@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Isolation and identification of microbial strains from street food of Gomtinagar-Lucknow, UP, India<#LINE#>Aditi @Srivastav,Chitranshu @Pandey,Pallavi @Sharma <#LINE#>1-4<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2023-012.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, Rama University, Kanpur, UP, India@R & D Division, MRD Life sciences Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow, UP, India@R & D Division, Somics Life sciences Pvt. Ltd. Bareilly, UP, India<#LINE#>17/4/2023<#LINE#>25/12/2023<#LINE#>Food-borne illnesses are increasingly being seen as a major public health concern and as a threat to the entire world's health. Utilizing tainted raw food components and particles, dirty water, unhygienic preparation methods, and infected containers all contributed to contamination. Investigating the microbial quality of samples of street food is the study's principal goal. A total of 50 samples of street cuisine from ten different vendors were randomly selected for the investigation. The usual microbiological procedure for isolating, counting, and identifying bacteria was employed to analyze the collected samples for the presence of bacteria. Salmonella spp. 5 (10%), E. coli 15 (30%), Staphylococcus aureus 6 (12%), Shigella spp. 5 (10%), Klebsiella spp. 9 (18%), and miscellaneous bacteria 10 (20%) were discovered in the samples that were collected. As a result, it is encouraged to apply sound risk analysis policies to give a scientific foundation to a variety of risk management options that Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh, India) may need to consider in order to ensure the health and safety of the general public.<#LINE#>Maloni, M. J., & Brown, M. E. (2006).@Corporate social responsibility in the supply chain: an application in the food industry.@Journal of business ethics, 68, 35-52.@Yes$Sharma, H. B., Vanapalli, K. R., Cheela, V. S., Ranjan, V. P., Jaglan, A. K., Dubey, B., ... & Bhattacharya, J. (2020).@Challenges, opportunities, and innovations for effective solid waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic.@Resources, conservation and recycling, 162, 105052.@Yes$Roesel, K., & Grace, D. (2014).@Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa. Routledge.@@Yes$Khairuzzaman, M. D., Chowdhury, F. M., Zaman, S., Al Mamun, A., & Bari, M. L. (2014).@Food safety challenges towards safe, healthy, and nutritious street foods in Bangladesh.@International journal of food science, 2014(1), 483519.@Yes$Gallo, M., Ferrara, L., Calogero, A., Montesano, D., & Naviglio, D. (2020).@Relationships between food and diseases: What to know to ensure food safety.@Food Research International, 137, 109414.@Yes$Cairncross, S., & Feachem, R. (2018).@Environmental health engineering in the tropics: Water, sanitation and disease control.@Routledge.@Yes$Sperber, W. H. (2009).@Introduction to the microbiological spoilage of foods and beverages.@Compendium of the microbiological spoilage of foods and beverages, 1-40.@Yes$Rane, S. (2011).@Street vended food in developing world: hazard analyses.@Indian journal of microbiology, 51(1), 100-106.@Yes$Antwi-Agyei, P., Cairncross, S., Peasey, A., Price, V., Bruce, J., Baker, K., ... & Ensink, J. (2015).@A farm to fork risk assessment for the use of wastewater in agriculture in Accra, Ghana.@PloS one, 10(11), e0142346.@Yes$Sharma, S., Mulrey, L., Byrne, M., Jaiswal, A. K., & Jaiswal, S. (2022).@Encapsulation of essential oils in nanocarriers for active food packaging.@Foods, 11(15), 2337.@Yes$Cortese, R. D. M., Veiros, M. B., Feldman, C., & Cavalli, S. B. (2016).@Food safety and hygiene practices of vendors during the chain of street food production in Florianopolis, Brazil: A cross-sectional study.@Food control, 62, 178-186.@Yes$Khairuzzaman, M. D., Chowdhury, F. M., Zaman, S., Al Mamun, A., & Bari, M. L. (2014).@Food safety challenges towards safe, healthy, and nutritious street foods in Bangladesh.@International journal of food science, 2014(1), 483519.@Yes$Baidya, S., & Rahman, T. (2021).@A Review on the prevalence and Detection of Bacterial contamination in Common Food and Associated Health Risk (Doctoral dissertation, Brac University).@@Yes$Todd, E. C. (2017). Foodborne disease and food control in the Gulf States. Food Control, 73, 341-366.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Omojokun, J. (2013).@Regulation and enforcement of legislation on food safety in Nigeria.@Mycotoxin and food safety in developing countries, 10, 251-268.@Yes$Käferstein, F. K. (2003).@Actions to reverse the upward curve of foodborne illness.@Food control, 14(2), 101-109.@Yes$Grace, D. (2015).@Food safety in low and middle income countries.@International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(9), 10490-10507.@Yes$Etzold, B. (2015).@Selling in insecurity—Living with violence.@Street Vending In The Neoliberal City: A Global Perspective on the Practices and Policies of a Marginalized Economy, New York: Berghahn Books.@Yes$Edalati, E., Saneei, B., Alizadeh, M., Hosseini, S. S., Bialvaei, A. Z., & Taheri, K. (2019).@Isolation of probiotic bacteria from raw camel@New microbes and new infections, 27, 64-68.@Yes$Talaiekhozani, A. (2013).@Guidelines for quick application of biochemical tests to identify unknown bacteria.@Account of Biotechnology Research.@Yes$Sharma, P., Singh, V., Maurya, S. K., Kamal, M. A., & Poddar, N. K. (2021).@Antimicrobial and antifungal properties of leaves to root extracts and saponin fractions of Chlorophytum borivilianum.@Current Bioactive Compounds, 17(6), 59-68.@Yes
<#LINE#>A study of soil pH variation on the development of weeds from soil seed banks<#LINE#>Hande @D.V.,Shelke @S.A. <#LINE#>5-15<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-002.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria@Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University of Lafia, PMB 146, Lafia, Nigeria<#LINE#>15/1/2024<#LINE#>14/3/2024<#LINE#>This study investigated the influence of soil pH variation on weed development originating from soil seed banks. Soil samples were subjected to distinct pH concentrations of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. The objective was to ascertain the effects of varying pH levels on weed species' development and diversity, thereby shedding light on potential implications for crop productivity. The study's significance lies in its exploration of the relationship between pH concentrations and weed diversity, with implications for crop management. If weeds, which possess adaptable traits, are compromised by pH fluctuations, the security of agricultural crops faces a similar threat. The experiment entailed exposing soil samples to diverse pH concentrations, with two sets of replicates and a control group. Initially, the samples were irrigated with a 300 ml solution, followed by subsequent applications of 200 ml every alternate day. Emergent weed counts were documented at four-day intervals over an 8-week period. The findings revealed noteworthy trends. At pH extremes of 3 and 11, reduced diversity was observed due to growth suppression, indicating the susceptibility of weed species to extreme pH conditions. Conversely, pH levels of 5 and 7 fostered greater diversity, suggesting that these moderately acidic to neutral pH ranges are conducive to a wider range of weed species' development. In conclusion, this study underscores the dynamic nature of soil pH and its potential ramifications for both weed diversity and crop health. As human activities continually impact soil pH, it becomes imperative to consider the potential consequences for agriculture. The outcomes stress the need for sustainable soil management practices to safeguard not only weed populations but also the vital agricultural crops that sustain humanity.<#LINE#>Šimek, M., Jı́šová, L., & Hopkins, D. W. (2002).@What is the so-called optimum pH for denitrification in soil?.@Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34(9), 1227-1234.@Yes$Ratzke, C., & Gore, J. (2018).@Modifying and reacting to the environmental pH can drive bacterial interactions.@PLoS biology, 16(3), e2004248.@Yes$Yang, X., Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M., Pakeman, R. J., Huang, Z., Gao, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2021).@Global patterns of potential future plant diversity hidden in soil seed banks.@Nature communications, 12(1), 7023.@Yes$Belovsky, G. E., & Slade, J. B. (2019).@Biotic Versus Abiotic Control of Primary Production Identified in a Common Garden Experiment.@Scientific Reports, 9(1), 11961.@Yes$Gregory, P. J. (2010).@A history of rhizosphere research—roots to a solution.@In Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia, 1–6.@Yes$Amiaud, B., Abella, S. R., Chiquoine, L. P., & Vanier, C. H. (2013).@Characterizing soil seed banks and relationships to plant communities.@Plant Ecol., 214(5): 703 – 715.@Yes$Sun, P., Zhuge, Y., Zhang, J., & Cai, Z. (2012).@Soil pH was the main controlling factor of the denitrification rates and N2/N2O emission ratios in forest and grassland soils along the Northeast China Transect (NECT).@Soil science and plant nutrition, 58(4), 517-525.@Yes$Hütsch, B. W., Zhang, S., Feng, K., Yan, F., & Schubert, S. (2001).@Effect of pH on denitrification losses from different arable soils.@Plant Nutrition: Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basic and applied research, 962-963.@Yes$Nägele, W., & Conrad, R. (1990).@Influence of soil pH on the nitrate-reducing microbial populations and their potential to reduce nitrate to NO and N2O.@FEMS Microbiology Letters, 74(1), 49-57.@Yes$Nelson, L. B., & Heidel, H. (1952).@Soil analysis methods as used in the iowa state college soil testing laboratory.@@Yes$Metson, A. J. (1961).@Methods of Chemical Analysis of Soil Survey Samples.@Government Printers, Wellington, New Zealand. Pp 74@Yes$Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1982).@Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter.@Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 539-579.@Yes$McIvor, J. G., & Howden, S. M. (2000).@Dormancy and germination characteristics of herbaceous species in the seasonally dry tropics of northern Australia.@Austral ecology, 25(3), 213–222@Yes$Trade Winds Fruit (2013).@Seed germination tips.@https://www.tradewindsfruit.com/content/seed-germination-tips.htm@No$American Public Health Association. (1926).@Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 6).@American Public Health Association.@Yes$Verma, A. K. (2016).@Biodiversity: Its different levels and values.@International Journal on Environmental Sciences, 7(2), 143-145.@Yes$Basto, S., Thompson, K., & Rees, M. (2015).@The effect of soil pH on persistence of seeds of grassland species in soil.@Plant Ecology, 216, 1163-1175.@Yes$Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., ... & Naeem, S. (2012).@Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.@Nature, 486(7401), 59-67.@Yes$Islam, A. K. M. S., Edwards, D. G., & Asher, C. J. (1980).@pH optima for crop growth: Results of a flowing solution culture experiment with six species.@Plant and soil, 54, 339-357.@Yes$Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., & Herberger, J. P. (1977).@The world@Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii..@Yes$Ma, M., Dalling, J. W., Ma, Z., & Zhou, X. (2017).@Soil environmental factors drive seed density across vegetation types on the Tibetan Plateau.@Plant and Soil, 419, 349-361.@Yes
<#LINE#>The effects of heavy metals on seed germination and growth of the plant Brassica nigra L.<#LINE#>Bingshati Singha @Mahapatra,Samir Kumar @Maji,Shyamal Kanti @Mallick <#LINE#>16-20<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-004.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Bankura University, Bankura, West Bengal, India@Department of Chemistry, Ramananda College, Bishnupur, Bankura, West Bengal, India@Department of Botany, Ramananda College, Bishnupur, Bankura, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>19/1/2024<#LINE#>1/4/2024<#LINE#>Toxicity of heavy metals is the major abiotic stress causing harmful effects on seed germination and plant growth. The aim of this present study is to reveal the effects of the heavy metals Zn and Pb on germination and growth behaviour of Brassica nigra L.. Different concentrations of Zn and Pb were used during experiment to understand their effects on seed germination as well as plant growth behaviour. Shoot length and root length of plants, viability of seeds decreased with the increased concentration of those heavy metals. In higher concentrations the seed germination and plant growth were significantly affected by Zn and Pb. Although the lower concentration of Zn helps to perform various important physiological functions such as promotion of the shoot growth but higher doses of Zn may be fatal. Pb can strongly inhibits seed germination, plant growth, seedling development and chlorophyll content with its higher concentrations.<#LINE#>Aydinalp, C. and Marinova, S. (2009).@The effects of heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth on Alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa).@Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(4), 347-350.@Yes$Banuelos, G. S., Ajwa, H. A., Mackey, B., Wu, L., Cook, C., Akohoue, S. and Zambrzuski, S. (1997).@Selenium-Induced Growth Reduction in Brassica Land Races Considered For Phytoremediation.@Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 36, 282-287.@Yes$Ban, Y., Xu, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, H. and Tang, M. (2017).@Endophytic Fungus Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus on Plant Growth, Photosynthesis and Pb Tolerance of Maize (Zea mays).@Pedosphere, 27(2), 283–292.@No$Breckle, S. W. and Kahle, H. (1992).@Effect of toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb) on growth and mineral nutrition of beech (Fagussylvatical).@Vegetation, 101, 43-53.@Yes$Claire, L. C., Adriano, D. C., Sajwan, K. S., Abel, S. L., Thoma, D. P. and Driver J. T. (1991).@Effects of Selected Trace Metals on Germinating Seeds of Six Plant Species.@Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 59, 231-240.@Yes$Clemens, S. (2001).@Molecular mechanisms of plant metal tolerance and homeostasis.@Planta, 212, 475–78.@Yes$Fodor, F., Sárvári, É., Láng, F., Szigeti, Z., & Cseh, E. (1996).@Effects of Pb and Cd on cucumber depending on the Fe-complex in the culture solution.@Journal of Plant Physiology, 148(3-4), 434-439.@Yes$Hadi, F. (2015).@A Mini Review on Lead (Pb) Toxicity in Plants.@Journal of Biology and Life Science, 6(2), 91-101.@Yes$Hong, W. A. N. G., & JIN, J. Y. (2007).@Effects of zinc deficiency and drought on plant growth and metabolism of reactive oxygen species in maize (Zea mays L).@Agricultural Sciences in China, 6(8), 988-995.@Yes$Li, W., Khan, M. A., Yamaguchi, S., & Kamiya, Y. (2005).@Effects of heavy metals on seed germination and early seedling growth of Arabidopsis thaliana.@Plant growth regulation, 46, 45-50.@Yes$Manivasagaperumal, R., Balamurugan, S., Thiyagarajan, G., & Sekar, J. (2011).@Effect of zinc on germination, seedling growth and biochemical content of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub).@@Yes$Menon, P., Joshi, N., & Joshi, A. (2016).@Effect of heavy metals on seed germination of Trigonella foenum-graceum L.@International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 2(4), 488-493.@Yes$Miazek, K., & Ledakowicz, S. (2013).@Chlorophyll extraction from leaves, needles and microalgae: A kinetic approach.@International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 6(2), 107-115.@Yes$Munzuroglu, O. and Geckil, H. (2002).@Effect of metals on seed germination, root elongation and coleoptile and hypocotyls growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus.@J. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 43(2), 203- 213.@Yes$Nanda, P. B. A., Dushenkov, V., Motto, H. and Raskin, I. (1995).@Phytoextraction: The Use of Plants to Remove Heavy Metals from Soil.@Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 1232-1238.@Yes$Patel, H., Sailaja, I., Shaker, I.A. (2018).@Estimation of Chlorophyll From Aeromatic Medicinal Plants Used As Potent Therapeuritic Agents In Anaemic Patients.@Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 5, 172-178.@Yes$Rudani, K., Patel, V. and Prajapati, K. (2018). The importance of Zinc in plant growth – A review. International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 5: 38-48.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tsonev, T., & Cebola Lidon, F. J. (2012).@Zinc in plants-an overview.@Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture, 24(4).@Yes$Yihui, B. A. N., Zhouying, X. U., Yurong, Y. A. N. G., Zhang, H., Hui, C. H. E. N., & Ming, T. A. N. G. (2017).@Effect of dark septate endophytic fungus Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus on plant growth, photosynthesis and Pb tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.).@Pedosphere, 27(2), 283-292.@Yes
<#LINE#>Phytochemical and in vitro bioactivity of Entada africana Guill & Perott (Fabaceae) stem bark methanol extracts on Schistosoma haematobium cercaria<#LINE#>Daben, Moses @Rindum,Mwansat, Georgina @Samuel <#LINE#>21-28<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria@Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria<#LINE#>26/1/2024<#LINE#>30/3/2024<#LINE#>Schistosomiasis, has attained socioeconomic and public health significance, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; ranking second after malaria. Potential resistance to niclosamide, resulted in search for alternative control measures that is cheap and accessible to most rural communities. This study was therefore aimed at screening the bioactive metabolites of Entada africana (E. africana), and larvicidal effects of the stem bark methanol extracts against Bulinus globosus (B. globosus) cercaria. Soxhlet extraction of the crude powder was done using methanol solvent. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures. Cercariae were challenged with different concentrations. Dechlorinated water with cercaria was used as control. Rate of mortality, LC50 values and Kaplan-Maier survivorship curve at 60 minutes of post exposure (PE) was assessed. Data were analyzed using GraphPad® Prism version 8.4. Screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids among others. Saponins and carbohydrate was high in the stem bark and leaf extract respectively. At p ≤ 0.05, there was significant difference in rate of mortality; LSD: 11.52, % interaction = 16.00, 95% CI (-2.65 to 9.06). At 50 minutes of PE, all parasites were dead.  The LC50, valued at 46.00±6.93, and 100% mortality across all concentrations was at 90mg/l in 10 minutes of PE. Mortality was concentration and time dependent. Control showed motility throughout 60 minutes of PE. The in vitro evaluation of E. africana stem bark methanol extract was potent against the infective larval stage of S. haematobium, and showed high potential as an anticercarial agent.<#LINE#>Akinneye, J. O., Fasidi, M. M., Afolabi, O. J., & Adesina, F. P. (2018).@Prevalence of Urinary schistosomiasis among secondary school students in Ifedore Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria.@International Journal of Tropical Diseases, 1(1), 1-6.@Yes$Awosolu, O. B., Shariman, Y. Z., Fara, H. M. T., &Olusi, T. A. (2020).@Will Nigerians win the war against urinary schistosomiasis? Prevalence, intensity, risk factors and knowledge assessment among some rural communities in southwestern Nigeria.@Pathogens, 9, 128. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9020128.@Yes$Drudge-Coates, L. and Turner, B. (2013).@Schistosomiasis – an endemic parasitic waterborne disease.@British Journal of Nursing, 22(9), S20-S24.@Yes$WHO (2013).@Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001-2011 and strategic plan 2012-2020.@Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved February 13, 2024 from@Yes$Amarir, F., Abdelaali, B., Corsjens, P. L. A. M., Abderrahim, S., El Bachir, A., &   Mohamed, R. (2020).@Survey and diagnostic challenges after transmission-stop: Confirming elimination of Schistosoma haematobium in Morocco.@Journal of Parasitology Research, 1-7.@Yes$Montresor, A., Mwinzi, P., Mupfasoni, D., & Garba, A. (2022).@Reduction in DALYS lost due to soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis from 2000-2019 is parallel to the increase in coverage of the global control programmes.@PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease, 16(7), e0010575.@Yes$McManus, D. P., Dunne, D. W., Sacko, M., Utzinger, J., Vennervald, B. J., & Zhou, X-N. (2018).@Schistosomiasis.@Nature Reviews and Disease Primers.4, 13.@No$Ismail, M. A., Koko, W. S., Osman, E. E., Dahab, M. M., Garbi, M. I., Alsadeg, A. M., & Kabbashi, A. S. (2016).@Molluscicidal activities of Acasia seyal (Dell) Bark methanolic extract against Biomphalaria pfefferi Snails.@Int. Biol. Biomed. Journal, 2(2), 73-79.@Yes$Acka, C. A., Raso, G., N’Goran, E.K., Tschannen, A. B., Bogoch, I. I., Se ́raphin, E., Tanner, M., Obrist, B., Utzinger, J. (2010).@Parasitic Worms: Knowledge, Attitudes, & Practices in Western Coˆte d’Ivoire with implications for integrated control.@PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4(12), e910. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000910.@Yes$Sacolo, H., Chimbari, M., & Kalinda, C. (2018).@Knowledge, attitudes and practices on Schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.@Infectious Diseases, 18, 46. DOI 10.1186/s12879-017-2923-6.@Yes$Grimes, J. E.T., Croll, D., Harrison, W. E., Utzinger, J., Freeman, M. C., & Templeton, M. R. (2014).@The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.@PLoSNegl Trop Dis., 8(12), e3296. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296.@Yes$Colley, D. G., Bustinduy, A. L., Secor, W. E., and King, C. H. (2014).@Human Schistosomiasis.@Lancet, 383(9936), 2253-2264. Doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2.@Yes$Sturrock, R. F. (2001).@Schistosomiasis Epidemiology and Control: How Did We Get Here and Where Should We Go?.@Mem Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, 96(Suppl.), 17-27.@Yes$He, P., Wang, W., Sanogo, B., Zeng, X., Sun, X., Lv, Z., Yuan, D., Duan, L., & Wu, Z. (2017).@Molluscicidal activity and mechanism of toxicity of a novel Salicylanilide ester derivative against Biomphalaria species.@Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 383. DOI:10.1186/s13071-017-2313-3.@Yes$El-Sherbini, G. T., Zayed, R. A., & El-Sherbini, E. T. (2009).@Molluscicidal activity of some Solanum species extracts against the snail Biomphalaria alexandrina.@Journal of Parasitology Research, 1-5. DOI:10.1155/209/474360.@Yes$Obare, B. A., Yole, D., Nonoh, J., & Lwande, W. (2016).@Molluscicidal Activity of Selected Plant Extracts against Adult and Juvenile Biomphalaria pfeifferi.@Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 6(22), 31-38.@Yes$Kiros, G., Erko, B., Giday, M., & Mekonnen, Y. (2014).@Laboratory Assessment of Molluscicidal and Cercariacidal Effects of Glinus lotoides Fruits.@BMC Research Notes, 7, 220. http//www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/7/220.@Yes$Victor, M. O., Yole, D. S., Suleiman, M. A., Nyambati, G. K., Waiganjo, N., Moilo, J., & Osebe, T. (2015).@Assessment of Molluscicidal, Cercarial and Miracicidal Activities of Crude Extracts of Ocimumamericanum, Bridelia micrantha and Chenopodium ambrosoides.@Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(22), 1-8.@Yes$Darko, S. N., Hanson, H., Twumasi-Ankrah, S., Baffour-Awuah, S., Adjei-Kusi, P., Yar, D., & Owusu-Dabo, E. (2020).@Three monthly dose of 60 mg/kg praziquantel for Schistosoma haematobium is a safe and effective treatment regimen.@BMC Infectious Disease, 20(323), 1-9.@Yes$Mvondo, M. A., Essono, S. M., Tatsinkou, F. D.B., Ateba, S. B., & Njamen, D. (2017).@The root aqueous extract of Entada africana Guill. & Perr. (Mimosaceae) inhibits implant growth, alleviates dysmenorrhea, and restores ovarian dynamic in a rat model of endometriosis.@Evidence based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-15.@Yes$Yusuf, A. J., & Abdullahi, M. I. (2019). The phytochemical and pharmacological actions of Entada africana Guill. & Perr. Heliyon, 5(9), e02332. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02332.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Orwa, C. (2009).@Agroforestree Database: A tree reference and selection guide, version 4.0.@http://www. worldagroforestry. org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases. asp.@Yes$Daben, M. R.,Asor, J. E., Okon, O. E., Mwansat, G. S., and Dakul, D. A. (2023).@Molluscicidal effects of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol bark extracts of Entada africana Guill. &Perott. (Fabaceae) on the snail Bulinus globosus.@Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 44(2), 281-294.@Yes$Gopalasatheeskumar, K. (2018).@Significant role of soxhlet extraction process in phytochemical research.@Mintage Journal of Pharmaceutical & Medical Sciences, 7(1), 43-47.@Yes$Gul, R., Jan, S. U., Faridullah, S., Sherani, S., & Jahan, N. (2017).@Preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of alkaloids, and antioxidant activity of crude plant extracts from Ephedra intermedia indigenous to Balochistan.@The Scientist World Journal, 1-7.@Yes$Tucker, M. S., Karunaratne, L. B., Lewis, F. A., Freitas, T. C., & Liang, Y-S. (2001).@Schistosomiasis.@Curr. Protoc. Immunol., Unit 19.1. doi.10.1002/0471142735.im1901s28.@No$Al-Obaidi, M. J., Abbas, A. H., &Abd Al-Hussain, M. Y. (2018).@Toxicity of Salvia officinalis extracts against Lymnaeaauriculariathe intermediate host of Fascioliasis cycle disease in Iraq.@Pak. J. Biotechnol., 15(3), 607-614.@Yes$Etikan, Í., Abubakar, S., & Alkassim, A. (2017).@The Kaplan-Meier estimate in survival analysis.@Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(2), 55-59.@Yes$Kwaji1, A., Adamu, H. M., &Chindo, I. Y. (2017).@Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Entada africana Guill. & Perrott Stem bark extracts.@Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 7(10),10-15.@Yes$Ayi, I., Chandre, F., Coelho, P. M. Z., El-Harawy, A. K., Elemam, M. A., Gachuhi, K., ... & Zhou, X. N. (2019).@Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of molluscicides for control of schistosomiasis.@@Yes$Owona, B. A., Njayou, N. F., Laufer, S., Moundipa, P. F., & Schluesener, H. J. (2013).@A fraction of stem bark extract of Entada africana suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells.@Journal of ethnopharmacology, 149(1), 162-168.@Yes$Mu’azu, A. B., & Usman, M. I. (2020).@Effect of Aqueous Ethanol Stem Extract of Entada africana Guill. Et Perrott. on Castor Oil and Magnesium Sulphate-Induced Diarrhoea Models in Mice.@Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9 (2), 1- 9.@Yes$Ezeonu, C. S., and Ejikeme, C. M. (2016).@Qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemical contents of indigenous Nigerian softwoods.@New Journal ofScience, 2016, 1-9.@Yes$Bagalwa, J-J. M., Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, L., Bashwira, A. S., & Baluku, J- P. B. (2014).@Evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni cercaricidal activity of Solamargine a steroid glycoalkaloid from Solanum syzybrilifolium.@International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 2(1), 15-23.@Yes$Abo-Zeid, K., & Shohayeb, M. (2015).@Evaluation of the biocidal activity of alkaloids, saponins and volatile oil extracted from Nigella sativa seeds against miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.@International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 4(1), 47-54.@Yes$Tekwu, E. M., Bosompem, K. M., Anyan, W. K., Appiah-Opong, R., Owusu, K. B. A., Tettey, M. D., ... & Nyarko, A. K. (2017).@Research Article in Vitro Assessment of Anthelmintic Activities of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) Stem Bark and Roots against Parasitic Stages of Schistosoma mansoni and Cytotoxic Study.@@Yes$Michael, E. S., Yole, D., Musila, M. F., Kutima, H., & Kareru, P. (2013).@Assessment of molluscicidal, cercericidal and miracicidal activities of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica and Entada leptostachya.@@Yes$Sadek, G. S., Harba, N. M., & Faheem, M. F. (2019).@In vitro assessment of Schistosoma mansoni cercaricidal activities of Solanum nigrum and Callistemon citrinius leaves extracts and cercarial genetic changes by RAPD-PCR.@Parasitologist United Journal, 12(1), 18-25.@Yes$Appleton, C., & Miranda. N. (2015).@Locating Bilharzia transmission sites in South Africa: guidelines for public health personnel.@South African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 30(3), 95-102.@Yes$Armah, F. A., Amoani, B., Henneh, I. T., Dickson, R. A., Adokoh, C. K., Amponsah, I. K., Adu-Gyamfi, C., & Acheampong, D. O. (2018).@In vitro cercaricidal activity of fractions and isolated compounds of Erythrophleumivorense (Fabaceae) root bark against Schistosoma haematobium.@International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 34(3), 1-9.@Yes