International Research Journal of Vol. 2(4), 1-7, April (2013) International Science Congress Association Identification and Evaluation of soils in Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla Romero Omar1*, Tello Isaac , Damián M.Angel 1 Centro de Agroecologia del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO 2 Instituto de Ciencias Biologiocas de la Universidad Autónoma de Morelos, MÉXICO 3 Instituto de Ciencias de la Received 13th December Abstract Is reported the isolation and identification of 9 native strains of Tetela de Ocampo Puebla- Mexico, pH ranges from 5.3 to 6.8, mainly related to the pine growth rate of the strains according to the nomenclature of the collection site: TS1P1, TS1P2, TS1P3, CS2P2, PS3P1, P3P3, SS4P2, RS5P2 and RS5P2 in PDA culture medium, where the strain had the highest TS1P1 growth rate of 3.1 mm / day and a growth rate of 4.0 mm / day , followed by strains TS1P2 with 2.9 mm / day and 3.7 mm / day, CS2P2 with 3.2 mm / day and 4.0 mm / day and underrepresented by strain PS3P1 with 2.4 mm / day and 3.5 mm / day test was applied Tukey's multiple comparison ( = 0.05) for comparing treatment rate development according to their degree of soil erosion. Keywords : isolation and identification, growth rate, rate of development, soil erosion Introduction In Latin America and the Caribbean, there are few studies of diversity of Trichoderma spp , despite the great biotechnological potential that has this kind. often found in decaying wood and in almost all soil types the rhizosphere bei ng a great place to find strains of Trichoderma. The Northern Sierra of Puebla presents significant problems in forest degradation, mainly caused by deforestation, expansion of the agricultural frontier on land and steep slopes from poor management soil6,7 . In soil exist various microorganisms with antagonic capability towards phytopathogens microorganism, the most studied is Trichoderma spp., due to its easy and fast growth natural inhabitant of the soil that is characterized by its behavior saprophyte, this property gives antagonic advantages, such as antibiosis, competition for nutrients, mycoparasitism to other fungi, etc., allowing selection and use for biocon crops agricultural10-12. In the last 10 years there has been research in which has been isolating, evaluating and selecting native species spp., with potential for a biological control against various pathogens, which have proposed mechanisms for innovation the implementation of this fungus with satisfactory results, highlighting mainly the inhibition percentage of other fungi as well as pla nt growth stimulation, providing quality as the most important parameters used in certain production systems Trichoderma spp. are highly successful colonizers of their habitats, which is reflected both by their efficient utilization of the substrate at hand as well as their secretion capacity for antibiotic metabolites and enzymes15,16. Journal of Biological Sciences __________________________ _________ International Science Congress Association Identification and Evaluation of Trichodermaspp Native, Present on eroded soils in Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla -Mexico , Damián M.Angel , Villareal Oscar, Aragón Agustin and Parraguirre Conrado Centro de Agroecologia del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO Instituto de Ciencias Biologiocas de la Universidad Autónoma de Morelos, MÉXICO Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO Available online at: www.isca.in December 2012, revised 27th December 2012, accepted 27th January 201 Is reported the isolation and identification of 9 native strains of Trichoderma spp., on eroded soils in the municipality of Mexico, pH ranges from 5.3 to 6.8, mainly related to the pine - oak vegetation. It evaluated the of the strains according to the nomenclature of the collection site: TS1P1, TS1P2, TS1P3, CS2P2, PS3P1, P3P3, SS4P2, RS5P2 and RS5P2 in PDA culture medium, where the strain had the highest TS1P1 growth rate of 3.1 mm / day and , followed by strains TS1P2 with 2.9 mm / day and 3.7 mm / day, CS2P2 with 3.2 mm / day and 4.0 mm / day and underrepresented by strain PS3P1 with 2.4 mm / day and 3.5 mm / day test was applied Tukey's multiple = 0.05) for comparing treatment means and determine their significance in relation to the growth rate and rate development according to their degree of soil erosion. : isolation and identification, growth rate, rate of development, soil erosion . In Latin America and the Caribbean, there are few studies of , despite the great biotechnological potential that has this kind. Trichoderma is often found in decaying wood and in almost all soil types 2-4, in ng a great place to find strains of The Northern Sierra of Puebla presents significant problems in forest degradation, mainly caused by deforestation, expansion of the agricultural frontier on land and . In soil exist various microorganisms with antagonic capability towards phytopathogens microorganism, the most studied is spp., due to its easy and fast growth 8,9. This is a natural inhabitant of the soil that is characterized by its behavior saprophyte, this property gives antagonic advantages, such as antibiosis, competition for nutrients, mycoparasitism to other fungi, etc., allowing selection and use for biocon trol in certain In the last 10 years there has been research in which has been isolating, evaluating and selecting native species Trichoderma spp., with potential for a biological control against various pathogens, which have proposed mechanisms for innovation the implementation of this fungus with satisfactory results, highlighting mainly the inhibition percentage of other fungi as nt growth stimulation, providing quality as the most important parameters used in certain production systems 13,14. spp. are highly successful colonizers of their habitats, which is reflected both by their efficient utilization of at hand as well as their secretion capacity for The objective of this research is to identify and evaluate native strains of Trichoderma spp., present in eroded soils in the municipality of Tetela de Ocampo (Puebla preserve the acquis in the culture collection of the Mycology Laboratory of the Center for Agroecology the BUAP. Material and Methods The study area is located in the municipality of Tetela de Ocampo- Puebla, among the geographical coor '00 "to 19 ° 57' 06" and 97 ° 38 '42 "to 97 ° 54' 06" (figure 1), the sampling area was selected based on the degree of soil erosion present in the town and in different locations, such as: La Cañada, El Puerto, Tonalapa, Rancho Alegre and of San Nicolas . After identification the dominant vegetation in this case Pine- Oak, were established three plots per each site. The soil at the site is origin from forest, with a humid temperate climate, the average temperature is between 12 and 18ºC, precipitation of the driest month is less than 40 millimeters and winter precipitation over the year is less 5%. This type of climate covers a large swath of south Sampling sites: The s amplings being carried in spring 2010, were used plots with nomenclature plot 1 (P1), plot 2 (P2) and plot 3 (P3), for each selected site, five samples were obtained at depths of 20 cm, taking 3 samples of soil from each site, giving a total of 15 samples for the 5 sites (f classification of the degree of soil erosion (t this classification to the municipality of Tetela de OcampoPuebla, was derived the following terminology: moderate, ii. moderate-strong, iii. strong, v. very strong17 . Was determined the pH reading with help from _________ ISSN 2278-3202 Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. 1 Native, Present on eroded and Parraguirre Conrado 3 Centro de Agroecologia del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO Instituto de Ciencias Biologiocas de la Universidad Autónoma de Morelos, MÉXICO Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO 201 3 spp., on eroded soils in the municipality of oak vegetation. It evaluated the of the strains according to the nomenclature of the collection site: TS1P1, TS1P2, TS1P3, CS2P2, PS3P1, P3P3, SS4P2, RS5P2 and RS5P2 in PDA culture medium, where the strain had the highest TS1P1 growth rate of 3.1 mm / day and , followed by strains TS1P2 with 2.9 mm / day and 3.7 mm / day, CS2P2 with 3.2 mm / day and 4.0 mm / day and underrepresented by strain PS3P1 with 2.4 mm / day and 3.5 mm / day test was applied Tukey's multiple means and determine their significance in relation to the growth rate and The objective of this research is to identify and evaluate native spp., present in eroded soils in the municipality of Tetela de Ocampo (Puebla -Mexico), so as to preserve the acquis in the culture collection of the Mycology Laboratory of the Center for Agroecology the BUAP. The study area is located in the municipality of Tetela de Puebla, among the geographical coor dinates: 19 ° 43 '00 "to 19 ° 57' 06" and 97 ° 38 '42 "to 97 ° 54' 06" (figure 1), the sampling area was selected based on the degree of soil erosion present in the town and in different locations, such as: La Cañada, El Puerto, Tonalapa, Rancho Alegre and 3rd. section . After identification the dominant vegetation in Oak, were established three plots per each site. The soil at the site is origin from forest, with a humid temperate the average temperature is between 12 and 18ºC, precipitation of the driest month is less than 40 millimeters and winter precipitation over the year is less 5%. This type of climate covers a large swath of south -central study area. amplings being carried in spring 2010, were used plots with nomenclature plot 1 (P1), plot 2 (P2) and plot 3 (P3), for each selected site, five samples were obtained at depths of 20 cm, taking 3 samples of soil from each site, giving for the 5 sites (f igure 2), according to the classification of the degree of soil erosion (t able 1) and adapted this classification to the municipality of Tetela de OcampoPuebla, was derived the following terminology: i. mild- strong, iv. strong-very strong, . Was determined the pH reading with help from International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ Vol. 2(4), 1-7, April (2013) International Science Congress Association a potentiometer Thermo Cientific brand, this to observe the relationship between the degree of acidity and the presence of a microorganism, was made accor ding to the Official Mexican Norm18 , which establishes the specifications of fertility, salinity and the soil classification. The soil samples were kept in jars with capacity of 250 g., at temperature of 8°C, to preserve present microorganisms. Figure-1 Location of Tetela municipality of Ocampo, Puebla Map of current erosion of soils in the municipality of Ocampo Tetela of Puebla. Scale 1: 50 000 Zacatlán AUTHORS: DR. JESÚS RUIZ CAREAGA DR. MARIO RIVEROL ROSQUET M. EN C. VICTOR TAMARÍZ FLORES ING. EDGARDO TORRES TREJO SEPT/2004 # # # International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ International Science Congress Association brand, this to observe the relationship between the degree of acidity and the presence of a ding to the Official Mexican , which establishes the specifications of fertility, salinity and the soil classification. The soil samples were kept in jars with capacity of 250 g., at temperature of 8°C, to preserve Location of Tetela municipality of Ocampo, Puebla -Mexico Table- 1 Description of the degrees of erosion in relation to profile loss on the horizon, Taking five categories to define the degree of erosion, taken in the manual description of soil profiles and assessing the environment Grade Description Null When there is no difference with the pattern profile, on the assumption that it is not eroded. Mild If when compared to the standard profile, the land in question has lost at least 25% of original thickness on the horizon A. Moderate When soil loss in A is 75% or more. Strong When compared soil has lost all the horizon A and at least 25% of B. Very strong When the loss of horizon A is total and the B has lost up to 75% or more. Figure-2 Map of current erosion of soils in the municipality of Ocampo Tetela of Puebla. Scale 1: 50 000 Huahuaxtla LEYENDA LEVE- MODERADA MODERADA- FUERTE FUERTE FUERTE-MUY FUERTE MUY FUERTE ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ############### # ##### International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. 2 1 Description of the degrees of erosion in relation to profile loss on the horizon, Taking five categories to define the degree of erosion, taken in the manual description of soil profiles and assessing the environment 1 Description When there is no difference with the pattern profile, on the assumption that it is not eroded. If when compared to the standard profile, the land in question has lost at least 25% of its original thickness on the horizon A. When soil loss in A is 75% or more. When compared soil has lost all the horizon A and at least 25% of B. When the loss of horizon A is total and the B has lost up to 75% or more. Map of current erosion of soils in the municipality of Ocampo Tetela of Puebla. Scale 1: 50 000 Zacapoaxtla MODERADA FUERTE FUERTE ÁREA DE ESTUDIO # N International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 2(4), 1-7, April (2013) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 3 Classification of study sites in Municipality of Tetela de Ocampo Puebla-Mexico: TS1 (Site Tonalapa): According to FAO / UNESCO (1975)19 this soil is classified as Leptosol, in which the bedrock and the underlying are shales. It is a young soil from formation in situ with a type of laminar erosion of mild-moderate. Its environment is hilly with slopes ranging from about 60% depending on the area, with a very strong human influence due to agricultural activities that caused the loss of horizon A in most of the region and many of these soils are in rejuvenation process since these soils have remained at rest and in other areas with incipient reforestation. The land use is subsistence agriculture, especially corn, beans and chili, establishing crops without any soil conservation measure, so the soil loss is meaningful. CS2 (Site Cañada): The plot located in La Cañada, lies on a soil type that is classified by FAO / UNESCO (1975)19 as Leptosol, the forest sits on a bedrock of limestone and the underlaying rock is also shale. This is a rejuvenated soil from formation in situ with a grade strong-very strong of laminar erosion. Its terrain is hilly and its slope is 66%. This forest has been conditioned by a strong human influence on the environment, which has favored large-scale erosion in many areas due to indiscriminate felling of forests to make way for the continued cultivation of plots on slopes. Are soils with good internal drainage, and very drained externally, present rocky outcrops, 70% of stones and 70% in surface rocks. Land use in subsistence farming and pine forests. PS3 (Site El Puerto): El Puerto is classified according to FAO / UNESCO (1975)19 as Cambisol. The bedrock and the underlying rock is limestones. It is a young soil from formation in situ with a strong degree of erosion and laminar type, which, causes you to lose lots of ground superficial runoff due to soil unprotected by indiscriminate logging leaving it exposed risk to erosion caused by rain and wind. Its relief is hilly with slopes of up to 70%, is an internally drained soil, and very drained externally and no rock outcrops. Land use is shared among temporary agriculture and forestry, as water resources has sprinkler and water channel. SS4 (Site 3rd. section of San Nicolas): According to FAO / UNESCO (1975)19 is classified as Cambisol soil in which, the bedrock and the underlying, are limestones. It is a young soil, formation in situ with laminar erosion of moderate-strong. Its outline is mountainous with some slopes ranging from 40-60% depending on the area. It is a very drained soil both internally and externally, and no presence of rocky outcrops. Land uses are divided into agroforestry uses emphasis on subsistence agriculture. It goes directly from the litter layer to the B horizon since deforestation allowed the soil bare and unprotected, which made it to miss the horizon A. RS5 (Site Rancho Alegre): This plot is located on a soil classified by FAO / UNESCO (1975)19 as a Cambisol. These soils are characterized by soils that originate and evolve in the same place, medium-depth, well-drained, low fertility and very susceptible to erosion due to lack of vegetation cover. Both bedrock as the underlying rock on which is sustained all this forest are acidic. This soil is characterized as a young soil of formation in situ. Due to strong human influence and relief features, with slopes elongated and often above 70%, the rate of erosion is very strong and laminar type and gully. The high rainfall regime and the intense deforestation have caused the loss of an excessive amount of soil through the surface particle entrainment by these steep slopes. The land uses stand out forest use and subsistence agriculture. The lack of vegetation makes it very vulnerable to soil erosion, because soils are shallow and underdeveloped. This has caused the loss of horizon A and AB. Isolation, Purification and Identification: Samples were processed in the department of mycology (DICA-BUAP), by the method of isolating granules from soil and planted in potato dextrose agar (PDA)20. To isolate the fungus was placed 1 mL of culture medium in a Petri box (90 mm diameter)21,22. This method consists in using two watch glasses, one with the soil sample and one with sterile distilled water, was taken a sample portion with dissecting needle wetted then the granules of ground were placed in the surface of the Petri dishes with culture medium (PDA) and incubated for 7 days at 26°C23,24. After isolation of the fungus and to obtain a pure culture was proceeded to identify was visually observed coloration of the colony in the culture medium (PDA) which turned green, which is one of the characteristics of the genus Trichoderma; subsequently with the staining method: preparations in fresh20, which involves placing a drop of dye (blue lactophenol) in the center of a slide. It took a small portion of the culture with a sterile loop and placed on the drop of dye preparation extending gently with a pair of dissecting needles, the cover plate was covered and it was observed under a microscope (x1600, x1300 y x3300), microscopic structures were identified as characteristics of Trichoderma spp., such as spores, conidiophores and chlamydospores11. Evaluation of biological activity of Trichoderma: The data considered in this research include the macroscopic characteristics of strains, as texture, density, aerial mycelium, color of the mycelium, as well as the growth speed (VC= mm / Number of day), rate of development (TD= VC Final - CV Initial / Number of days), the initial pH was determined homogenizing a sample (ca. 20 ml). We obtained the average of three independent readings.Data was processed using the program SPSS Statistics version 17 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows. Thereafter we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) subsequently and we applied test Tukey-Kramer of multiple comparisons ( = 0.05) to determine the statistical differences between treatments. Conservation of strains in solid medium culture: Were prepared solid culture media in agar nutrient broth following the instructions of the supplier, and was added 1g of Czapeck Dox,