ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences _____ ______________________________ ______ __ _ _ ISCA J. Biological Sci. Vol. 1 ( 1 ), 83 - 86 , May (201 2 ) International Science Congress Association 83 Short Communication Operation and Maintenance of Water Treatment Plant at BNP Campus Dewas , India : A Case Study Baroniya Mamta 1 , Baroniya Sanjay Singh 2 and Jain Monica 3 1 School of studies in Botany, Vikram University Ujjain, MP, INDIA 2 Shri Krishnaji Rao Pawar P. G. College Dewas , MP, INDIA 3 Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Indore MP, IND IA Available online at: www.isca.in (Received 26 th April 201 2 , revised 28 th April 201 2 , accepted , 8 th May 201 2 ) Abstract The trend of urbanization in India is exerting stress on civic authorities to provide basic requirement such as safe drinking water, sanitation and infrastructure. The rapid growth of population has exerted the portable water demand, which requires explora tion of raw water sources, developing treatment and distribution systems. There is a need to study the water treatment plants for their operational status and to explore the best feasible mechanism to ensure proper drinking water production with least poss ible rejects and its management. A case study has been conducted to evaluate the process of treatment and to find out the problems of drinking water treatment process in the unit situated at Bank Note Press Dewas MP, India . In general, conventional treatme nt is provided having a sequence of alum addition, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection by chlorination. Water treatment plants are playing an important role in purifying and supplying the pure water to the people. The over all processing and management of water treatment plant located in BNP campus, Dewas, MP, India, fulfils the requirements of the people in the campus. The operation and maintenance needs to be updated for the current requirements of people and to match up w ith some other plants at national and international level. Keywords: Water treatment plant, urbanization, operational status , maintenance . Introduction Water is a precious commodity. Most of the earth water is sea water. About 2.5% of the water is fresh water that does not contain sign ificant levels of dissolved minerals or salt and two third of that is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. In total only 0.01% of the total water of the planet is accessible for consumption. Clean drinking water is a basic human need. Unfortunately, more than one in six people still lack reliable access to this precious resource in developing world. Study of water treatment plant is carried out with all aspects and considerations including physical, chemical and bacteriological , to determine its efficiency an d to produce water quality 1 . This study will define design and operating problems and difficulties of the case study that will allow for proper revision of these aspects to redefine and suggest recommendations for proper operations. The findings of work may be applicable for other WTP either under design or operation. Importance of continuous monitoring and analysis laboratory works to evaluate performance befor e and after each treatment unit has been illustrated 2 . India accounts for 2.45% of land area and 4% of water resources of the world but represents 16% of the world population. With the present population growth - rate (1.9 per cent per year), the population is expected to cross the 1.5 billion mark by 2050. The Planning Commission, Government of India has estimated the water demand increase from 710 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in 2010 to almost 1180 BCM in 2050 with domestic and industrial water consumption expected to increase almost 2.5 times. The trend of urban ization in India is exerting stress on civic authorities to provide basic requirement such as safe drinking water, sanitation and infrastructure. The rapid growth of population has exerted the portable water demand, which requires exploration of raw water sources, developing treatment and distribution systems 3 . The raw water quality available in India varies significantly, resulting in modifications to the conventional water treatment scheme consisting of aeration, chemical coagulation, flocculation, sedi mentation, filtration and disinfection. The backwash water and sludge generation from water treatment plants are of environment concern in terms of disposal. Therefore, optimization of chemical dosing and filter runs carries importance to reduce the reject s from the water treatment plants. Also there is a need to study the water treatment plants for their operational status and to explore the best feasible mechanism to ensure proper drinking water production with least possible rejects and its management. W ith this backdrop, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), studied water treatment plants located across the country, for prevailing raw water quality, water treatment technologies, operational practices, chemical consumption and rejects management 4 . ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________________________________ ISCA J. Biological Sci. Vol. 1(1), 83 - 86 , May (2012) International Science Congress Association 84 Though, water is continuously purified by evaporation and precipitation, yet pollution of water has emerged as one of the most significant environmental problems of the recent times. Not only there is an increasing concern for rapidly deteriorating supply of water but the quantity of utilizable water is also fast diminishing 5 . The causes of such a situation may be many, but gross pollution of water has its origin mainly in urbanization, industrialization, agriculture and increase in human population observ ed in past one and a half century. Dewas district is situated between 75 o 55’ and 77 o 09’ Longitude 22 o 19’ and 23 o 19’ Latitude. The district is an important district of Malwa region of the state of Madhya Pradesh , India . The population as projected for the year 2001 is 13, 10,968. There are 1058 habituated villages in the district. The district has 6 Tehsils and 5 Assembly segments. The total area of the district is 7020 Sq. kms. The district has 4, 26,000 hectare, of land under agriculture out of which 1, 6 6,161 hectare is covered by irrigation facilities. It is important to mention here is that about 83% of the agricultural area covered under irrigation is irrigated through ground water sources i.e. wells and tubewells 6 . The major rivers of the district are Narmada, Kshipra, Kalisindh, and Lodhri. The average rainfall of the district is 1067.10 mm. The major crops are soybean, cotton wheat and gram. WTP at Dewas : The plant is situated in the campus of Bank Note Press, with a capacity of 4.54 M.L.D. The source of water for the scheme is Lakhunder reservoir situated at shajapur. Other specific features of the plant are given in table - 1. Present study has been conduc ted to observe and access the existing methodologies used for treatment of drinking water at Water Treatment Plant, Bank Note Press, Dewas, MP , India u nit and to understand the process of treatment, to find out quality and quantity of water at the unit und er observation. And to find out the problems of drinking water treatment process in the unit at Dewas. Material and Method s Four different types of water samples have been taken for the analysis at different stages of treatment: r aw water, s ettled water, f iltered water and s upply water. All the four water samples were taken at fifteen day interval from September 2011 to December 2011 . The aim of the laboratory test is to ensure that potable water confirming to BIS, 10,500 is supplied to consumers. Physical , chemical , and bacteriological tests conducted to determine the quality of water, to ensure that treatment of water is properly done during e ach phase or stage of treatment and to examine whether the treated water confirms to standards 7 . Results and Dis cussion Characteristics of raw water were obtained from BNP water treatment plant. The processed information is summarized in t able - 2 It can be seen from these table that primary parameters of concern is turbidity. The level of pollution is not too high th at its use as raw water source is not a major issue of concern. The raw water quality at this location may be considered suitable in respect of ability of treatment plants to produce good quality treated water. Coagulation and Flocculation : Alum is being added as coagulant in many water treatment plants in India. However, some water treatment plants at Nashik and Pune have started using p oly a luminium c hloride (PAC) instead of a lum, which is in liquid form. Water treatment plants personnel appeared to prefer PAC as no solution is to be prepared as in case of alum. Bhandup water treatment plant complex, Mumbai, use a luminium f erric s ulphate as a coagulant, which is one of the bigg est plants in India. In water treatment plant at BNP a lum is used as coagulant. This could be replaced by (PAC) or a luminium f erric s ulphate. Clarifier : Clarifier sludge samples from water treatment plant are not disposed off properly. Results from differ ent studies shows that mostly clarifier sludge exceeds general standard ( s uspended s olids 100 mg/l), therefore, there is a need to have a mechanism to make it fit before disposal. Sludge may be dewatered and disposed safely, inconformity with existing guid elines. Clarifier sludge should be properly dewatered and disposed off. In case of this water treatment plant sludge is dewatered and disposed off safely. Filter Backwash : The quantity of filter backwash water is normally about 5%. It can easily be recycl ed to the inlet of water treatment plant, as about 20 times dilution would be available at the inlet. Filter backwash waters should be recycled to conserve water. Analysis results show that often filter backwash waters exceed general disposal standards. Th is emphasizes the need for treatment before disposal. Reuse of filter backwash waters, which already being practiced, shall be explored by other water treatment plants. Chlorinators : Water treatment plants are provided with vacuum type chlorinator; here bleaching powder is also used sometimes for chlorination. In this water treatment plant, chlorine was being added in adequate quantity. Chlorinator in this water treatment plants was found to be in order and proper amount of chlorine was being used. Chemical usage and Consumption: Proper arrangements for alum feeding are there in this WTP. In India only water treatment plant at Delhi is using ozonation. Here ozonation is being done for oxidizing iron, as water source is rainy wells, which contain iron . It can be seen that chemicals used were alum and chlorine. Lime was also used in lower quantity. It reveals that there is many folds increase in alum dose during monsoon period in comparison to non monsoon period due to high turbidity. This also means mo re sludge generation. ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________________________________ ISCA J. Biological Sci. Vol. 1(1), 83 - 86 , May (2012) International Science Congress Association 85 Operation and Maintenance of Water Treatment Plants : Operation and maintenance of this water treatment plant is satisfactory. O peration and maintenance conditions in this water treatment plants operated by Public Health Engineering Departments. Repair of equipment is not done timely for lack of funds. Conclusion The study on water treatment plant at BNP campus, Dewas, India revealed that a set pattern of operation and maintenance is being followed due to which it continues to fulf il the requirement of the people. The alum dose ranges from 30 - 80 mg/l and the dosing equipments were also found satisfactory. Algae growth was not significant in the filters. However, in open filters, frequent cleaning of filter bed walls is required. Use of ozone, potassium permanganate, copper sulphate etc., may be explored through research and development activity for algae problem or any other contamination of water source. Regular training to the plant operators for proper functioning of the system is suggested. Efficient MIS (Management information system) should also be developed to cater to all the activities of the plant. References 1. www.iwtc.info/2003_pdf/07 - 5.pdf (2003) 2. El Dib, M. A., Reports on water treatment plants performance evaluation, Academy of Scien ce and Technology, Cairo, Egypt ( 2001) 3. Goel P . K. , Water Pollution: Causes Effects and Control, Published by New Age International, New Delhi (2006) 4. Status of water treatment plants in India , CPCB report (2007) 5. Lack T.J., Environmental Protection Standards Compliances and Costs , Published for the Water Research Centre, U.K., Water Research Centre/Ellis Harwood Limited (1984) 6. Michael Price , Introducing Ground Water , (British Geological Survey) , Published by George Allen and Unvin Publishers Ltd. , 40, Museum Street, London, WCIA ILU, U.K. (2004) 7. CPHEEO , Manual on Water Supply and Treatment , Third Edition published by Ministry of Urban Development, ( 1999 ) Table - 1 Details of WTP at BNP campus Dewas Capacity of the scheme 4.54 M.L.D. Capacity of source Lakhunder Reservoir Dist. Shajapur. Capacity 32.150M. CU. M. Intake Siphon System Raw water pumps 2 No’s 1600 LPM Discharge, 190 - M Head, Centrifugal Horizontal Type Plus One Standb y Raw water conveyance 30 MM Φ D.I. 42.25 KM Treatment plant 4.54 M.L.D (BNP Campus Dewas) Clear water pumps 2 NO’S 1570 LPM, 25M Head Centrifugal Type Plus One Standby Estimated cost RS. 11.95 CRORES. Annual running and maintenance cost A. With capital recovery consideration RS. 226.67 LACS B Without capital recovery consideration RS. 98.62 LACS Cost of production per 1000 litres A. With capital recovery consideration RS. 13.80 B. Without capital recovery consideration RS. 6.00 ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________________________________ ISCA J. Biological Sci. Vol. 1(1), 83 - 86 , May (2012) International Science Congress Association 86 Table - 2 Details of WTP at BNP campus Dewas Parameters Raw Water Settled Water Filtered Water Supply Water Max. Min . Max. Min . Max. Min . Max. Min . Alum+Lime (ppm) 60+20 50+15 NA* NA* NA* NA* NA* NA* pH 8.3 7.4 7.58 6.6 7.86 6.8 8.3 7.3 Turbidity NTU 83 11.3 35 3 12 0 4 0.2 Temperature OC 37 32 NT** NT** NT** NT** NT** NT** Total Alkalinity mg/litre 170 140 152 116 150 110 162 110 Total Hardness mg/litre 160 120 166 134 164 132 164 128 Calcium Hardness mg/litre 108 60 118 77 122 78 108 70 Magnicium Hardness mg/litre 60 30 71 14 76 20 78 28 Chloride Mg/litre 40 24 38 22 34 22 45 28 Conductivity MS/cm2 349 262 419 294 396 270 382 272 T.D.S. mg/l 136 91 148 110 154 105 150 104 Residual Chlorine mg/l NA* NA* 100 32 102 45 100 40 MPN 920 130 280 46 180 26 4 0