ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences _____ ______________________________ ______ __ _ _ ISCA J. Biological Sci. Vol. 1 ( 1 ), 77 - 7 9 , May (201 2 ) International Science Congress Association 77 Short Communication Antibiotic sensitivity of common Bacterial Pathogens against selected Quinolones Nakade Dhanraj B. Department of Microbiology, Govt. of Maharashtra, Rajaram college, Kolhapur , M S, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in (Received 9 th April 201 2 , revised 13 th April 201 2 , accepted 16 th April 201 2 ) Abstract Five different q uinolones group of antibiotics viz c iprofloxacin, n orfloxacin, s parfloxacin, o floxacin, l evofloxacin were tested against four different common bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eschericia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from clinical samples of patients from Kolhapur city of Mahara shtra,India. Results indicated that all the four pathogens except E. coli and Pseudomonas found to be highly sensitive to c iprofloxacin, n orfloxacin, s parfloxacin, o floxacin, and l evofloxacin. However, Escherichia coli found to be resistant to o floxacin an d moderately sensitive to Levofloxacin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be resistant to Sparfloxacin and moderately sensitive to n orfloxacin and o floxacin. Key words: Quinolones, a ntibiotic sensitivity, s taphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia. Introduction Quinolones are group of synthetic broad spectrum antibiotics. The term quinolones refers to potent synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotics 1 . Quinolones prevents the bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating by Topoisomerase II 2 . Antibiotics are effecti ve against microorganisms, but the reality is no antibiotic inhibits all microorganisms. Some microorganisms are naturally resistant, while some acquire resistance either by changing permeability, or by producing enzyme that inactivates the antibiotics or by modifying target site or by plasmid mediated resistance 3 . There are many common bacterial infections such as folliculitis, boils, cellulitis, ecthyma caused by Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Hospital infection by Staphylococcus aure us deserves special attention because of their frequency and resistant to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. Similarly d iarrhoea and g astroenteritis is caused by Escherichia coli. It is one of the reservoir of antibiotic resistant coliform an d is a warning signal and may cause epedemics 4 . Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common pathogen that causes pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Bacteria show different effect on different antibiotics, some are resistant, some are sensitive and moderately sensitive to antibiotics 5 . The present study was carried out with an objective to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among the most common pa thogens of Kolhapur region , against selected quinolones and updating of the antibiogram against these antibiotics. Material and Methods Total 40 pus samples from skin infections patient were collected in a sterile container. Four clinical isolates were obt ained. They were cultured on different media such as Nutrient agar, MacConkeys agar, Cetrimide agar and identified as per the standard method 6 . All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method 7 and as per the c linical and l aboratory s tandards i nstitute (CSLI) 8 guidelines on Muller Hinton agar(MHA) 9 . Standard discs (Hi - media,Mumbai) used were Ciprofloxacin (CIP) - 5 mcg, Norfloxacin (NX) - 10mcg, Sparfloxacin (SPX) - 5mcg, Ofloxacin(OFX) - 5mcg, Levofloxacin(LE) - 5mcg. Inoculum preparation: A thick suspension (0.5 MacFarland standard) 9 of all the four pathogens were prepared as per the MacFarlands turbidity standard using 0.5 ml of 0.048 b arium chloride added with 99.5 ml of 0.36 N s uiphuric acid. 5 ml aliquots was kept in screw cap tubes for visual comparision with that of the turbidity of suspension. Assay plates: Flat bottom petridishes with internal diameter 150mm were used for the inoculation of organism. Inoculation of MHA plates: A sterile swab was dipped in the broth suspension of 0.5 MacFarland standard. Excess suspension was removed by rotation of the swab against the wall of the tube. The entire surface of MHA plate was then spread uniformly. ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences ________________ ______________________________ ______ __ _ _ ISCA J. Biological Sci. Vol. 1 ( 1 ), 77 - 7 9 , May (201 2 ) International Science Congress Association 78 Disc placement: The antimicrobial impregnated disks were placed with sterile forceps on the agar surface in such a way that each disk was at least 24 mm away from each other to avoid the overlapping zone of inhibition. The plates were then incubated at 37 O C for 24 hours and observed for di ameter of zone of inhibition. Interpretation of results: Results were interpretated as per c linical and l aboratory s tandards i nstitute(CSLI) guidelines 8 . Results and Discussion Table 1 indicates the percentage of 40 clinical isolates from hospital samp les. Table 2 indicates the antibiogram of different bacterial isolates. Table – 1 Percentage of 40 clinical isolates from clinical samples. S.no. Name of the pathogen Clinical isolates Percentage 1 Staphylococcus aureus 15 37.5% 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11 27.5% 3 Escherichia coli 08 20% 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae 06 15% Table – 2 Antibiogram of different isolates S.no. Name of the pathogen Highly sensitive Moderately sensitive Resistant 1 Staphylococc us aureus CIP,NX, SPX,OFX, LE - - 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIP,NX,LE OFX, SPX 3 Escherichia coli CIP,NX, SPX LE OFX 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae CIP,NX, SPX,OFX, LE - - CIP - Ciprofloxacin, NX - Norfloxacin, SPX - Sparfloxacin, OFX - Ofloxacin, LE - Levofloxacin From table 1 and 2 it is clear that the Staphylococcus aureus is most predominant (37.5%) in wound infections followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%), Escherichia coli ( 20%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (15%). This contradicts the reports from other countries such as China, Egypt, Israel where Escherichia coli is reported to be the most predominant followed by Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 - 12 . It is also clear that Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are highly sensitive to all the five types of quinolones group antibiotics. Escherichia coli is resistant to o floxacin and moderately sensitive to Levofloxacin and highly sensitive to c iprofloxacin, n orfloxacin, and s parfloxacin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant t o s parfloxacin and moderately sensitive to o floxacin and highly sensitive to c iprifloxacin, n orfloxacin, and l evofloxacin. Some of the alternative synthetic compound and herbal formulations have been suggested 1 3 ,1 4 . They can be used to treat S. aureus, A . niger and A. Paraciticus Infections : The h igh rates of antimicrobial resistance reported among these bacterial pathogens 13,14 . Some strains of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas are resistant to Ciprofloxacin however, my results indicated Klebsiella and Pseudomonas are highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Staphylococcus aureus is highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin as reported by 15 , my isolate also showed same pattern. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are highly sensitive to Ofloxacin 16, 17 . My result indicated that the the Staphylococcus aureus organism is highly sensitive to Ofloxacin however, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is moderately sensitive to Oflxacin and resistant to Sparfloxacin. Conclusion Amongst the four pathogens Pseudomonas aerugi nosa and Escherichia coli are found to be resistant to s parfloxacin and o floxacin respectively. Development of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli is one of the problems . This resistance may be indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics. This calls for the education of both medical and paramedical staff on the rational use of antibiotics. Escherichia coli is the common bacteria l species found in hospital environment. Development of antibiotic resistance in enterop athogenic Es cherichia coli is also dangerous and may lead to epidemics . The knowledge of susceptibility testing patterns of the bacterial strains will guide the clinicians to choose appropriate and judicious antibiotics for treatment of wound infections. Updating the antibiogram will further reduce the complications of resista nce. Acknowledgement I am very much thankful to our Principal, Rajaram college, Kolhapur for allowing me to carry out research in Microbiology Laboratory. Also I am thankful to Trimurti pathology lab for providing me the necessary clinical samples for my study. References 1. 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