@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of Leaves and Stem of an under Exploited Medicinal Plant, Maesobotrya barteri (Baill) Hutch.<#LINE#>Ajuru @M.G.,Wilson @V. <#LINE#>1-8<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2022-022.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworuokwo, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria@Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworuokwo, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria<#LINE#>1/11/2022<#LINE#>9/11/2023<#LINE#>Maesobotrya barteri (Baill.) Hutch. (Bush Cherry), belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is an under exploited medicinal plant, also used for culinary purposes. The fruits of this plant is valued more than the other parts of the plant because of its high medicinal value, as such, parts like stem, leaves, roots are neglected. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the phytochemical and proximate compositions of the leaves and stem of this plant species using standard procedures. Phytochemical results showed that the leaves contain a higher percentage of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (3.31%), flavonoid (5.53%), alkaloid (2.19%), terpenoid (4.53%), Tannin (1.24%), compared to that found in the stem (1.55%, 3.02%, 0.65%, 3.33%, 0.34%, 0.38% and 25.28%) respectively. Proximate composition indicated that the leaves contain higher percentage of moisture (10.72%) Ash (11.36%), fat (2.00%), Crude protein (16.46%) and carbohydrate (27.74%), compared to the percentage in the stem (7.65%, 4.16%, 1.87%, 5.25% and 4.08%) respectively, but the stem had a higher percentage of crude fibre (77.00%) compared to the leaves (31.73%). These phytochemicals and nutrients could be harnessed by pharmaceutical industries for medicinal and culinary purposes.<#LINE#>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).@An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APGIII.@Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society., 161(2), 105–121.@No$K.J., W. (2005).@Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequences.@Am J Bot, 92, 1397-1420.@Yes$Wurdack, K.J. and Chase, M.W. (2002).@Phylogenetics of Euphorbiaceae using plastid (rbcL and trnL F) DNA sequences.@Botany 2002, annual meeting of Botanical Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Abstracts, 160.Available atwebsite, http://www.botany2002.org.@No$Wedin, G.P.; Neal, J.S.; Everson, G.W. and Krenzelok, E.P. (1986).@Castor bean poisoning.@The American Journal of Emergency Medicine., 4(3), 259–261.@Yes$Webster, G. L. (2014).@Euphorbiaceae. In Kubitzki, Klaus(ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.@Flowering Plants, Eudicots-Malpighiales. Heidelberg: Springer., 51-216-331.@No$Ogbuagu, M.N. and Agu, B. (2008).@Fruit nutritive composition of Maesobotrya barteri, an under-exploited Tropical Africa tree.@Fruits., 63(6), 357-361.@No$Okon, B., Ibom, L. A., Ina-Ibor, O. B., & Owai, P. U. (2016).@Nutritional evaluation of giant African land Snail (Archachatina marginata var. saturalis) fed diet containing full fat rubber as a replacement for soybean.@Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 12(2), 1-8.@No$Ogunka-Nnoka, C.U.; Onwumere, B.T. and Igwe, F.U. (2016).@Protective effects of Maesobotrya barteri aqueous leaf extract on Acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in wistar rats.@European journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience., 4(8), 4-8.@Yes$Akobundu, E.N.T. (1999).@Healthy foods in human nutrition.@Agricultural Environment, 4, 17.@Yes$Friday, I.; Bassey, E.E. and Okwakpam, F.N. (2019).@Phytochemical Constituents and Antidiarrhoeal activities of Ethanolic Extract of Maesobotrya barteri (Bush Cherry) Leaves in Albino Rats.@Annual Advanced Biomedical Science., 2(6), 000-142.@No$Harborne, J. B., Baxter, H. and Moss, Gerard P. (1999).@General Introduction: Phytochemical Dictionary a hand book of bioactive compounds from plants (2nd ed.).@London: Taylor & Francis, p. 7.@No$Molyneux, R. J., Lee, S. T., Gardner, D. R., Panter, K. E., & James, L. F. (2007).@Phytochemicals: the good, the bad and the ugly?.@Phytochemistry, 68(22-24), 2973-2985.@Yes$Iwasaki, S. (1998).@Natural organic compounds that affect to microtubule functions.@Yakugaku zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 118(4), 112-126.@Yes$Halliwell, B. (2007).@Dietary polyphenols: good, bad, or indifferent for your health?. Cardiovascular research,  73(2), 341-347.@undefined@Yes$Shaw, D. 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(2017).@Euphorbia neriifolia L.: Review on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities.@Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(5), 430–438.@Yes$A.O.A.C. (2000).@Official methods of analysis.@International 17th edition; Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Association of official analytical chemist, pp. 34@Yes$Kumaran, A. and Karunakaran, R. (2006).@Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extracts of Coleus aromaticus.@Food chemistry., 97, 109-114.@Yes$Harborne, J.B. (1973).@Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.@Chapman A. and Hall. London., 279.@Yes$Obdoni, B. and Ochuko, P. (2001).@Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homeostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria.@Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science., 8, 203–208.@Yes$Van-Burden, T. and Robinson, W. 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(2000).@Microginins, zinc metalloproteases inhibitors from the Cynobacterium Microcytisaeruginosa.@Tetrahedron., 56, 8643-8656.@Yes$Abolaji, A. O.; Adebayo, A. H. and Odesanmi O. S. (2007).@Nutritional qualities of three medicinal plant parts (Xylopia aethiopica, Blighia sapida and Parinari polyandra) commonly used by pregnant women in western part of Nigeria.@Pakistan Journal of Nutrition., 6, 665-668.@Yes$Chatterjee, C.; Gleddie, S. and Xiao, C.W. (2018).@Soybean Bioactive Peptides and their functional Properties.@Nutrients., 10(1), 2-11.@Yes$Ebun-Oluwa, G. and Alade, A.S. (2007).@Nutritional Potential of Berlandier Nettlespurge (Jatropha cathatica) seed.@Pakistan Journal of Nutrition., 6, 345-348.@No
<#LINE#>Determination of nutritional contents and potential antioxidant activities of Beta Vulgaris L.<#LINE#>Ibrahim @M. I.,Alhassan @I.M.,Abubakar @S.,Hafsat @S. M.,Umar @F.A.,Suleiman @H.,Alkasim @S. M. <#LINE#>9-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-005.pdf<#LINE#>Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria@Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria@Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria@Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria@Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria@Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria@Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria<#LINE#>19/1/2024<#LINE#>28/3/2024<#LINE#>Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is one of the vegetables that are commonly produced in the world.. Literature reveals that Beetroot extract has cardiovascular effect, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor properties. The antioxidant property of beetroot is thought to be a potent cancer-fighting agent because it also aids in the prevention of the development of malignant tumors and consider as a powerful agent to fight cancer. The aimed of this research is to assess the Phytochemical, proximate, minerals and antioxidant activities of Beetroot. The methanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical, proximate and minerals using standard methods. While the antioxidant (free radical scavenging activities) was cried out using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Phosphomolybdenum assay and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).The proximate analyses results revealed a high moisture content of (72.7%), ash (14.7%), crude fibre (1.03%), fat (1.3%), protein (1.9%) and carbohydrate (8.3%). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. By using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), the following elements can be found: sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca), in that order: 1.77, 8.50, 0.007, 0.003, 0.003, 0.13, 0.005, and 0.003) respectively. The antioxidant properties of Beta vulgaris L. demonstrated high radical activity at 20µg/ml in the following decreasing orders DPPH > Phosphomolybdenum > FRAP assays. The study has shown that Beta vulgaris L. contain appreciable amount of nutrients and potent antioxidant properties.<#LINE#>Yen, G.C., P.D. Duh and H.L. Tsai, (2002).@Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and Gallic acid.@Food Chem., 79, 307-313.@Yes$Cao, Y. and R. Cao, (1999).@Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea.@Nature, 398, 381-381.@Yes$Wisam, S. U., Nahla, T. K., & Tariq, N. M. 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Kujala and M. Heinonen (1999).@Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds.@J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 3954-3962.@Yes$Wruss, J., G. Waldenberger, S. Huemer, P. Uygun and P. Lanzerstorfer (2015).@Compositional characteristics of commercial beetroot products and beetroot juice prepared from seven beetroot varieties grown in Upper Austria.@J. Food Compos. Anal., 42, 46-55.@Yes$Oksuz, T., E. Surek, Z. Tacer-Caba and D. Nilufer-Erdil, (2015).@Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of persimmon and red beet jams produced by sucrose impregnation.@Food Sci. Technol., 3: 1-8.@Yes$Wootton-Beard, P.C., A. Moran and L. Ryan, (2011).@Stability of the total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content of 23 commercially available vegetable juices before and after in vitro digestion measured by FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu methods.@Food Res. Int., 44, 217-224.@Yes$Wagner H. (1993).@Pharmazeutische Biology 5th ed. AUFI.@15 BN 3-437-20 498-X. 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<#LINE#>Oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of tilapia fish from New Gusau Reservoir, Zamfara State, Nigeria<#LINE#>Sani Zurmi @Rabiu,Abubakar @Salisu,Muhammad Sani @Shamsiya <#LINE#>15-20<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-009.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria@Biotechnology Advance Research Center, Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria@Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria<#LINE#>26/1/2024<#LINE#>15/3/2024<#LINE#>Fish can be utilized as bio indicators of environmental contamination since they are frequently employed as model organisms for evaluating the quality of aquatic environments. Purposive sampling was used to gather data on the surface water physicochemical quality of the New Gusau reservoir (NGR) and Nagwamatse farm (control) from nine sampling stations. In-situ measurements of pH, temperature (oC), conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) were carried out using a multifunctional meter. Standard water and wastewater system testing technique was used to examine the results. This study investigated the activities of SOD, CAT, reduced glutathione (GSH) content and MDA production in the organs of tilapia, tilapia, from New Gusau Reservoir (NGR).The reservoir is said to be contaminated since it receives effluents discharged from many industries. A clean fish farm (Nagwamatse farm) was employed as the control, and Tilapia weighing between 200g to 300g were taken from NGR. The liver of Tilapia from NGR showed a notable rise in Thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase when compared with control. The findings showed that fish from the new Gusau reservoir had large concentrations of contaminants accumulating in their livers. This could be as a result of the high concentration of industrial activity close to the reservoir reflecting the degree of pollution in NGR.<#LINE#>Pinto E, SigaudKutner TCS, Leit MAS, Okamotok, Morse D, Colepicolo P (2003).@Heavy metals induced oxidative stress in algae.@J. Phycology. 39:1008-1018.@Yes$Hall, J. Á. (2002).@Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance.@Journal of experimental botany, 53(366), 1-11.@Yes$Jabbi, A. M., Sani, Z. R., Rabiu, A. T., Balarabe, M. L., & Adamu, A. K. (2018).@Assessment of surface water physico-chemical parameters of Yardantsi Reservoir, Gusau Nigeria.@Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 183-188.@Yes$Di Toppi, L. S., & Gabbrielli, R. (1999).@Response to cadmium in higher plants.@Environmental and experimental botany, 41(2), 105-130.@Yes$McGeer, J. (2004).@Issue paper on the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of metals.@US Environmental Protection Agency.@Yes$Brown, J. C., & Jones, W. E. (1975).@Heavy‐metal toxicity in plants. A crisis in embryo.@Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 6(4), 421-438.@Yes$Wagner, G. J. (1993).@Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health.@Advances in agronomy, 51, 173-212.@Yes$Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. (2015).@Free radicals in biology and medicine.@Oxford university press, USA.@Yes$Mohapatra, S., Chakraborty, T., & Prusty, A. K. (2018).@Impact of environmental pollutants on liver oxidative stress markers in Tilapia.@Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(20), 19717-19727.@No$Almeida, J. A., Novelli, E. L. B., Dal-Pai-Silva, M., & Loureiro, A. P. M. (2020).@Protective effects of antioxidants on Tilapia liver against oxidative damage.@Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(19), 24129-24139.@No$Hossain, M. S., Muralisankar, T., Habib, M. R., & Datta, T. K. (2019).@Influence of dietary factors on liver oxidative stress markers in Tilapia.@Aquaculture Reports, 13, 100180.@No$Silva, M. B., Barrêto, J. A. S., and Gusmão, E. P. (2017).@Exploring the potential role of oxidative stress biomarkers in assessing the health of Tilapia populations in aquatic ecosystems.@Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(10), 487.@No$Meays, C., Nordin, R., Protection, W., & Branch, S. (2013).@Ambient water quality guidelines for sulphate.@Technical Appendix. Water Protection & Sustainability Branch: Environmental Sustainability and Strategic Policy Division, BC Ministry of Environment.@Yes$Schneider, M. (2013).@Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycle_ Schneider.@Yes$APHA-AWWA-WPCF. (1981).@Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.@APHA American Public Health Association.@Yes$Ademoroti, C. M. A. (1996).@Standard methods for water and effluents analysis.@@Yes$NSDWQ, (2007).@Approved by: SON Governing Council and Nigerian Industrial Standard NIS 554: 2007.@ICS 13.060.20.@Yes$World Health Organization (2002).@Guidelines for drinking-water quality.@World Health Organization.@Yes$Adefemi, S. O., & Awokunmi, E. E. (2010).@Determination of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in water samples from Itaogbolu area of Ondo- State, Nigeria.@African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(3).@Yes$Oyakhilome, G. I., Adefemi, S. O., Asaolu, S. S., & Aiyesanmi, A. F. (2013).@Interrelationship of Heavy Metals Concentration in water, sediment and fish samples from Owena multi-purpose Dam, Ondo state, Southern Nigeria.@Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(2), 207-215.@Yes$Yang, H., Male, M., Li, Y., Wang, N., Zhao, C., Jin, S., ... & Xu, H. (2018).@Efficacy of Hydroxy-L-proline (HYP) analogs in the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria in Drosophila Melanogaster.@BMC nephrology, 19, 1-12.@Yes$Ajibade, W. A., Ayodele, I. A., & Agbede, S. A. (2008).@Water quality parameters in the major rivers of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria.@African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(7), 185-196.@Yes$Shukla, D., Bahadresha, R., Jain, N., & Modi, H. (2013).@Physiochemical analysis of water from various sources and their comparative study.@@Yes$Magami, I. M., Adamu, T., & Aliero, A. A. (2014).@Physicochemical Flux and Phytoplankton diversity in Shagari Reservoir, Sokoto, Nigeria.@Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(3-4), 67-72.@Yes$Adefemi, O. S., Asaolu, S. S., & Olaofe, O. (2007).@Assessment of the physico-chemical status of water samples from major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria.@Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(6), 657-659.@Yes$Balarabe, M. L. (1989).@Limnology and Zooplankton of Makwaye (Ahmadu Bello University Farm) Lake, Samaru, Zaria-Nigeria (Masters Dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria).@@Yes$Mtethia, A.H., Munyenyembe, A., Jere, W., Nyali, E., (2008).@Efficiency of oxidation ponds in waste water treatment.@Int. J. Environ. Res., 2(2) 149-152.@Yes$Villegas-Navarro, A., Ramı́rez-M, Y., Salvador-SB, M. S., & Gallardo, J. M. (2001).@Determination of wastewater LC50 of the different process stages of the textile industry.@Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(1), 56-61.@Yes$Ajmal, M., Khan, M. A., & Nomani, A. A. (1985).@Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediments of selected sites of Yamuna river (India) Environmental Monitoring of the Yamuna River—Part I.@Environmental monitoring and assessment, 5, 205-214.@Yes$Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J., & Jakoby, W. B. (1974).@Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation.@Journal of biological Chemistry, 249(22), 7130-7139.@Yes$Magwere, T., Naik, Y. S., & Hasler, J. A. (1997).@Effects of chloroquine treatment on antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney.@Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 22(1-2), 321-327.@Yes$Varshney, R., & Kale, R. K. (1990).@Effects of calmodulin antagonists on radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in microsomes.@International journal of radiation biology, 58(5), 733-743.@Yes$Amador, E., Dorfman, L. E., & Wacker, W. E. (1963).@Serum lactic dehydrogenase activity: an analytical assessment of current assays.@Clinical Chemistry, 9(4), 391-399.@Yes$Beutler, E., Duron, O., and Kelly, B.M. (1963).@Improved Method for the determination of Blood Glutathione.@J. lab. Clin. Med. May; 61, 882-8@Yes$GIS BUK Lab. 2019.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Ethnobotany and demography of Berlinia grandiflora (Vahl) Hutch. and Dalziel  (Fabaceae)<#LINE#>Mapongmetsem Pierre @Marie <#LINE#>21-26<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-010.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratory of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454  Ngaoundere, Cameroon<#LINE#>5/2/2024<#LINE#>8/4/2024<#LINE#>B.grandiflora has a great importance in Cameroon. The purpose initiated encircle the main uses and demography structure of the species in the perspective to know its socio-economic potentialities. Unfortunately, it is under numerous anthropic pressures. Ethnobotanic investigations were carried out in 200 households and botanical inventories were undertaken in riverside forest, predilection habitat.  The Fabaceae is a multipurpose tree species: feeding, handicraft, construction, traditional medicine, cultural, ways and customs, etc. Seed commercialization is an important source of income for the households. The seeds dealing brings a revenue of 213859.45-274962.15$/an. A total of 1034 stems was quoted for a mean density of 82.72inds/ha. The average diameter of the trunks is of 76.94±31.19cm, while the average height of the trees is of 14.94 ±4.78m. The analysis of the structure of population of this species reveals that natural regeneration is strongly compromised by various anthropic activities and abiotic pressures. The most frightening anthropic pressure is the collection of seeds for great marketing. These findings will help the development of the participatory domestication programme with the actors in order to facilitate its sustainable management by the communities.<#LINE#>FAO, (2004).@The state of food insecurity in the world. Monitoring progress towards the word.@@Yes$ACBF, (2007).@La gestion participative et le développement des femmes rurales : cas du Magreb et du Sahel.@Programme de Formation en Gestion de la politique économique (GPE), pp 1-76.@Yes$Noubissié, E., Tieguhong, J.C. et Ousseynou, N., (2008).@Analyse des aspects socio-économiques des produits forestiers Non-Ligneux en Afrique Centrale.@Technical Adviser of FAO Project on forest and food security in Central Africa, pp 1-58.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M., Hamawa, Y., Djeumene, P., Maissele, D., Kossebe, C.F., Ndoum, J. F., Nduryang, J.B., Bebbe, F., Bouba, D., Wouldata, S., Zigro, L. & Barbi, M., (2008).@Valorisation des plantes alimentaires sauvages dans les savanes soudano-guinéennes du Cameroun.@In Kapseu, C., Mbofung, C.M. et Amvam Zollo, P. H. (éds.). Développement de l’Agro-Industrie et création des richesses. Actes, Conférence Internationale. Ngaoundéré, Cameroun. pp 50-61.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M., Nduryang, B. et Fawa, G., (2015).@Contribution à la connaissance des produits forestiers non ligneux de la zone sudano-sahélienne du Cameroun.@In : Kapseu, C., Nzié, W., Nso, E., Silechi, J. et Gomo, (éds). Biodiversité et changements globaux du  21 au 23 juillet 2015 à Ngaoundéré,  139-147.@Yes$UICN (Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature), (2015).@Red List of Threatened Species.@<www.iucnredlist.org>.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M., Nkongmeneck, B.A., Alexandre, D.Y., Salbai, A. et Haoua, M., (2002).@Jardins de case sécurité alimentaire dans les savanes soudano-guinéennes (Adamaoua, Cameroun).@Com. Sympo. Mega - Tchad, Nanterre, France, 1-10.@No$Nchoutpouen, C., Mapongmetsem, P.M., Zapfack, L. et Ngompeck, M. L., (2009).@Effects of land use on the population structure of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq).@Benth (Mimosaceae) in the periphery of Ngaoundere Cameroun.  Forests trees and livelihoods, 19, 69-79.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M., Nkongmeneck, B.A,  Rongoumi, G., Dongock, D., Dongmo, B., (2011).@Impact des systèmes d’utilisation des terres sur la conservation de Vitellaria paradoxa guertn. f. (Sapotaceae) dans la région de des savanes soudano-guinéennes.@International journal of environmental studies, 68 (6), 51-72.@Yes$Kemeuzé, V., Mapongmetsem, P.M., Avana Tientcheu, M., Nkongmeneck, B.A. et Jiofack, R.B., (2012).@Boswellia dalzielii Hutch: état de peuplement et utilisation traditionnelle dans la région de Mbé (Adamaoua-Cameroun).@Sécheresse, 23, 278-283.@Yes$Sina, S. (2006).@Reproduction  et  diversité  génétique  chez Parkia  biglobosa  (Jacq.)  G. Don.@Ph.D. Thesis,  Wageningen University, pp 1-102.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M. (2005).@Phénologie et apports au sol des substances biogènes par la litière des fruitiers sauvages des savanes soudano-guinéennes (Adamaoua, Cameroun).@thèse de Doctorat d’état, Université de Yaoundé I, Cameroun, pp 1-272.@Yes$Yonkeu, S. (1993).@Végétation des pâturages de l’Adamaoua (Cameroun): écologie et potentialités pastorals.@thèse de Doctorat, Université de Rennes 1, France.@Yes$Letouzey R. (1968).@Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun.@Ed. Le chevalier (Paris). pp 1-551.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M., Tchotsoua, M., Duguma, B. and Nkongmeneck, B.A. (2000). Some strategies for reversing Adamawa highlands degradation. Rev. Ngaoundéré – Anthropos, 5, 107–126.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Duru, C.E., Duru, I.A., Ikpa, C.B.C and Ibe, F.C., (2014).@Chemical and Spectra Studies of the Alleged Killer Seed of Berlinia grandiflora.@IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 7(1Ver.II.), 14-18.@Yes$Godwin, C., Josephs, A., Fidelis, P., Ching, B. and Nnabuife, A. C., (2012).@Investigation of the antimicrobial potentials ofsome phytochemical extracts of leaf and stembark of Berlinia grandiflora (Leguminoceae) Caesalpinioidae against pathogenic bacteria.@African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1(3), 92-96.@Yes$Olivier, M., Zerbo, P., Boussim, J.I. et Guinko, S., (2012).@Les plantes des galeries forestières à usage traditionnel par les tradipraticiens de santé et les chasseurs Dozo Sénoufo du Burkina Faso.@Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 6(5), 2170-2191.@Yes$Okafor J., (1984).@Agroforesterie en Afrique tropicale humide.@United Nations University – UNU, 1-8.@No$Durugbo Uzodimma, E., (2013).@Medico-Ethnobotanical inventory of Ogii, Okigwe Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria – I.@Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(2), 030-044.@Yes$Aliyu, A., Esievo, K. B., Ugbabe, G., Okhale Ehiabhi, S. & Omoregie Egharevba, O. (2018).@High erformance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) profiling, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of ethanol leaf extract of Berlinia grandiflora (Vahl) Hutch. & Dalziel.@Journal of Pharmacognsy and Phytotherapy, 10(11), 187-194.@Yes$Ode, J., Nwaehujor, C.O. and Nwinyi, C.F., (2013).@Evaluation of the anti diabetic and antioxidant activity of the methanol leaf extract of Berlinia grandiflora.@Journal of Medical Sciences, 13(8), 743-748.@Yes$Onanga, M., Ekouya, E., Ouabonzi, A. and Itoua, C.B., (1997).@Études ethnobotanique, pharmacologique et chimique des plantes utilisées dans le traitement des dermatoses "MWANDZA".@Pharm. Méd. Trad. Afr., 9, 85-93.@Yes$Ouattara, D., Kouame, D., Tiebre, M.S., Kouadio, Y.J.C. et N’guessan, K.E., (2016).@Biodiversité végétale et valeur d’usage en zone soudanienne de la Côte d’Ivoire.@Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 10(3), 1122-1138.@Yes$Arbonier, M. (2005).@Arbres, arbustes et lianes des Zones sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest CIRAD/MNHN/UICN.@France, pp 1-541.@Yes$Adjakpa, P.D.M., Yedomonhan, H., Ahoton, L.E., Weesie, P.D.M. & Akpo, L.E., (2013).@Structure et diversité floristique des îlots de forêts riveraines communautaires de la Basse vallée de la Sô au Sud-Est du Bénin.@Journal of Applied Biosciences, 65, 4902 – 4913.@Yes$Natta, A. K., H. Yedomonhan, H., Zoumarou-Wallis, N., Houndehin, J., Ewedje,  E.B. K. & Glele Kakai, R. L., (2011).@Typologie et structure des populations naturelles de Pentadesma butyracea dans la zone Soudano-guinéenne du Bénin.@Annales des Sciences Agronomiques, 15(2), 137-152.@Yes$Tefemba, H. B., Ngassam, P. et Mapongmetsem, P.M., (2010).@Utilisation de l’habitat par les éléphants dans les zones sèches du Cameroun. in. X. van der Burgt, Van der Maesen.@J. et Onana, J-M. (éds), systématique et conservation des plantes Africaines, 721-729.@No$Assongba, Y. F., Djègo, G.J.., Sinsin, B., (2013). Distribution des habitats de Dialium guineense (willd) (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) dans les phytodistricts Est du Sud-Bénin. Bull. sci. Inst. Natl. Environ. Conserv. Nat., 12, 1-16.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Savadogo, S., Sambare, O., Thiombiano, A., (2018).@Écologie et diversité des bois sacrés et des savanes environnantes du secteur sud-soudanien du Burkina Faso (Afrique de l’Ouest).@Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 35(3), 5715-5733.@Yes$Mapongmetsem, P.M., Ngamo, T.S.L., Ngassoum, M.B., Lognay, R., Haubrudge, E., Hance, T. Malaisse, F., (2006).@Exploitation de Xylopia aethiopica dans le bassin du Congo.@Procédés Biologiques et Alimentaire, 3,126-145.@No
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Nature's Pharmacy: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaves as a Novel Therapeutic Agent for Diabetes, Hypertension, High Cholesterol, Gastric Ulcers, Kidney Stones and Gout<#LINE#>Ibrahim @Juma <#LINE#>27-32<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-011.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Food Science and Technology, Collage of Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35134, Dares Salaam, Tanzania<#LINE#>1/5/2024<#LINE#>18/5/2024<#LINE#>Non-communicable diseases originating from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors are threatening livelihoods of mankind. They kill approximately 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally. Avocado leaves harbour bioactive substances that could help managing a range of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this article is to review the therapeutic potential of such leaves in managing diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, kidney stones, gastric ulcers and gout. Avocado leaf extracts at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day effectively reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and thus managed type 2 diabetes throughout a four-week treatment period. The extracts managed hypertension by lowering systolic blood pressure from 164.9 ± 7.2 to 116.8 ± 6.4 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure from 118.4 ± 16.2 to 82.8 ± 6.5 mmHg. The extracts regulated plasma cholesterol levels by increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (good cholesterol) and lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol). Additionally, the extracts prevented oxidant damage and crystal formation and deposits in the white rat kidneys. The extract managed gastric ulcers by reducing gastric acid secretion and ulcer count/index. As for the management of gout, avocado leaf extract demonstrated ability of lowering blood uric acid content (from 12.3 to 4.3%) whose higher levels result into gout. This suggests that avocado leaf could be processed into conventional drugs for managing such non communicable diseases.<#LINE#>Kim, H. C., & Oh, S. M. (2013).@Noncommunicable diseases: current status of major modifiable risk factors in Korea.@Journal of preventive medicine and public health, 46(4), 165.@Yes$World Health Organization (WHO) (2023).@Noncommunicable diseases.@Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ noncommunicable-diseases. (Accessed on 24th April, 2024).@Yes$World Health Organization (WHO) (2023).@Diabetes.@Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes (Accessed on 24th April, 2024).@Yes$World Health Organization (WHO) (2023).@Hypertension.@Available online: https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ hypertension. (Accessed on 24th April, 2024).@No$Franklin, S. S., Larson, M. G., Khan, S. A., Wong, N. D., Leip, E. P., Kannel, W. B., & Levy, D. (2001).@Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging?.@The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 103(9), 1245-1249.@Yes$Clifford, J., & Kozil, A. (2012).@Dietary fat and cholesterol.@Colorado State University.@Yes$Ma, H., & Shieh, K. J. (2006).@Cholesterol and human health.@The Journal of American Science, 2(1), 46-50.@Yes$Tabas, I. (2002). Cholesterol in health and disease. The Journal of clinical investigation, 110(5), 583-590.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zheng, J., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Xia, J., Guo, H., Hu, H., ... & Li, T. (2022).@The Global Burden of Diseases attributed to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 1990 to 2019.@Frontiers in public health, 10, 891929.@Yes$Zaidi, S. R. H., & Sharma, S. S. (2022).@Stat Pearls Publishing; Treasure Island.@FL, USA: 2022. Pressure Ulcer.@No$Serena, S., Michele, R., Chiara, M., Gioacchino, L., Lorella, F., Tiziana, M., & Gian, L. D. A. (2018).@Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and GERD.@Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(Suppl 8), 40.@Yes$Shah, J., & Whitfield, H. N. (2002).@Urolithiasis through the ages.@BJU international, 89(8).@Yes$Nikpay, S., Moradi, K., Azami, M., Babashahi, M., Otaghi, M., & Borji, M. (2016).@Frequency of kidney stone different compositions in patients referred to a Lithotripsy Center in Ilam, West of Iran.@Journal of Pediatric Nephrology, 4(3), 102-107.@Yes$Romero, V., Akpinar, H., & Assimos, D. G. (2010).@Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors.@Reviews in urology, 12(2-3), e86.@Yes$Stamatelou, K., & Goldfarb, D. S. (2023).@Epidemiology of kidney stones.@In Healthcare, 11(3), 424. MDPI.@Yes$Bowen‐Davies, Z., Muller, S., Mallen, C. D., Hayward, R. A., & Roddy, E. (2018).@Gout severity, socioeconomic status, and work absence: a cross‐sectional study in primary care.@Arthritis care & research, 70(12), 1822-1828.@Yes$Luo, L., Xiang, Q., Deng, Y., Zhao, S., Zhu, Z., Liu, Y., ... & Zhao, Z. (2019).@Gout is associated with elevated risk of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.@Rheumatology international, 39, 1527-1535.@Yes$Cipolletta, E., Tata, L. J., Nakafero, G., Avery, A. J., Mamas, M. A., & Abhishek, A. (2022).@Association between gout flare and subsequent cardiovascular events among patients with gout.@Jama, 328(5), 440-450.@Yes$Onuora, S. (2020).@Hospitalization for infection on the rise in gout.@Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 16(6), 296-296.@Yes$Chiou, W. K., Wang, M. H., Huang, D. H., Chiu, H. T., Lee, Y. J., & Lin, J. D. (2010).@The relationship between serum uric acid level and metabolic syndrome: differences by sex and age in Taiwanese.@Journal of Epidemiology, 20(3), 219-224.@Yes$Zhang, J., Jin, C., Ma, B., Sun, H., Chen, Y., Zhong, Y., ... & Li, Y. (2023).@Global, regional and national burdens of gout in the young population from 1990 to 2019: a population-based study.@RMD Open, 9(2), e003025.@Yes$Fithria, F., Husna, C., Ahyana, A., Nurhidayah, I., & Jannah, S. R. (2022).@Self-management Effectiveness on the Quality of Life of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Aceh, Indonesia.@Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(G), 492-498.@Yes$Zimmerman, R. S. (2014).@More than just cardiovascular risk?.@Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 81(11), 673.@Yes$Rahman, N. (2023).@The Effect of Giving Avocado Leaf and Seed Extract as Antidiabetes: A Systematic Literature Review.@Jurnal Gizi Kerja dan Produktivitas, 4(1), 81-94.@Yes$Brai, B. I., Odetola, A. A., & Agomo, P. U. (2007).@Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potential of Persea americana leaf extracts.@Journal of Medicinal Food, 10(2), 356-360.@Yes$Princwill-Ogbonna, I. L., Ogbonna, P. C., & Ogujiofor, I. B. (2019).@Proximate composition, vitamin, mineral and biologically active compounds levels in leaves of Mangifera indica (Mango), Persea americana (Avocado pea), and Annona muricata (Sour sop).@Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 23(1), 65-74.@Yes$Abd Elkader, A. M., Labib, S., Taha, T. F., Althobaiti, F., Aldhahrani, A., Salem, H. M., ... & Ibrahim, F. M. (2022).@Phytogenic compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) extracts; antioxidant activity, amylase inhibitory activity, therapeutic potential of type 2 diabetes.@Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(3), 1428-1433.@Yes$Lima, C. R., Vasconcelos, C. F. B., Costa-Silva, J. H., Maranhão, C. A., Costa, J., Batista, T. M., ... & Wanderley, A. G. (2012).@Anti-diabetic activity of extract from Persea americana Mill. leaf via the activation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.@Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 517-525.@Yes$Antia, B. S., Okokon, J. E., & Okon, P. A. (2005).@Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Persea americana Mill.@Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 37(5), 325-326.@Yes$Kouamé, N. G. M., Koffi, C., N’Zoué, K. S., Yao, N., Doukouré, B., & Kamagaté, M. (2019).@Comparative antidiabetic activity of aqueous, ethanol, and methanol leaf extracts of Persea americana and their effectiveness in type 2 diabetic rats.@Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.@Yes$Ojewole, J., Kamadyaapa, D. R., Gondwe, M. M., Moodley, K., & Musabayane, C. T. (2007).@Cardiovascular effects of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)(avocado) aqueous leaf extract in experimental animals.@Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa, 18(2), 69–76.@Yes$Sutiningsih, D., Sari, D. P., Adi, M. S., Hadi, M., & Azzahra, N. A. (2023).@Effectiveness of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) as antihypertensive.@F1000Research, 11, 1100.@Yes$Brai, B. I. C., Falode, J. A., Adisa, R. A., & Odetola, A. A. (2020).@Effects of aqueous leaf extract of avocado (Persea americana) on total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, protein and haematological parameters in CCl4-intoxicated rats.@Clinical Phytoscience, 6, 1-6.@Yes$Kolawole, O. T., Kolawole, S. O., Ayankunle, A. A., & Olaniran, I. O. (2012).@Methanol leaf extract of Persea americana protects rats against cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemia.@British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 2(2), 235-242.@Yes$Erdem, G., Kesik, V., Honca, T., Özcan, A., Uğuz, S., Aykutlug, Ö., Alp, B.F., Korkmazer, N., Saldir, M. & Bayrak, Z. (2016).@Antinephrolithiatic activity of Persea americana (avocado) and Viburnum opulus (guelder rose) against ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis in rats.@African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(2), 110-119.@Yes$Wientarsih, I., Madyastuti, R., Prasetyo, B. F., & Aldobrata, A. (2012).@Anti lithiasis activity of avocado (Persea americana Mill) leaves extract in white male rats.@Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 19(1), 49-52.@Yes$Sandhiutami, N. M. D., Dewi, R. S., & Fariha, A. (2022).@The effectiveness of avocado (Persea americana M.) leaves infusion as urinary stones dissolving in rats.@Pharmaciana, 12(2), 164-172.@Yes$Owoyele, B. V., Adebayo, I. K., & Soladoye, A. O. (2015).@Anti-ulcer effects of aqueous extract of Persea americana Mill (Avocado) leaves in rats.@Comp. Bio. Nat. Pro, 3, 179-184.@Yes$Simbolon, R. O., Dalimunthe, A., Bangun, H., Harahap, U., & Arianto, A. (2023).@The effect of avocado leaf ethanol extract (Persea Americana Mill) on aspirin-induced reduction of gastric acid in rats.@Journal La Medihealtico, 4(5), 247-257.@Yes$Amis, R. T., Ginting, C. N., Ferdinand, S., & Ikhtiari, R. (2021).@Anti-hyperuricemia of avocado leaves ethanol extract in potassium oxonate induced-rats.@In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Health, Instrumentation & Measurement, and Natural Sciences, Medan, Indonesia, 14–16 July. 1–5.@Yes