order of elution is given on apolar column (Rtx-1).,  Retention indices of literature on the apolar column (RI) reported from Konig et al., (2001) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) along Riverine Habitat in Mizoram, North East India<#LINE#>Harit@DayaNand<#LINE#>30-34<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-200.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram-796 321, INDIA<#LINE#>24/10/2012<#LINE#>4/11/2012<#LINE#>  Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) are fascinating, colourful insects with shining of various shades, carnivorous in habits, differentiated from other beetles in having prominent eyes on head and head and eyes are larger than pronotum. Mandibles are large and sickle shaped. No mention of Tiger Beetles has been made in Fauna of Mizoram, 2007, published by Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. This paper highlights, first ever studies on tiger beetles on riverine habitat, documents, total 10 species of Tiger Beetles of sub family Cicindelinae, based on systematic surveys conducted, from June 2009 to May 2012, along riverine habitat, at Champhai District of Mizoram, North East India for the first time. <#LINE#> @ @ Uniyal V.P. and Bhargav V., Tiger Beetles – A field study in the Shivaliks of Himachal Pradesh, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun  (2007) @No $ @ @ Bhargav V.K. and Uniyal V.P., Communal roosting of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) in the shivalik hills of Himachal Pradesh, India,Cicindela, 40(1-2), 1-22(2008) @No $ @ @ Pajni H.R. and Bedi S.S., Preliminary survey of the cicindelid fauna of Chandigarh, Punjab, India, Cicindela,5, 41-56 (1973) @No $ @ @ Pajni H.R., Kumar A. and Pearson D.L., Corrections and additions to the Tiger Beetle fauna (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) of Chandigarh area of North Western India,  Cicindela,16(3/4), 21, (1984) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 335.Pearson D.L. and Anderson J.J., Perching heights and nocturnal communal roosts of some Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) in southern Peru,  Biotropica,17, 126-129 (1985) @No $ @ @ Pearson D.L. and Ghorpade K., Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) of the Siliguri-Darjeeling area in India, Colemania,4, 1-22 (1987) @No $ @ @ Pearson D.L. and Ghorpade K., Geographical distribution and ecological history of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) of Indian subcontinent, Journal of Biogeography, 16, 333-344 (1989) @No $ @ @ Singh N., Taxonomic studies on some Indian Cicindelidae with special reference to external genitalia (Coleoptera : Insecta), D. Phil. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Punjab University, Chandigarh, (1991) @No $ @ @ Pearson D.L. and Cassola F., Worldwide species richness patterns of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies, Conservation Biology, 6(3), 376-391 (1992) @No $ @ @ Carrol S.S. and Pearson D.L., Spatial Modeling of Butterfly species richness using Tiger Beetles (Cicindelidae) as a bio-indicator taxon, Ecological Application, 8(2), 531-543 (1998) @No $ @ @ Sawada Hirofumi and Jurgen Wiesner, Records of Tiger Beetles collected in North India (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae), Ent. Res. Japan., 54(2), 189-195 (1999) @No $ @ @ Uniyal V.P. and Mathur P.K., Altitudinal distribution of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) in great Himalayan National Conservation Park area, Western Himalaya, The Indian Forester,126(10), 1141-1143(2000) @No $ @ @ Sinu P.A., Nasser M. and Rajan P.D., Feeding fauna and foraging habits of Tiger Beetles found in agro-ecosystems in Western Ghats, Biotropica, 38, 500-507 (2006) @No $ @ @ Tigreros, Natasha and Kattan G H., Mating behaviour in two sympatric species of Anden Tiger Beetles (Cicindelidae),  Boletin del Museo de Entomologica de la Universided del velle. 9(1):22-28. (2008) @No $ @ @ Fowler W.W., The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera – General Introduction and Cicindelidae and Paussidae, Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, (1912) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>The  Effect  of  Di-Ethylstilbestriol  (DES),  Oxytocin  and  Testosterone  on  the  Content  of  Carbohydrate,  Chlorophyll  and  Protein  in  Green  Algae<#LINE#>Rajani@Meghwal,Singh@ShekhawatDeependra,@SoniNaveenKumar,Chhaya@Bhatnagar<#LINE#>35-40<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-202.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology, M.D.S. University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, INDIA Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA<#LINE#>26thOctober/1/<#LINE#>6/11/2012<#LINE#>  The  main  aim  of  this  study  was  to  check  the  influence  of  sex  steroids:  Testosterone,  DiOxytocin  on  changes  of  proteins,  chlorophyll  and  carbohydrate  contents  of  in  BG-11  medium  for  15-days  period,  in  4  different  concentrations  (1  µg/ml,  2.5  µg/ml,steroids.  It  has  been  ascertained  that  the  best  possible  stimulation  of  protein  was  caused  by  Di(DES)  in  the  range  from  148.55%,  testosterone  64.59%  and  the  effect  of  oxytocin algae  was  negative  (decreased  up  to  13.33%  )in  comparison  to  a  100%  control.  Carbohydrate  content  was  best  encouraged  by  testosterone  in  range  from  42.62%  in  comparison  to  oxytocin  (15.94%)  whicarbohydrate  content  of  green  algae  was  negative  (decreased  up  to  26.70%).  Chlorophyll  content  was  stimulated  most  by  testosterone  in  range  from  94.09%,  followed  by  oxytocin  56.69%  and  DES  34.39%  icontrol  during  the  whole  period  of  15  days  of  green  algae  cultivation.  The  effect  on  Protein,  Carbohydrate  aChlorophyll  by  Testosterone  (p‹0.05,  F(p‹0.05,  F3.88=  491.5,  r=0.9879)  is  statistically  significant.<#LINE#> @ @ Shekhawat D.S., Bhatnagar A., Bhatnagar M. and Panwar J., Potential  of Treated Dairy Waste Water for the  Cultivation of Algae and Waste Water Treatment by Algae, Universal Journal of Environmental Research and  Technology, 2(1), 101-104 (2012) @No $ @ @ Szamrej I.K. and Czerpak  R.,  The  Effect of Sex Steroids and  Corticosteroids  on  the  Content  of  Soluble  Proteins,  Nucleic  Acids  and  Reducing  Sugars  in  Wolffia  arrhiza  (L.)  Wimm.  (Lemnaceae),   Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(5), 565-571(2004) @No $ @ @ Bajguz A. and Czerpak R., Metabolic activity of  estradiol  in  Chlorella  vulgaris  Beijerinck  (Chlorophyceae)  Part  II.  Content  of  the  cellular  sugar  and  protein  accumulation, Pol.  Arch.  Hydrobiol, 43, 427 (1996) @No $ @ @ Czerpak  R., The occurence  and  biological  activity  of  animal  hormones  and  selected  compounds  in  plants, Kosmos., 42, 613 (1993) @No $ @ @ Geuns  J.M.C.,  Structural  hormones  and  plant  growth  and  development, Phytochemistry.,  17, 1 (1978) @No $ @ @ Gross  D. and  Parthier  B.,  Novel  natural  substances  acting  in  plant  growth  regulation, J.  Plant Growth Regul., 13, 93 (1994) @No $ @ @ Heftmann E., Steroid hormones in plants, Lloydia, 28,285 (1975) @No $ @ @ Hewitt  S.,  Hillman  J.R. and  Knights  B.A.,  Steroidal  estrogens  and  plant  growth  and  development,  New  Phytol.,  85, 329 (1980) @No $ @ @ Janik  J.R. and  Adler  J.H.,  Estrogen  receptors  in  Gladiolus  ovulus,  Plant  Physiol.,  75, 135 (1984) @No $ @ @ Jones  J.L. and  Roddick  J.G.,  Steroidal  estrogens  and  androgens  in  relation  to  reproductive  development  in  higher  plant,  J.  Plant  Physiol.,  133 510 (1988) @No $ @ @ Kopcewicz  J. and  Rogoziska  J.H.,  Effect  of  estrogens  and  gibberelic  acid  on  cytokinin  and  abscisic  acid  like  compound  contents  in  pea,  Experientia.,28, 1516 (1972) @No $ @ @ Kopcewicz  J.,  Effect  of  estrone  on  the  content  of  endogenous  gibberellins  in  the  dwarf  pea,  Naturwissenschaften.,  56, 334 (1969) @No $ @ @ Kopcewicz  J.,  Influence  of  estrogens  on  the  auxins  content  in  plants, Naturwissenschaften.,  57, 48 (1970) @No $ @ @ Rousseau  G.G.,  Higgins  S.J.,  Baxter  J.D.,  Gelfand  E. and Tomkihns  G.M.,  Binding  of  glucocorticoid  receptors  to  DNA,  J.  Biol.  Chem., 250, 6015 (1975) @No $ @ @ Geuns J.M.C.,  Physiological  activity  of  corticosteroids  in  etiolated  mung  bean  plants,  Z.  Pflanzenphysiol., 74, 2-51 (1974) @No $ @ @ Geuns J.M.C.,  Structure  requirements  of  corticosteroids  for  physiological  activity  in  etiolated  mung  bean  seedlings, Z.  Pflamenphysiol.,   81  1 (1977) @No $ @ @ Hodge J.E. and Hofreiter B.T., Samogyi micro copper method, In Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, (Eds.  R.L.  Whistler, M.L. Wolfram)  Acad.  Press, New  York,  (1962) @No $ @ @ Slama K., Animal hormones and antihormones in plants, Biochem.  Physiol.  Pflanzen., 175, 177 (1980) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Role of XmnI restriction site polymorphism and JAK2 gene mutation in β-Thalassemia<#LINE#>@NagaGaneshBalne,Ramach@C.S.V.,Rao@ra<#LINE#>41-45<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-203.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biotechnology, DVR & HS MIC College of Technology, Kanchikacherla, AP, INDIA<#LINE#>30/10/2012<#LINE#>5/11/2012<#LINE#>  -Thalassemia is one of the most prevalent hereditary disorder in the world. It is the most common hemoglobin disorder found in the Indian sub continent, caused by point mutations or more rarely deletions in the -globin gene on chromosome 11, leading to reduced () or absent () synthesis of the  chains of hemoglobin (Hb). The objective of this study is to understand the role of modifier genes and their polymorphic forms in amelioration or deterioration of the disease and severity of -thalassemias. The XmnI polymorphic site was determined by PCR-RFLP procedure. The XmnI restriction site at -158 position of the -gene is associated with increased expression of the -globin gene and higher production of HbF. The levels of  and  chains were detected by HPLC. JAK2 V617F mutation indicate the phenotypic variations and for predicting the risk of major clinical events. In allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) V617F mutation independently predicted the evolution toward large splenomegaly.  <#LINE#> @ @ Flint J., Harding RM., Boyce AJ. and Clegg JB., The population genetics of the haemoglobinopathies, Bailliere's Clin Haematol, 11(1), 1-51 (1998) @No $ @ @ Huisman THJ., Carver MFH., The beta and delta thalassemia repository, Hemoglobin22, 169-95 (1998) @No $ @ @ Schrier S.L., Pathobiology of thalassemic erythrocytes, Current Opinion in Hematology, , 75–78 (1997) @No $ @ @ Olivieri N., The b-thalassemias, New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 99–109 (1999) @No $ @ @ Angastiniotis M. and Modell B., Global epidemiology of hemoglobin disorders, Ann N Y Acad Sci., 850, 251-69 (1998) @No $ @ @ Varawalla NY., Old JM., Sarkar R., Venkatesan R. and Weatherall Dj., The spectrum of beta thalassemia mutations on the Indian subcontinent: the basis for prenatal diagnosis,  British J Hematology, 78, 242-247 ( 1991) @No $ @ @ Thein S.L. and Wainscoat J.S., Association of thalassaemia intermedia with a -globin gene haplotype, Br J Haematol,65(3), 367-373 (1987) @No $ @ @ George E., A Practical algorithm to screen for thalassaemia: BHESZ+F protocol, Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 3(1), 1 (2007) @No $ @ @ Wilson J.B., Headlee M.E. and Huisman T.H.J., A new high performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the separation and quantitation of various hemoglobin variants in adults and newborn babies, J Lab Clin Med, 102, 174–85 (1983) @No $ @ @ Rogers B.B., Wessels R.A., Ou C.N. and Buffone G.J., High performance liquid chromatography in the diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias, Am J Clin Pathol, 84, 671–4 (1985) @No $ @ @ Fessas P., Stamatoyannopoulos G.A. and  Karaklis A.,  Hemoglobin “Pylos”:  Study of a hemoglobinopathy resembling thalassemia in heterozygous, homozygous and double heterozygous state,  Blood, 19, 1-22 (1962) @No $ @ @ Cao A GR., Beta-Thalassemia, Gene Reviews, (2005) @No $ @ @ Ronald Hoffman Hematology, Basic Principles and Practices 4th edition, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, (2005) @No $ @ @ Thein SL., Genetic insights into the clinical diversity of beta thalassaemia, Br J Haematol, 124(3), 264-74 (2004) @No $ @ @ Taher A., Isma'eel H. and Cappellini MD., Thalassemia intermedia: revisited, Blood cells, molecules and diseases, 37(1), 12-20 (2006) @No $ @ @ Phadke SR. and Agarwal S., Phenotype score to grade the severity of thalassemia intermedia, Indian J Pediatrics, 70(6), 477-81 (2003) @No $ @ @ Rund D. and Rachmilewitz E., Beta-thalassemia, New Eng J Med, 353(11), 1135-46 (2005) @No $ @ @ Weatherall DJ. and Clegg JB., The Thalassemia Syndromes. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, (2001) @No $ @ @ Verma IC., Choudhry VP. and Jain PK., Prevention of thalassemia: A necessity in India, Indian J Pediatr, 59, 649-654 (1992) @No $ @ @ Rees DC., Porter JB., Clegg JB. and Weatherall DJ., Why are hemoglobin F levels increased in HbE/beta thalassemia, Blood, 94, 3199-3204 (1999) @No $ @ @ Fucharoen S., Siritanaratkul N. and W inichagoon P., Hydroxyurea increases hemoglobin F levels and improves the effectiveness of erythropoiesis in beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E disease, Blood, 87, 887-92 (1996) @No $ @ @ Gilman JG. and Huisman THJ., DNA sequence variation associated with elevated fetal Gg globin production, Blood, 66, 783-87 (1985) @No $ @ @ De Domenico I., Lo E., Ward DM. and Kaplan J., Hepcidin-induced internalization of ferroportin requires binding and cooperative interaction with Jak2, Proc Natl Acad Sci., 106(10), 3800–5 (2009) @No $ @ @ Libani IV., Guy EC. and Melchiori L., Decreased differentiation of erythroid cells exacerbates ineffective erythropoiesis in -thalassemia, Blood, 112(3), 875–885 (2008) @No $ @ @ Mamatani M., Jawahirani A., Das K., Rughwani V. and Kulkarni H., Bias-corrected diagnostic performance of the naked-eye single-tube red-cell osmotic fragility test (NESTROFT): an effective screening tool for beta-thalassemia, Hematology, 11(4), 277-86 (2006) @No $ @ @ Old JM., Varawalla NY. and Weatherall DJ., The rapid detection and pre-natal diagnosis of thalassemia in the Asian Indian and Cypriot populations in the UK, Lancet, 336, 834 –837 (1990) @No $ @ @ Baxter EJ., Scott LM., Campbell PJ., East C., Fourouclas N. and Swanton S., Cancer Genome Project, Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders, Lancet, 365, 1054-6 (2005) @No $ @ @ Dedoussis GV., Mandilara GD., Boussiv M. and Loutradis A., HbF production in b-thalassaemia heterozygotes for the IVSII-1 G-A 0-globin mutation, Implication of the haplotype and the Gg-158 C-T mutation on the HbF level, Am J Hematol, 64, 151-55 (2000) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Quality-Based Microbial Contamination Analysis of Nutraceuticals<#LINE#>F.@Baba-Moussa,A.@Adjanohoun,V.B.@Anihouvi,H.@Ahouandjnou,S.@Sanni,T.F.@Omansen,S.O.@Kotchoni,F.@Toukourou,L.@Baba-Moussa<#LINE#>46-51<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-205.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>3rd/11/2012<#LINE#>10/11/2012<#LINE#>  The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial contaminations of medicinal plants used as traditional herbal medicines sold in pharmacies in Cotonou in Benin. Twenty (20) medicinal plants involved in the preparation of improved herbal medicines, eleven (11)improved herbal medicines sold in pharmacies and fourteen (14) improved herbal medicines sold by herbalists were studies. The microbial contaminations (mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and moulds) of the samples were analyzed. Our results revealed that the samples were contaminated with a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Samples sold by herbalists were the most highly contaminated. The herbal medicines sold in pharmacies were also contaminated by Escherichia coli (81.82%), Staphylococcus aureus 27.27% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.18%). These products did not meet the European Pharmacopoeia standards. Our data suggest that nutraceutical processing as well as storage conditions among others must be critically improved in order to meet the standards required for any pharmaceutical drugs. <#LINE#> @ @ Lutgen P., La tisane d’Artemisia annua, une puissante Polythérapie, 2ème congrès « Maladies tropicales, aspects humanitaires et scientifiques, Luxembourg, (2009) @No $ @ @ Pousset J.L., Plantes médicinales d’Afrique : Comment les reconnaître et les utiliser ? Edisud, 288 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ministère de la Santé, Manuel d’initiation des professionnels de la santé aux systèmes d’éducation et de transmission du savoir en Médecine Traditionnelle au Bénin, Cotonou: PMLS 2 / Banque Mondiale, 80 (2011) @No $ @ @ Organisation Mondiale de la Santé,Stratégie de l’OMS pour la médecine traditionnelle pour 2002-2005, Genève, 65 (2002) @No $ @ @ Pousset J.L., Place des médicaments traditionnels en Afrique, Med. Trop., 66, 606-609 (2006) @No $ @ @ Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Réglementation des médicaments à base de plantes, la situation dans le monde, Genève, 59 (1998) @No $ @ @ Direction des Pharmacies du Médicaments et des Explorations Diagnostiques., Liste des Officines de Pharmacie du Bénin, DPMED, Cotonou, 14 (2011) @No $ @ @ Rodier J., L’analyse de l’eau. 8 eds. Paris: DUNOD, 1383 (2005) @No $ @ @ Coulibaly S.L., Contribution à l’évaluation de la qualité des médicaments traditionnels améliorés, Thèse de doctorat d’Etat en pharmacie, Université de Bamako, Mali, (2008) @No $ @ @ Agassounon Djikpo Tchibozo M.,Evaluation de la qualité hygiénique-Etudes phytochimique et pharmacologique de quelques plantes de la médecine traditionnelle béninoise, Thèse unique de Doctorat, Université de Lomé, Togo, (2004) @No $ @ @ Agassounon Djikpo Tchibozo M., Toukourou F., de Souza C. and Gbeassor M., Identification de la flore microbienne de six plantes médicinales utilisées en médecine traditionnelle béninoise, Microbiol. Hyg. Alim., 18, 24-29 (2006) @No $ @ @ Baba-Moussa L., Bokossa Y.I., Baba-Moussa F., Ahissou H., Adeoti Z., Yehouenou B., Mamadou A., Toukourou F. and Sanni A., Etude des possibilités de contamination des aliments de rues au Bénin : cas de la ville de Cotonou, J. Rech. Sci. Univ. Lomé, , 149-156 (2006) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Expression of miRNAs regulates Growth and Development of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under Salt and Drought Stress conditions<#LINE#>R.@Nageshbabu,M.N.@Jyothi,N.@Sharadamma,Sarika@Sahu,@RaiD.V.,V.R.@Devaraj<#LINE#>52-56<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-206.pdf<#LINE#>Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Bangalore-560001, INDIA Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore -560012, INDIA Centre for Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Engineering, Shobhit University, Meerut, INDIA Department of Biochemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore -560001, INDIA <#LINE#>3rd/11/2012<#LINE#>17/11/2012<#LINE#>  Identification of stress-regulated miRNAs is crucial for understanding how plants respond to environmental stimuli. We are interested in the identification of miRNAs in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to uncover different plant strategies to cope with adverse conditions and because of its relevance as a crop in developing countries. In this study, we investigated the effect of salt and drought stress in expression of small regulatory RNAs. Both salt and drought stresses altered the expression pattern of miRNA in a dose-dependent manner. However, each miRNA responded to drought stress in a different pattern. Salt and drought stress changed the expression level of miRNAs mainly from 0.9-fold up-regulation to 0.7-fold down-regulation. Micro RNAs were less sensitive to drought than salinity, as evidenced by the narrow fold change in expression levels. Although the range of change in expression level of miRNAs was similar under salt and drought stress, no miRNAs displayed significant change in expression level under all tested salt conditions. Micro RNAs, miR156 and miR162, showed significant change in expression level under high drought stress. This suggests that miR156 and miR162 may attribute to the adaption to drought stress and are good candidates for improving the vegetable crop by transgenic technology. <#LINE#> @ @ Zhang B., Pan X., Cobb G.P. and Anderson T.A., Plant microRNA: a small regulatory molecule with big impact, Developmental Biology,289, 3-16 (2006) @No $ @ @ Lu X.Y. and Huang X.L., Plant miRNAs and abiotic stress responses, Biochem Biophys Res Commun,368, 458-462 (2008) @No $ @ @ Barrera B.E., Gao L., Wu Z., Zhou X., Zhu J., Jin H., Liu R. and Zhu J.K.,High throughput sequencing reveals novel and abiotic stress-regulated microRNAs in the inflorescences of rice,BMC Plant Biol 1-12 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sunkar R., MicroRNAs with macro-effects on plant stress responses, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 21, 805-811 (2010) @No $ @ @ Park C.M., Jung J.H., Seo P.J. and Kang S.K., miR172 signals are incorporated into the miR156 signaling pathway at the SPL3/4/5 genes in Arabidopsis developmental transitions, Plant Molecular Biology,76, 35-45 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ding Y., Chen Z. and Zhu C., Microarray-based analysis of cadmium-responsive microRNAs in rice (Oryza sativa), J Exp Bot,62, 3563-3573 (2011) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>A Reliable and High Yielding Method for Isolation of Genomic DNA from Ammi majus<#LINE#>S.@MagdumSandip<#LINE#>57-60<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-210.pdf<#LINE#>  Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201303, INDIA<#LINE#>9/11/2012<#LINE#>24/11/2012<#LINE#>  The developed protocol describes a cheaper, quicker and reliable method for the isolation of pure DNA from medicinal herbs, such as Ammi majus, which produces the secondary metabolites xanthotoxin and berganpectane having immense medicinal importance. Use of CTAB, liquid nitrogen and EDTA in different isolation protocols analyzed for A. majus, all were ended with polysaccharide and protein contamination with low purity of DNA (A260/280 = 1.3 – 1.6), revealed a need for method modification for the inexpensive and rapid isolation of pure DNA. Developed reliable and competent protocol isolated enough pure DNA (A260/280 = 1.81) without following time consuming lengthy steps and hazardous chemicals used in other protocols, which increase experimental costs, risk, and need expertise to perform. The explained protocol requires few chemicals and little time to obtain pure DNA having yield 688 g/g of A. majus.  A higher quantity of isolated DNA obtained from young fresh leaf samples than from either the callus or stem. A. majus is a pharmaceutically important medicinal herb, and the present protocol aids in the analysis and modification of its genes. <#LINE#> @ @ Stöckigt J., Obitz Falkenhagen P.H., Lutterbach R. and Endress S., Natural products and enzymes from plant cell cultures, Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 43, 97–109 (1995) @No $ @ @ Porebski S., Bailey L.G. and Baum, B.R., Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components, Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 15, 8–15 (1997) @No $ @ @ Wen X.P. and Deng X.X., The extraction of genomic DNA from five species of Rosa, Seed,126, 18–21 (2002) @No $ @ @ Loomis W.D., Overcoming problems of phenolics and quinones in the isolation of plant enzymes and organelles, Meth Enzymol,31, 528–544 (1974) @No $ @ @ Kavli G. and Volden G., Phytophotodermatitis, Photodermatol, , 65–75 (1984) @No $ @ @ Bethea D., Fullmer B., Syed S., Seltzer G., Tiano J., Rischko C., Gillespie L., Brown D. and Gasparro F.P., Psoralen photobiology and photochemotherapy, 50 years of science and medicine, J Dermatol Sci,19, 78–88 (1999) @No $ @ @ Mofty A.M., Observations on the use of Ammi majus Linn. in vitiligo, Br J Dermatol,64, 431–441 (1952) @No $ @ @ Singh U.P., Singh D.P., Maurya S., Maheshwari R., Singh M., Dubey R.S. and Singh R.B., Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties, J Herb Pharmacother,, 27–42 (2004) @No $ @ @ Hamerski D., Beier R.C., Kneusel R.E., Matern U. and Himmelspach K., Accumulation of coumarins in elicitortreated cell suspension cultures of Ammi majus, Phytochemistry,29, 1137–1142 (1990) @No $ @ @ Koul S. and Koul A.K., Development of media for growth and furanocoumarin production of Ammi majus cells, Fitoterapia,, 415–422 (1993) @No $ @ @ Kotchoni S.O. and Gachomo E.W., A rapid and hazardous reagent free protocol for genomic DNA extraction suitable for genetic studies in plants, Mol Biol Rep,36, 1633–1636 (2009) @No $ @ @ Doyle J.J. and Doyle J.L., A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue, Phytochemical Bulletin,19, 11–15, (1987) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 6013.Huang J., Ge X. and Sun M., Modified CTAB protocol using a silica matrix for isolation of plant genomic DNA, Biotechniques,28, 432–434 (2000) @No $ @ @ Cheng Y.J., Guo W.W., Yi H.L., Pang X.M. and Deng X., An efficient protocol for genomic DNA extraction from citrus species, Plant Mol Biol Rep, 21, 177–178 (2003) @No $ @ @ Aljanabi S.M. and Martinez I., Universal and rapid salt extraction of high quality DNA for PCR – based techniques, Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 4692–4693 (1997) @No $ @ @ Sharma R., John S.J., Damgaard D.M. and McAllister T.A., Extraction of PCR – quality plant and microbial DNA from total rumen contents, Biotechniques, 34, 92–97 (2003) @No $ @ @ Sperisen C., Gugerli F., Buchler U. and Matyas G., Comparison of two rapid DNA extraction protocols for gymnosperms for application in population genetic and phylogenetic studies, For Genet, , 133–136 (2000) @No $ @ @ Kang T.J. and Yang M.S., Rapid and reliable extraction of genomic DNA from various wild – type and transgenic plants, BMC Biotechnol, 4 (20), 1–12 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ahmed I., Islam M., Arshad W., Mannan A., Ahmad W. and Mirzal B., High – quality plant DNA extraction for PCR, an easy approach, J Appl Genet, 50, 105–107 (2009) @No $ @ @ Edwards K., Johnstone C. and Thompson C., A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plant genomic DNA for PCR analysis, Nucleic Acids Res, 19, 1349 (1991) @No $ @ @  @No $
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>The Effect of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) Leaf Extract on Longevity of Snails (Achatina achatina)<#LINE#>A.N.@Ufele,U.P.@Nnajidenma,C.I.@Ebenebe,T.C.@Mogbo,@AziagbaB.O.,C.E.@Akunne<#LINE#>61-63<#LINE#>11.ISCA-JBS-2012-024.pdf<#LINE#> Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, NIGERIA<#LINE#>25/4/2012<#LINE#>18/5/2012<#LINE#>  The research was interested in finding out if the neem leaves can serve as a molluscide. In this experiment 240 Achatina achatina were used. Twenty snails were randomly selected and placed in each green house representing a treatment. There were four groups. Group 1 served as control without any neem leaf. Group 2 received 100% of the neem leaves extract. Group 3 received 70% of the extract while the group 4 received 50% of the extract. The extraction of the neem leaves was done using alcohol as extracting reagents using cold maceration method of extraction. The experiment lasted for eight days and replicated three times. The result obtained was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P0.05. There was significant difference P0.05 in the longevity of the snails in different treatments. This indicates that the neem leaves are molluscides. <#LINE#> @ @ Akinusi O., Introduction to snails and snail farming,Triolas Publishing Company, Abeokuta, 70 (2002) @No $ @ @ Amusan J.A. and Omidiji M.O., Edible land snails, A technical guide to soil farming in tropics, Verify Printers, Ibadan, 60 (1988) @No $ @ @ Baoanan Z.G., Documentation of terrestrial gastropods in Benguet province, Philippines, In Proceedings, 7th International Congress on Medical and Applied Malacology, Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines), Malacological Society of the Philippines, Inc. 21-24 (2002) @No $ @ @ Berger M.M., Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Cl. Nutr.  24, 172–183 (2005) @No $ @ @ Anon, Giant African Snail Survey, Mollusck Action Plan Working Group, APHIS (1973) @No $ @ @ Bam M., Ferreira D. and Brandt E., Novel cyanomaclurin analogue from Peltophorum Africa-num phytochemistry, 27, 3704-3705 (1998) @No $ @ @ Anon, FAO/RLAC, Plant Quarantine Action Programme,Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Santiago, 21 (1989) @No $ @ @ Steel R.G.D. and Torrie J.H., Principles and procedures of statistics,  McGraw-Hill, New York, 451 (1990) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>The Growth Performance of Alangium lamarckii as affected by various level of IBA<#LINE#>J.R.@Ahirwar<#LINE#>64-66<#LINE#>12.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-211.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Botany, Govt. College Niwari, Distt. Tikamgarh, MP, INDIA<#LINE#>10/11/2012<#LINE#>16/11/2012<#LINE#>  The present study reports the growth performance of seedlings of Alangium lamarckii as affected by different concentrations of IBA. The results revealed that the maximum growth (77.93cm) and biomass accumulation (3.175gm) of seedlings were found in 100 ppm, followed by 50ppm and 25 ppm of IBA as compared to control. It is clear that all treatments of IBA concentrations were effective but 100 ppm level of IBA was more effective than the lower concentrations of IBA. <#LINE#> @ @ Ahirwar J.R. and Tripathi J.P., A new report on occurrence of polyembryony in Alangium lamarckii Thw. Vaniki Sandesh, 1(1), 1-3 (2010) @No $ @ @ Naeem M., Iram Bhatti, Raza Hafeez Ahmad and Yasin Ashraf M.,Effect of some growth hormones (GA3, IAA and kinetin) on the morphology and early or delayedinitiation of bud of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) Pak. J. Bot., 36 (4), 801-809 (2004) @No $ @ @ Polat A.A., Durgaç C., Kamilo lu Ö., The Effects of Indole butyric acid (IBA) on rooting of fig cuttings (in Turkish with English Abstract), J. Agr Sci., 5(1-2), 1-6 (2000) @No $ @ @ Vamil Rashmi, Aniat-ul-haq, R.K. Agnihotri and Rajendra Sharma, Effect of certain plant growth regulators on the seedling survival, biomass production and proline content of Bambusa arundinacea, Science Research Reporter,1(2), 44-48 (2011) @No $ @ @ Nickell L.G., Plant growth regulators: Agricultural uses,  Springer Verlag, Berlin, (1982) @No $ @ @ Sengupta S.K., Bhatt Jayant and Chaurasia R.K., Effect of hormones in inducing roots in Betelvine Piper betelL.), Advances of Plant sciences, 10 (2), 267-269 (1997) @No $ @ @ Sigh, Aradhana, Mishra U.S., singh Yashpal and Paroha Seema, Effect of foliar applied phytohormones on the vegetative growth of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), Journal of Tropical Forestry, 27 (1), 38-42 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ebofin, A.O., Agboola D.A., Aduradola A.M. and Ayodele M.S.  Effect of some growth hormones on seed germination and seedling growth of some savanna tree legumes, The Indian Forester, 130 (11), 1241-1249 (2004) @No $ @ @ Chand, Gopi and Sood Anil, The influence of some growth regulators on the seed germination of Dendrocalamus strictus Nees, The Indian Forester, 134 (3), 397-402 (2008) @No $ @ @ Zahoor Ahmad Sofi, Kukadia M.U. and Nayak D., Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting and sprouting behaviour of cuttings of derris indica, Journal of Tropical Forestry 27(3), 32-35 (2011) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Diversity of Xylaria Species from Amravati Region, Amravati, MS, India<#LINE#>H@,@eD.V.,Hiwarale@S.V.<#LINE#>67-69<#LINE#>13.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-212.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Botany, Shri Shivaji Science College Amravati 444603, MS, INDIA<#LINE#>12/11/2012<#LINE#>18/11/2012<#LINE#>  In due course of mycological survey of different forest of Amravati District, the authors collected many interesting fungi. The fungi reported in this paper are rare to Maharashtra State. Xylariaceae is a large and relatively well known Ascomycetes family found in most countries, which contain 35 genera. Most of them species are saprobic wood degraders while some are endophytic or even associates with termite nests. Xylaria is large and first described genus of family xylariaceae. The xylaria is characterized by sac like perithecia, ascocarp and long chains of asci with variable numbers of ascospores. The specimen of xylaria collected from different parts of Amravati region Amravati, Maharashtra, India. The collected specimen were screened by standard methods. Each specimen was examined on the basis of morphological and microscopical characters. The measurement or dimensions of stromata, perithecia, asci and ascospores were taken. All the species xyalria mellisii, xylaria axifera, xylaria bambusae, xylaria pallida, xylaria feejeensis, xylaria aristata, xylaria kamatii  and xylaria microceras in the study were examined and identified on the basis of morphology. <#LINE#> @ @ Whalley A.J.S., The Xylariaceous way of life, Mycologocal Research,100, 897-922 (1996) @No $ @ @ Eriksson G. and Hawksworth D.L., Outline of   the ascomycetes-1993, Systema ascomycetum, 12, 51-257 (1993) @No $ @ @ Roger J.D., The Xylariaceae: Systematic, biological and evolutionary aspects, Mycologia,71, 1-41 (1979) @No $ @ @ Dreyfuss M. and Petrini O., Further investigations on the occurrence and distribution of  indophytic fungi in tropical plants, BotanicaHelvetica,94, 33-40 (1984) @No $ @ @ Thomas R.J., Distribution of  Termitomycesheim and other fungi in the nests and major workers of Macrotermes bellicosus (smeathman) in Nigeria, Soil biology and biochemistry,19, 329-333 (1987) @No $ @ @ Martin P., Studies in the Xylariaceae VIII:  Xylaria  and its allies, South African Journal of Botany, 36, 73-138 (1970) @No $ @ @ Lodge D.J. and Cantrell S., Fungal communities in wet tropical forests: variation in time and space, CanadianJournal obotany,73, S1391-S1398 (1995) @No $ @ @ Pande Alka, Ascomycetes of Peninsular India. Scientific publishers India, 584 (2008) @No $ @ @ Barnett H.L. and Hanter B.B., Illustrated Genera of Imperfect fungi. III. Ed., Burgoss Publishing Co., Minnesota (1972) @No $ @ @ Clements F.E. and Shear C.L., Genera of fungi. Hafnen Publishing Co., New York (1957) @No $ @ @ Mukerji K.G. and Juneja R.C., Fungi of India, Suppl., Emkay Publ., Delhi (1975) @No $ @ @ Bilgrami K.S., Jamaluddin and Rizwi M.A., Fungi of India, Today and Tomorrow Publications, New Delhi, 467 (1979) @No $ @ @ Bilgrami K.S., Jamaluddin and Rizwi M.A., Fungi of India, Part – III, List and References, Today and Tomorrow Publications, New Delhi, 798 (1991) @No $ @ @ Jamaluddin S., Goswami M.G. and Ojha B.M., Fungi of India (1989-2001) Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur, 326 (2004) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 6915.Sarbhoy A.K., Agarwal D.L. and Varshney J.L., Fungi of India : C. B. S. Publication & distributions, New Delhi, 350 (1982-1992)16.Ellis M.B., Dematiaceores Hyphomycetes, C.M.I., Kew, Surrey (England) (1971) @No $ @ @ 7.Patil A., Patil M.S.  and Dangat  B.T., Three giant Ascomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) from Maharashtra. India. Mycosphere,3(3), 353-356 (2012) @No $ @ @ 8.Paul B., Pilar A. and  Zoila B., Distribution and dispersal of  Xylaria endophytes in two tree species in Puerto Rico, Mycol. Res., 102(8), 944-948 (1998) @No $ @ @ 9.Ramesh V., Thilavaipandian A., Karunakaran C. and Rajendran A., Identification and comparison of Xylariacurta and Xylaria sp. from Western Ghat-Courtallum Hills, India, Mycosphere,3(5), 607-615 (2012) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Characterization of Black Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L) and Oil and Quantification of β-sitosterol<#LINE#>A.@Alonso-Calderon,E.@Chavez-Bravo,Antonio@Rivera,C.@Montalvo-Paquini,R.@Arroyo-Tapia,M.@Monterrosas-Santamaria,@Jimenez-SalgadoT.,Tapia-Hern@,A.@ez<#LINE#>70-72<#LINE#>14.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-223.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>4/12/2012<#LINE#>21/12/2012<#LINE#>  The importance of corn, bean, amaranth and black chia seed in the Aztec’s diet is well documented in the historical Florentine Codex. Black chia seed is a good source of omega-3 fatty acid, dietary fiber, proteins, as well as diverse bioelements and antioxidants. The proximal chemical analysis obtained from black chia seed shows 5.15% of moisture, 34.70% of fats, 4.10% of ashes, 17.90% of protein, 40.25% carbohydrates and 17.30% of raw fiber. The extraction technique permitted to obtain a 29% of oil with an iodine value of 197.68 cg/g, peroxides of  2.67 meq/Kg, a refraction index of 1.46 and a density of 0.89 g/mL. The oil’s FTIR spectrum showed a peak at 3010.03 cm-1characteristic of a =CH stretching mode.  Also, the profile of fatty acids performed by, CG-MS, provides evidence of the presence of the (Z.Z.Z) 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (-linolenic acid, omega-3), -tocopherol as well as phytosterols: campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol. The latter was quantified obtaining a concentration of 1224.3 mg/L. <#LINE#> @ @ Harvey H.R., Land politics in the valley of Mexico: a two thousand year perspective, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (1991) @No $ @ @ Cahill J.P., Ethnobotany of chia, Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae), Economic Botany, 57(4), 604-618 (2003) @No $ @ @ Ayerza R., The Seed´s Protein and Oil Content, Fatty Acid Composition, and Growing Cycle Length of a Single Genotype of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as Affected by Environmental Factors, J. Oleo Sci.,58(7), 347-354 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ayerza R., Oil content and fatty acid composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L) from five northwestern locations in Argentina,  J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72(9), 1079-1081. DOI: 10.1007/BF02660727 (1995) @No $ @ @ Umhau J.C. and Dauphinais K.M., Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Health,Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health2, 87-101, DOI: 10.1007/0-387-36899-X_4. (2007) @No $ @ @ Ayerza R. and Coates W., Dietary Levels of Chia: Influence on Yolk Cholesterol, Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition for Two Strains of Hens, Poult. Sci., 130(5), 724- 739 (2000) @No $ @ @ Vuksan V., Whitham D., Sievenpiper  J.L., Jenkins A.L., Rogovik A.L., Bazinet R.P., Vidgen E. and Hanna A.,Supplementation of Conventional Therapy with the Novel Grain Salba (Salvia hispanicaL.) Improves Major and Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, 30(11), 2804 -2810 (2007) @No $ @ @ Awad A.B. and Fink C.S., Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action, J. Nutr., 130(9), 2127-2130 (2000) @No $ @ @ Alpers D.H., Stenson W.F., Taylor B.E. and Bier D.M. Manual of nutritional therapeutics(5thEd.), Philadelphia, PA USA: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins (2008) @No $ @ @ Ratner R. and Ortíz M., Fitoesteroles: Una alternativa natural al tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia, Revista Obesidad, 5(1), 24-29 (2008) @No $ @ @ Bovic P.J., The role of phytosterols and phytosterolins in immune modulation: a review of the past 10 years, Curr. Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 4(6), 471-475 (2001) @No $ @ @ Jayaras A., Tovey Fl. and Hobsley M., Duodenal Ulcer prevalence: research into the nature of possible protective dietary lipids, Phytother. Res., 17(4), 391-398 (2003) @No $ @ @ Wang T., Hicks K.B. and Moreno R., Antioxidant activity of phytosterols, oryzanol, and other phytosterol conjugates,  J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 79(12), 1201-1206 (2002) @No $ @ @ Smania E.F., Delle Monache F. and Smania A., Antifungal activity of sterols and triterpenes isolated fron Ganoderma annulare, Fitoteraphy, 74(4), 335-377 (2003) @No $ @ @ Dreikorn K., Phytotherapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Curr. Urol. Rep., 1(2), 103–109 (2000) @No $ @ @ Fierro A., Vásquez Y., Reyes  P. and Boza S., Determinación Cuantitativa del -Sitosterol presente en vegetales de la dieta, Posibles implicaciones para su uso preventivo en poblaciones susceptibles, Clínica Ciencia, 02(02), 43-48 (2004) @No $ @ @ A.O.A.C. Official methods of analysis. 14th. Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Washington. USA. p. 7-16.  (1984) @No $ @ @ American Oil Chemists´ Society.  Peroxide Value, Acetic Acid-Chloroform Method Cd 8-53. Urbana, IL USA. (2006) @No $ @ @ American Oil Chemists´ Society. Iodine Value (Wijs) Cd 1-25. Urbana, IL USA. (2006) @No $ @ @ Ciau S., Rosado G., Acereto P., Chel G. and  Bentacur D., Propiedades fisicoquímicas y composición de ácidos grasos del aceite de chía (salvia hispánica L), Industria Alimentaria,  32-36 (2009) @No $ @ @ Hesse M., Meier H., Zeeh B., Métodos Espectroscópicos en Química Orgánica, 2da Ed., Sintesís, España (1999) @No $ @ @ Skoog D.A., Holler F.J., Nieman T.A., Principios de Análisis Instrumental, 5ta Ed., McGraw Hill, Madrid, España (2001) @No $ @ @  @No $
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Structure and Nutritional Composition of Fonio (Digitaria exilis) Grains: A Review<#LINE#>Vener@Ballogou,Y.@e,M.@SoumanouMohamed,@ToukourouFatiou,D.@HounhouiganJoseph<#LINE#>73-79<#LINE#>15.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-219.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>26/11/2012<#LINE#>3rd/12/2012<#LINE#>  Fonio is a traditional cereal which has often occupied a marginal position among the other cultures, in most of West African countries where it is cultivated, in spite of its cultural, nutritional and economic importance in many socio-cultural groups. Processing and utilization of fonio require adequate knowledge on its structural, chemical and nutritional characteristics which were the purpose of the present review. In this paper, the structure of fonio was reported and compared to the that of other major cereals, such as maize, rice, millet and sorghum. It seems that Fonio starch granules were like rice starches; hence some current applications of rice starch could be applied to that from fonio grains. The chemical and nutrient composition of D. exilis grain was also reviewed. The carbohydrates, protein, lipid, ash and fiber contents of fonio grains reported by various authors and also micronutrients mainly amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins were presented.    <#LINE#> @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 77Table-2 Amino acid composition of fonio grains Amino acid (%) Fonio (g per 16 g N) Fonio (mol %) Fonio (%) Min Average Max Average Average Essential      Phenylalanine 2.34 3.72 5.1 3.1 0.47 Histidine 1.33 1.71 2.1 1.4 0.17 Isoleucine 1.37 2.68 4 3.2 0.28 Leucine 4.4 7.1 9.8 8.8 0.91 Lysine 1.9 2.25 2.6 1.3 0.19 Methionine 2.98 4.3 5.6 3.7 0.34 Threonine 1.89 2.94 4 4.9 0.34 Tryptophan 0.9 0.92 0.95 - 0.16 Valine 2.34 4.07 5.8 6.1 0.52 Non essential      Aspartic acid 3.5 5 6.5 7.2 0.68 Glutamic acid 6.9 13.55 20.2 18.2 2.16 Alanine 4.2 6.6 9 11.4 1.24 Arginine 1.3 2.55 3.8 2.1 0.93 Cysteine 2.8 2.9 3 2.5 0.07 Glycine 1.9 2.55 3.2 6.5 0.08 Proline 3.2 5.15 7.1 7.2 0.51 Serine 2.1 3.6 5.1 7.9 0.49 Tyrosine 0.91 2.25 3.6 2.2 0.23 Source: Carbiener et al.28, Temple and Bassa13, Jideani et al.16, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Lipids: Lipids are relatively minor constituents in cereal grains. However, they are significant in human nutrition as energy source and essential fatty acids. Lipid contents reported for fonio grains were ranged from 1.3 % to 5.2 % with a mean value of 3.25 % (table 1). This mean value obtained for fonio grains are comparable to the average lipid contents reported for sorghum (3.2 %), lower and higher than those of  millet (5.1 %) and rice (2.5 %) respectively17. Fatty acids found in cereal grains were mainly linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The fonio grain lipids constituted of more than 75 % unsaturated fatty acids (table 3) represented by linoleic acid (45.7 %) and the oleic acid (30.6 %). Other fatty acids were also identified in small quantities from the fonio grain lipids mainly palmitic acid, myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid (table 3). Table-3 Fatty acid composition of fonio grains Fatty acid (%) Fonio C14:0  myristic acid 0,1 C16:0 palmitic acid 16,8 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0,3 C18:0 stearic acid 4,1 C18:1 oleic acid  30,6 C18:2 linoleic acid  45,7 C18:3 linolenic acid  0,8 C20:0 arachidic acid  1,1 C22:0 behenic acid  0,4 Sources: Fliedel et al18  Minerals: Ash contents of fonio grains varied from 1 to 6 % with an average value of 3.5 % (table 1).  The lowest ash content (1 %) was found by Jideani et Akingbala14 and Fliedelet al18 while the highest value was reported by Serna Saldivar17. Most of these authors have used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the mineral elements contained in the fonio ash. Major mineral elements in the fonio grains were magnesium,  phosphorus and potassium. The results of table 4 showed that Ca content ranges from 0.0067 to 0.03 %; P content varies between 0.09 and 0.25 %; K value ranges from 0.02 to 0.26 %; Na reported is in the range of 0.005-0.03 %; Mg content varies between 0.07-0.85; S content is in average 0.16 %; Fe level is 36-133.6 ppm; Cu value is 1.5-15 ppm; Mn level is 21.6-30 ppm and Zn content is 30-42.3 ppm. Fliedel et al18reported that the fonio grains were richer in sulphur than other cereals.       Vitamins: Vitamins are essential organic molecules needed in very small amounts for cellular metabolism. Cereals are considered like important sources of B vitamins, except B12 or cobalamin17. Very few authors have studied the vitamin contents of fonio grains (table 1). The fonio grains contained also the B complex vitamins mainly thiamin. The content of which ranged from 0.3 to 0.48 mg/100 g (average: 0.39 mg/100 g) and riboflavin the value of which ranged between 0.05 - 0,1  mg/100 g (average: 0.07 mg/100 g). Nicotinic acid or PP vitamin has been found  in concentrations (3 mg/100g) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 78Table-4 Mineral composition of fonio grains Minerals Fonio References Min Average Max Macroelements (%)     Calcium (Ca)  0.0067 0.018 0.03 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Jideani and Akingbala14, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Phosphorus (P)  0.09 0.17 0.25 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Jideani and Akingbala14, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18Potassium (K)  0.02 0.14 0.26 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Jideani and Akingbala14, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Sodium (Na)  0.005 0.017 0.03 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Magnesium (Mg)  0.07 0.46 0.85 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Sulphur (S)  0.16  Fliedel et al18 Microelements (ppm)     Iron (Fe)  36 84.8 133.6 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Copper (Cu)   1.5 8.25 15 Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Manganese (Mn)  21.6 25.8 30 Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Zinc (Zn)  30 36.15 42.3 Irving and Jideani9, Cruz et al10, Temple and Bassa13, Serna Saldivar17, Fliedel et al18, Chukwu and Abdul-Kadir19Conclusion    Large variations are observed in the reported values by different authors on chemical and nutritional composition of fonio grains. These differences can be attributed to environmental influences, geographical situation, agronomic characteristics, genetic factors and used analytical methods. Few authors have on the other hand investigated the energy value, starch, amylose, amylopectin, amino acid, fatty acid and vitamin contents of fonio grains. The fonio energy value was higher than those presented by some authors for other cereals such as millet, rice, maize and sorghum. Some authors have also revealed that fonio grains were rich in methionine and cysteine, two human-vital amino acids almost deficient in the major cereals. These interesting results would  deserve to be validated on a great number of samples. Morever, a large diversity of fonio landraces was reported in literature and available information on chemical and nutritional composition of fonio grains was limited. 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CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA (1986) @No $ @ @ 8.Carbiener R., Jaeger P. and Busson F., Etude de la fraction protidique de la grain de fonio Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf, une proteine exceptionnellement riche in methionine, Ann Nutrition Alimentation14 165-169 (1960) @No $ @ @ 29.de Lumen B.O., Thompson S. and Odegard J.W., Sulphur amino acid-rich proteins in acha (Digitaria exilis), a promising underutilized African cereal, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 1045–1047 (1993) @No $ @ @ 0.Vietmeyer N.D., Borlaugh N.E., Axtell J., Burton G.W., Harlan J.R. and Rachie K.O., (Ed) Fonio (Acha). Lost crop in Africa Chap. 3., BOSTID Publication, 58–75 (1996) @No $ @ @  @No $