Abstract
This study evaluates the potential of an herbal plant Tephrosia purpurea, in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using a rat model. The study used female Albino Wistar rats, which were divided into four groups, each consisting of 5 female rats. A control group, daily received 1% CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), while the other three groups for 28 days were once, daily administered, letrozole at concentration of 1mg/kg body weight, dissolved in 1% CMC 2ml/kg. Vaginal smears were collected daily from all the groups and studied for the estrous cycle. During 28 days of administration of letrozole, changes in estrous cycle were observed. The study indicated that PCOS was induced. After letrozole treatment, five animals of group 2 were treated orally with plant drug Tephrosia purpurea at a concentration of 200mg/kg body weight in milk as a carrier vehicle, 3ml/kg weight for 3 consecutive estrous cycles, vaginal smear were examined, it showed normalcy in estrous cycle sequence. Further, to check ovulation and fertility, female rats were mated and they showed pregnancy. Thus the potential of Tephrosia purpurea, in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using an animal model is confirmed.

Abstract
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Chromolaena odorata(L. Robinson) (Asteraceae) of leaves collected in Benin was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty three compounds were identified and quantified in the essential oil, which represented 99.4 % of the total constituents. The main constituents found in the oil were -pinene (20.7%), pregeijerene (14.6%), geijerene (12.0%), -pinene (10.3%), germacrene-D (9.7%). The antibacterial activitiy of this oil was found to be relevant while the antifungal and antiradical activities were low.

Abstract
Drug resistance is an emerging fact of the human beings leading to an increase in mortality rate. For this instance clinical samples were collected such as urine, pus, sputum, and catheter samples from private clinical laboratories, Madurai. The following organisms were isolated and characterized as E. coli (49/111), Klebsiella pneumonia (28/111), proteus mirabilis (8/111), pseudomonas aeruginosa (18/111) and staphylococcus aureus (8/111). Further these clinical isolates were subjected to SDS treatment or pomegranate extract treatment for plasmid curing and continued with antibiotic susceptibility test. In our present study, ceftriaxone was found to be more active than any other antibiotics. On the contrary, penicillin G was found to be inactive against all the clinical isolates. The plasmid DNA was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis in E. coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus resistant organisms, which was examined as multidrug resistance was taken into account for molecular characterization of gene responsible. The plasmids were cured in all the isolates by sodium dodeyl sulphate (or) pomegranate extract. There was no correlation between plasmid pattern and their antibiogram.

Abstract
Malaria remains the major concern in most of the developing countries. It is caused by the protozoan, Plasmodium, which is a member of apicomplexan. This family is characterized by the presence of plastid like structure known as apicoplast. Proteins and metabolic pathways of plastid are more like bacterial one. Protein tRNA-dependent amidotransferase (PfAdT) is one of the many proteins encoded by nuclear genome and targeted towards apicoplast. In this study, we have performed the phylogenetic analysis of tRNA-dependent amidotransferase with respect to other species from all the three domains of life. Results showed the closeness of PfAdT to the archaeal and human mitochondrial homolog. We hope that this observation would be valuable in defining evolutionary history of parasite and also in designing new chemotherapy against malaria parasite.

Abstract
To avoid environmental pollution and health problems caused by traditional wood preservatives or synthetic pesticides which are becoming more restricted to use, there is an increasing search of naturally occurring toxicants from plants. Extractives of phytobiomass having termiticidal activity can be used as low hazard termite control agents. Meliaceae species are well represented in Africa and cover a size range from magnificent forest trees to small shrubs. They have a wide range of uses in ethno medicine, prompting further investigations for biological activity due to the variety of isolated compounds. In the present article the termiticidal activities of Azadirachta indica and Carapa procera (Meliaceae) seeds oils (AISO and CPSO) are screening by no-choice test and standard test EN 118 (2005). Only AISO shows a promising termiticidal activity and both oils have shown a promising repellent activity. AISO and CPSO have the same preventive activity by standard test EN 118 (3: moderate attacks). Additional work will be undertaken to check whether some seeds extracts (non timber products from sustainable management of native forest) could show even higher termiticidal activity under more adverse conditions (polar solvents, cold temperature extraction under pressure) and could be alternative active natural products to synthetic compounds.

Abstract
Search for rapid, accurate and sensitive method of detection for pathogen such as Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) has become a challenge to food and pharmaceutical industries. Our present work is a study on molecular methods of detection of food borne pathogen, S.aureus NCIM 2602. Studies showed that protein A (SpA) antigen of S.aureus actually contributed to the resistance of the organism to phagocytosis and opsonization. SpA was detected and the interaction between the SpA antigen and mammalian IgG was confirmed by Western blot and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Further, the technique was successfully applied to artificially contaminated food samples like milk, meat, and cheese with an inoculation level of 100 CFU/ml of S.aureus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also applied for the identification of the gene coding for SpA (spa) for the current strain. These techniques would be useful in analyzing safety of food samples especially meat and dairy based products which are prone to contamination.

Abstract
This review highlights the recent development and achievements made for the micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (an antidiabatic sweetener herb) in Hadoti region of south-east Rajasthan. Shootlets were regenerated from nodal explants of stem through auxiliary shoot proliferation. The induction of multiple shoots from nodal segments was the highest in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP 2.0 mg/l Kn. For rooting different concentration of IBA were used and highest rooting was recorded on MS medium with 1.0 mg/l IBA. The rooted Plantlets were hardened initially in culture room conditions and then transferred to misthouse.

Abstract
Lipases have emerged as one of the leading biocatalysts with proven potential for contributing to the multibillion dollar underexploited lipid technology bio-industry and have been used in situ lipid metabolism and ex situ multifaceted industrial applications. For certain applications, such as synthetic reactions in pharmaceutical industry, further purification is needed. Since lipases are known to be hydrophobic in nature, having large hydrophobic surfaces around the active site, the purification of lipases may best be achieved by opting for affinity chromatography, such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification of bacterial lipase was performed using techniques of ammonium sulphate salting out, dialysis and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Octyl sepharose) respectively. The analysis of bacterial lipase under reducing and denaturing SDS- PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) revealed that the purified lipase possessed a single band of MW 19kDa as visualized with Coomasie Brilliant Blue R-250.

Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of partially purified bacteriocin produced from raw milk samples against common food spoiling pathogens including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus were assessed and characterized. To test the bactericidal effect of lactocin, various concentrations of pH were used. Bactericidal activity was estimated using agar well diffusion technique by concentration of 25�L, 50�L, 75�L and 100�L. The bacteriocin of Lactobacillus lactis at pH 4 shows high bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. While at pH 7, it shows high bactericidal activity against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, followed by high bactericidal activity against Bacillus subtilis at the pH 9. This activity indicates its potential application as a biopreservative in various food products.

Abstract
Thane city is known for its lake, however over the years with increase in human population and the related anthropogenic activities the lakes have been neglected. The neglect had lead to severe pollution of the lakes affecting the ecology as well as the livelihood of the locals dependent on the lakes. The Thane Municipal Corporation started the process of bioremediation of lakes in Thane city from the year 1999 by using selected, preadapted, nonpathogenic microbes. Lake Kacharali was the first one to undergo the process and prior to the bioremediation process the lake was physically cleaned of all the floating macrophytes. The physico-chemical parameters to assess the water quality along with the phytoplankton and zooplankton to understand the biological diversity were undertaken from the beginning of bioremediation process in January 1999 till June 2000. Among the zooplankton Rotifera comprise the integral part of the food chain and are important link between the nanoplankton and the carnivorous zooplankton. They play a major role in cycling of organic material and constitute a large portion of the diet of larval fish. During the study 13 species of the rotifera were observed and varied from 50 ind/100 L to 5876 ind/100 L. The diversity of rotifers is indicative of the ecological factors of the water body. The bioremediation process was observed to be successful as the water quality and rotifer diversity revealed mesotrophic conditions from the initial eutrophic conditions.

Abstract
Indonesia is a maritime nation with abundance the uniqueness of marine diversity, especially coral reefs. There are so many island in Indonesia with the diversity of coral reefs, such as Badul Island, part of Seribu Island. The study was conducted at Western part of Badul Island waters to identify biodiversity of coral reefs, located at Ujung Kulon district, West Java. Variable observed were biodiversity and level of mortality related to environmental condition surrounding location of study. Sampling method used was line intercept transect method (LIT method) in 75 m lenghth. There were 3 sampling sites with 25 m distance straight to the sea with 3 replication. The results showed that the average of coral cover which was still alive was 72,53% with mortality index was 0,265. Neverthelles, diversity index of coral showed at moderate level, with low level condition of domination index.

Abstract
Vitex trifolia var.simplicifolia plant was found growing wildly at the beach, especially at Pantai Sri Tujuh, Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia. The extracted leaves were commonly used to prepare traditional dessert among Siamese communities in Kelantan called �Khanom Bai Kunthi� for a long time. Water was used as an extraction agent by the peoples in this area. This extracted leaves were used by the Siamese communities in Tumpat area because it has natural color, flavor and fragrance properties. The Siamese communities who consumed �Khnom Bai Kunthi� was found to be healthy life and live longer. This is the starting point of the study. For the purpose of this study, Vitex trifolia var.simplicifolia leaves were extracted by using 80% methanol in the laboratory. The extracted V. trifolia var.simplicifolia was analyzed and found to be high in antioxidant activity of phenolic compound. The result shows that the extracted V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had high amount of total phenolic compound (44.66�g of GAE/mg of fresh weight). The plants secondary metabolites normally play role in cancer treatment. Cytotoxicity activity of the extracted V. trifolia var.simplicifolia was evaluated on MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell line), HT-29 (colorectal cancer cell line), and WRL-68 (normal liver cell line), and the results show that, cytotoxicity activity (IC50 values 78.87�g/ml, 77.50�g/ml, and 78.29�g/ml, respectively).

Abstract
Data collected from street-vended food enterprises and on vendors from the urban area of cities of Buldana districts, MS revealed that, they provide a variety of ready-to-eat foods to a high proportion of the populations. Handling and trading practices of street vendors is not permit to obtain safe food. While, street-vended foods are easily contaminated by food borne pathogen. Street-vended foods (Ragda-Petis, Bhel, and Panipuri) sold by street vendors were analyzed for their microbial contents during initial rainy season. The total viable counts of all 60 samples were approximately 6.7 � 15 X 10cfu/100ml with significant load of E. coli and S.typhi. Almost 70% of the street-vended food samples collected from street vendors are showed high bacterial load. Our results demonstrate the non hygienic quality of most popular types of street vended foods i.e. Ragda-Petis, Bhel and Panipuri. The emerging needs have followed the control measures to improve microbial quality of street vended foods.

Abstract
Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 � 0.18 �C (1.33 � 0.32 �F) during the last century. The intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increases since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.. A rise in earth�s temperatures can in turn root to other alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall. The 2001 IPCC third assessment report concluded that the poorest countries would be hardest hit, with reductions in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased water availability, and new or changed insect pest incidence. Increasing temperature would increase fertilizer requirement for the same production targets; and result in higher emissions. The agricultural sector is both an emitter of greenhouse gases and a victim of global warming. Agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of global GHGs or about 6.8 Gt of COequivalents (e) per year.Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming. It can be done through conservation by reducing energy needs and efficient recycling and through use of alternate energy sources like nuclear, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and fusion energy. Soil carbon sequestration off-set emissions from fossil fuel combustion and other carbon-emitting activities while enhancing soil quality and long-term agronomic productivity. It can be done through conservation tillage, residue management, green manuring and agro forestry system. Significant amount of diesel requirement and corresponding emission of CO is reduced in case of zero tillage compared to conventional tillage. Modification of water management from continuous flooding to midseason drainage or alternate flooding will reduce the methane emission by 23 and 61 % respectively. Site-specific nutrient management is a plant need-based approach for �feeding� rice with nutrients as when needed with the help of leaf colour chart and SPAD meter significantly reducing NO loss.

Abstract
The microbial world is the largest unexplored reservoir of biodiversity on the earth. It is an important frontier in biology under intensive investigations. The exploration of microbial diversity has been spurred by the fact that microbes are essential for life since they perform numerous functions essential for the biosphere that include nutrient recycling and environmental detoxification. The management and exploitation of microbial diversity has an important role in sustainable development with the industrial and commercial application of microbial diversity worth millions of rupees. Given the heterogeneity of natural environments and the enormous potential of microorganisms to provide novel pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and new technologies, the biotechnology industry has a vast, largely untapped resource for the discovery of new chemicals and novel processes. However, despite the obvious economic value of microbial diversity, microorganisms have been largely ignored in debates on the conservation and management of global diversity. There is, therefore, an urgent need to persuade policy-maker to be more concerned about the conservation, management and exploitation of microbial diversity. There are a number of reasons why the conservation of microbial diversity has not received the same attention as plants and animals. For example, microorganisms are invisible, less familiar and perceived primarily as agents of disease. With respect to the role of microorganisms in sustainable development, little is known about the potential contribution of microbial diversity to the national economy, to wealth creation and to improvements in the quality of life. An appreciation of these factors might be one way of changing government and public perception of microorganisms by showing that the sustainable use of microbial diversity has positive economic value. This would help justify the costs involved in conserving microbial diversity, but equally provide a useful indicator of the costs of inaction. In terms of the scientific rationale needed to underpin policy, quantification of microbial diversity has been limited. This makes it difficult to indicate what needs to be conserved in order to support the biotechnology industries and to understand fully the interactions between organisms responsible for maintaining a functional ecosystem.