ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 1(2), 73-76, June (2012) ISCA J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 73 Short Communication Assessment of Fish Culture in Some Fresh Water Ponds of Dhar Town, MP, IndiaChaudhary Preeti Department of Zoology, Govt. PG College, Dhr, MP, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in (Received 24th February 2012, revised 31st March 2012, accepted 3rd April 2012)Abstract Present Communication deals with the study of four fish culture ponds (two wild and two managed ponds) of Dhar town, MP. In these ponds water quality and fish production are correlated. Studies have revealed that the ponds are in trophic status. Chlorides, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, pH and plankton population were high level in wild ponds in comparison to managed ponds. Due to these conditions dissolved oxygen and fish growth/yield was low in wild pond in comparison to managed pond. The net primary productivity was also in wild pond in comparison to managed pond. Hence the fish growth is not directly related with net primary productivity. The deterioration of water quality indicated that higher BOD, pH, and High planktonic diversity decrease the fish growth. Management of water quality in ponds may help in enhancing the fish production though aquaculture. Keywords: Water quality, fish yield and BOD. Introduction Fishes constitute economically very important group of animals. The nutritional and medicinal values of fishes have already been recognized. Pond water is considered as the major sources for fish production. It also generates rural employment in the town. Dhar town was famous for Saadhe Barah Talab (Twelve and half ponds) of different sizes but now a day’s many of them destroyed by colonizers for construction of colonies. Due to increasing population, scarcity of food culture in ponds become common some of the fish farmers and fishery department, Dhar doing a good work of fish production. If the proper technology is followed and regular monitoring of ponds is done, scope of improvement may possible . It observed that limnological aspects of ponds culture are not available no such studies on pond fish culture in relation to water quality have been carried out in Dhar, MP, India. Therefore the present studies have been to monitor water quality and fish food organisms in relation to fish growth productivity from the fish culture ponds. Material and MethodsDhar district is located in the Western region of the state of Madhya Pradesh at latitude between 22” 1” and 23 28 N and longitude of 75 42 E. Four fish culture ponds were selected in Dhar town ,two are wild (where there is no restriction on cattle entry and sewage from non point sources are also entry in the pond ) and two are managed and constructed ponds where cattle visit is limited and liming is a regular feature. Both types of ponds receive direct sunlight. The bottom soil of which contains clay. Water sample were collected in plastic bottle of capacity two liters monthly. Physico chemical examination analyzed as per guidelines. Plankton samples were also collected by planktonic net. Samples are preserved in small bottles with 5% buffered formalin (concentration sample) plankton number were estimated using the Sedwic Raffer cell, plankton species diversity index formula of Shannon and Weaver. d= (ni/N) log2 (ni/N), Where d=species diversity, n= No. of individuals of ith species, N=Total no. of individuals. Net and grass primary productivity were determined using light and dark bottle technique. Table-1 Selected Station S. No. Pond Name Pond Site Source of Water Character 1 Natnagra Pond Under the Khande Rao Tekri Natural Managed Pond 2 Devi sagar Pond Near kalika Temple Natural Managed Pond 3 Lendcha Pond Near the Lath masjid Natural Wild Pond 4 Bramhakundi Pond Near the PG college Natural Wild Pond ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 1(2), 73-76, June (2012) ISCA J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 74 Fishes are collected with the help of local fisherman. Fresh fishes were brought to the laboratory and preserved in formalin solution. The identification of fish was done with the help of standard keys and books. The coefficient of correlation “r” between different water quality parameters was calculated. Results and DiscussionTable -2 depicted the mean while water quality characteristics of wild and managed ponds respectively. PH value was high in wild pond in comparison to managed pond. It was alkaline in wild ponds throughout the study period. Conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, phosphates, Sulphates, nitrates, BOD, COD were significantly high in wild ponds in comparison to managed ponds. NPP was significant high in wild ponds in comparison to managed ponds. But DO was low in wild ponds in comparison to managed ponds. NPP was significantly high in wild ponds, but fish yield showed higher values in managed ponds. In wild ponds fish yield production could not be reported due to highly polluted zone. In wild ponds BOD and COD are two important factors affecting the fish productivity, so the fish culture cannot be successful. Biological analysis of data further revealed that total plankton population was high in wild ponds, whereas species diversity was high in managed ponds. In the present study phytoplankton population was found to comprise of four major groups i.e. Chlorophyceae, Cynophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Table-3 depicted the list of phytoplankton and zooplankton. In Zooplanktons community Cypris, Nauplius, Daphnia, Cyclops, Branchionus, Diptomus etc.reported. There have been a number of attempts at correlating the fish yields with limnological factors influencing the productivity of water bodies9-11. In the present wild pond water revealed that ponds are well buffered and high in trophic status. Water alkalinity is a measure of the buffering ability of the water this means that when pond water alkalinity is high generally the values were high during summer may be because of high evaporation rates and contents also indicate the pollution of animal origin. Chloride and hardness were much higher in wild ponds, where water was saline. High BOD in wild ponds. High BOD in wild ponds indicates the presence of high biodegradable organic matter which consumes dissolved oxygen. Thus high organic load because of excess entry of cattle and domestic sewage from the nonpoint sources in wild ponds may be responsible for high BOD. Similarly increase in phosphate in the wild pond may also be attributed to high organic load in these ponds. No significant variation was observed in plankton population in wild as managed ponds. Since plankton production depends upon carrying capacity of environment and nutrient factors. Low zooplankton population was found in the ponds with highest fish growth rate. This decrease in plankton population may be attributed to grazing pressure exerted by the fishes12. The phytoplankton and zooplankton interface is the crucial point where changes in the predators at the top of the food web are translated to changes in the property of ecosystem such as primary productivity and nutrient recycling 13. In the present study net productivity was high in the wild ponds in comparison of managed ponds. Thus high fish yield is not directly related to net primary productivity. Since fish release various waste products such as carbon dioxide, ammonia and organic material containing nutrients while they remove oxygen and particulate organic materials (Plankton from the system). According to the effect of fish growth on water quality the positive effect is that they stabilize the food web and maintain steady production and negative effect is that leading with increase biomass a decrease in net production factor is observed. In the present study also deterioration of water quality as indicated by very high ammonia and BOD in wild ponds, which might have decrease the NPP in managed ponds but resulting in the high biomass14have also reported similar result in poly culture manure ponds which shows low NPP at the end of the culture periods and high fish biomass. ConclusionThus, the fish production efficiency varies over a wide range in the wild and the managed ponds. However, average conversion is more effective in managed pond. Therefore, by applying the simple management practices like management of water quality in terms of ammonia and BOD by managing the input of waste in water the production can be enhanced. The high fish nature and quantity of fertilizers such correlation. References1.Bhatnagar A., Chopara G. and Malhotra P., Water quality indices and biotic characteristics of western Yamuna canal Yamunanagar, hariyana, Journal of Applied and natural Sciences, Haridwar, 1(2), 234-236 (2009)2.Apha, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 20th Edition, American public health Association, New York (1998)3.Hujare M.S., Seasonal variation of physico chemical parameters in the perennial tank of talsande, Maharashtra, Ecotoxical. Environ. Monitoring, 18(3), 233-242 (2008) 4.Parikh Ankita N. and Mankodi P.C., Limnology of Sama Pond, Vadodara City, Gujarat, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(1), 16-21 (2012)5.Jain S.M., Sharma Meenakshi and Thakur Ramesh, Seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters of ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 1(2), 73-76, June (2012) ISCA J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 75 Halali reservoir of Vidisha district, Indian Ecobiol., 8(3),181-188 (1996)6.Mathur P., Agrawal S. and Nag M., Assesment of physico-Chemical Characteristics and Suggested Restoration Measures for Pushkar Lake, Ajmer Rajsthan (India), Proceeding of Tal, Work lake conference 1518-1529 (2007)7.Patil Shilpa, Chonde Sonal, Jadhaw G.J., Asawani S. and Raut Prakash D., Impact of Physico Chemical Charastristic of Shivaji University Lakes on Phytoplankton communities, Kolhapur, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(2), 56-60 (2012)8.Rani R., Gupta B.K. and Shrivastava K.B.L., Studies on water quality assessment in Satna city (MP) Seasonal parametic variations, Nat. Environ. and Poll. Tech. 3(4),563-565 (2004)9.Rawson D.S., Morphometry as a dominant factor in the productivity of large lakes, Int. Ver. Theor. Ange. Limnol. Verh., 12, 164-175 (1955)10.Ryder R.A., (A method for estimating the potential fish production of north-temperate lakes, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 94, 214-218 (1965)11.Bhatnagar A. and Garg S.K., Causative factors of fish mortality in Stillwater fish ponds under subtropical condition, Aquacult.ure, 1(2), 91-96 (2000)12.Delince G., The ecology of the fish pond ecosystem, Kluwer Academic publishers London, 230 (1992)13.Elser J.J., Carney H.J. and Goldman C.R., The zooplankton-phytoplankton interface in lakes of contrasting trophic status: an experimental comparison. Hydrobiologia, 200/201, 69-82 (1990)14.Van Rijn J., Stutz S.R., Diab S. and Shilo M. (1986)Table-2 Depicted the mean while water quality characteristics of wild and managed ponds S. No Physico Chemical and Name of the Ponds Micro-biological parameters 1. Natnagra 2. Devisagar 3.Lendcha 6. Bramhakundi Rainy Winter Summer Rainy Winter Summer Rainy Winter Summer Rainy Winter Summer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Turbidity (NTU) 44.8 45 67.2 45.8 46.8 62.4 62.4 75.6 78.2 77.1 80.1 81.4 2 pH 8.3 9.4 8.2 8.03 7.79 8.01 8.84 8.17 8.27 8.23 8.17 8.12 3 Specific Conductvity 294 247 267 476 419 462 834 789 812 987 825 722 4 T.D.S. (mg/l) 225 260 240 327 322 300 764 753 739 752 736 726 5 Total Hardness (mg/l) 260 278 282 312 316 327 428 484 492 450 554 558 6 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 219 225 260 230 275 292 512 672 685 449 525 546 7 Chloride (mg/l) 127 131 175 178 188 238 376 390 398 387 412 418 8 Fl0uride (mg/l) 0.35 0.5 0.34 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.42 0.52 0.62 9 Nitrate (mg/l) 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.06 1.04 1.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 10 Sulphat (mg/l) 56.8 52.6 54.4 68.2 65.1 63.9 66.3 64.7 61.3 58.6 54.3 52.4 11 Phosphate (mg/l) 1.26 1.8 1.48 1.6 1.3 1.21 6.1 5.8 5.6 8 7.26 7.12 12 D.O. (mg/l) 4.9 5.5 4.2 7 8.1 6.4 1.4 1.8 1.6 2.6 2.9 2.6 13 B.O.D. (mg/l) 4.8 4.3 5.2 4.8 4.1 5.4 5.6 4.9 6.2 6.6 6.2 7.1 14 C.O.D. (mg/l) 31.3 33 36.2 30 30.3 39.1 68.3 69.3 73.2 64.3 66.2 69.4 ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 1(2), 73-76, June (2012) ISCA J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 76 Table-3 The list of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton PHYTOPLANKTON ZOOPLANKTON Chlorophyceae- 1.Volvox sp. 1.Branchionus sp. 2.Closterium sp. 2.Monostylus sp. 3.Spirogyra sp. 3.Daphnia sp. 4Chlorella sp. 4.Cyclops sp. 5.Chlorococcm sp. 5.Cypris sp. Euglenophyceae 6.Nauplius sp. 1.Euglena sp. 7.Diptomus 2.Navicula sp. 3.Synendra sp. Cynophyceae 1.Anacystis sp. sp. 2.Anabina sp. 3.Oscillaria sp. 4.Spirulina sp. Bacillariophyceae 1.Fragillaria sp. 2.Cyclotella sp. 3.Surinella