@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Calcium Content of Locally and Commonly Consumed Foods of Kurukshetra, Haryana, India<#LINE#>@SainiS.,V.@Davar<#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-JBS-2012-030.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Home Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, INDIA <#LINE#>27/4/2012<#LINE#>18/6/2012<#LINE#>  Calcium in human body performs vital  role. Inadequate intake of calcium may lead to serious complications like porous and fragile bones, tooth decay, muscle cramps and in extreme cases osteoporosis. Source of calcium for humans is through diet. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine “Calcium content of locally and commonly consumed foods of Kurukshetra (Haryana)”.  Thirty- four foods from six food groups were analyzed for their calcium content by AAS. Calcium content in different foods ranged from 2.43-1317.37 mg/100g. Nuts and Oilseeds contained the highest (758.43±43mg/100g) while cereals had the lowest (15.28±14.39mg/100g)calcium content. Top five foods for Calcium were Omum (1317.37±40.22), Poppy seeds (1289.13±14.68), Gingelly seeds (1167.67±32.24), cumin seeds (1006.03±47.55) and curry leaves (782.66 ±14.77). <#LINE#> @ @ Miller, G.D., Aderson, J.J.B. The role of calcium in prevention of chronic diseases. J Am Coll Nutr.18(suppl), 317s-372s, (1999) @No $ @ @ Swaminathan, M. Minerals. Foods and Nutrition. The Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., Bangalore. , 370-376, (2000) @No $ @ @ Johnson,C.M.,  and Ulrich, A.. Analytical methods for use in plant analysis. Calif.Agri.Expt.Sta.Bull. 766:54. Cited by Kochar, G.K. (1981) @No $ @ @ , Ph.D. dissertation, submitted to PAU, Ludhiana, India. (1959) @No $ @ @ 4.Gopalan, C. Ramasastri, B.V. Balasubramaniyam, S.C. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. Indian Council of Medical  Research, Hyderabad, India.  (2000) @No $ @ @ 5.Cunningham. J.H., Milligan, G. and Trevisan , L. Mineral in Australian fruits and vegetables – a comparison between the 1980s and 2000. Food standards Australia New Zealand. (2001) @No $ @ @ 6.Siong, Tee E., Khor Swan choo and Siti Mizura Shahid. Determination of Calcium in Foods by bthe Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric and Titrimetric Methods. Pertanika. 12(3),  303-311, (1989) @No $ @ @ 7.Halevy, S. Hannah Koth, and Guggenheim, K. The vitamin and mineral content of fruits and vegetables grown in Israel. Br. J. Nutr. 11, 409-413, (1957) @No $ @ @ 8.Mayer, A.M. Historical changes in the mineral content of fruits and vegetables. British Fd. J. 99(6),207-211, (1997) @No $ @ @ 9.Nordeide, M.B., Hatloy, A., Folling, M.,and Oshaug, A. Nutrient composition and nutritional importance of green leaves and wild food sources in an agriculture district, Koutiala, in Southern Mali. Int. J. Food. Sci Nutr. 45, 455-468, (1996) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Molecular Modeling and Docking Studies of PirB Fusion Protein from Photorhabdus Luminescens<#LINE#>S.K.@Maithri,K.V.@Ramesh,@DieudonnéMutangana,Sudha@Deshmukh<#LINE#>7-18<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-155.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biotechnology, Center for Postgraduate studies, Jain University, Bangalore – 560011 INDIA<#LINE#>4/9/2012<#LINE#>10/9/2012<#LINE#>  Genetic engineering of Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) has resulted in the synthesis of various novel toxin proteins which exhibits increased insecticidal activity and highly specificity towards different insect pests. The present study focused on computational studies on PirB sequence from Photorhabdus luminescens. The consensus tree generated by PHYLIP for the PirB sequence revealed that this toxin sequence does not share any ancestral relationship with other Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis considered in this study. Molecular modeling of PirB was followed by construction of two fusion proteins: Type I (PirB-Cry2AaII-Cry2AaIII) and Type II (PirB-Cry2AaII-Garlic lectin). Comparison of the 3D model of PirB with X-ray structure of N-terminal domain 1I5P_A revealed both the structures shared similar architecture. Validation of the tertiary structure of PirB by the structural assessment tools such as ProSA, ERRAT and PROCHECK suggested that the predicted structure was of reasonable quality. Docking studies carried out onto the cadherin receptor showed that Type II fusion protein had a greater affinity, suggesting the possibility of using this fusion protein as a potential bio-pesticide.  <#LINE#> @ @ Poinar G.O., Thomas G.M. and Hess R., Characteristics of the specific bacterium associated with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida), Nematologica.,23, 97–102 (1977) @No $ @ @ Chattopadhyay A. Bhatnagar N. and Bhatnagar R., Bacterial insecticidal toxins, Crit. Rev. 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<#LINE#>Elliptic Fourier analysis in describing Shape of the Mandible of the Larvae of the Coconut Leaf beetle Brontispa longissima Gestro, 1885 (Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) collected from Plants with varying Degrees of Damage<#LINE#>Tabugo@SharonRoseM.,Torres@MarkAnthonyJ.,Olowa@LilybethF.,Sabaduquia@Ma.AlberaB.,Macapil@RosabethM.,@AnaMarieAcevedo,Demayo@CesarG.<#LINE#>19-26<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-159.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, PHILIPPINES<#LINE#>7/9/2012<#LINE#>14/9/2012<#LINE#>  This study was conducted to describe the mandibles of the larvae of coconut leaf beetle (Brontispa longissima) (CLB) populations collected from plants with various degrees of damage (heavy, moderate and low) using elliptic Fourier analysis. It was hypothesized that differences in phenotypic form of populations may provide evidence of possible genetic differentiation or mere adaptations of the pest to available food types with varying degree of resistance. Results show considerable differences in mandible shapes of the three populations of the beetle collected from coconuts with different degrees of damage. Based from the canonical variate analysis (CVA), the three populations were found to be distinct from each other indicating that variations in mandible shapes can be a result of the different level of resistance of the coconut plants. The results of the study show the utility of the method of Geometric Morphometrics specifically elliptic Fourier analysis in describing shapes of mandibles of B. longgisima attacking coconut trees with different level of damage. Future studies should be directed towards unraveling the observed disparity in the shapes of the mandibles between sexes and those attacking other plant species.<#LINE#> @ @ Hosang M.L.A., Alouw J.C. and Novarianto H., Biological Control of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) in Indonesia. In:Report of the Expert Consultation on Coconut Beetle Outbreak in APPPC Member Countries, Bangkok, Thailand; RAP Publication (FAO), 29, 39-52 (2004) @No $ @ @ Guo J., Coconut beetle management in Hainan Island, China: assessment of issues, new developments and future plans, (2005) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 253.Vanhan H., Coconut beetle management in Cambodia. In: Developing an Asian-Pacific Strategy for Forest Invasive Species: The Coconut Beetle Problem - Bridging Agriculture and Forestry. 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<#LINE#>Growth, Total Lipid content and Fatty Acid Profile of a Native Strain of the Freshwater Oleaginous Microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Ralf) grown under Salt Stress Condition<#LINE#>Jayanta@Talukdar,Ch@KalitaMohan,@ra,Ch@GoswamiBhabesh,ra@<#LINE#>27-35<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-168.pdf<#LINE#>in of the Freshwater Oleaginous Microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Ralf) grown under Salt Stress Condition Talukdar Jayanta 1*, Kalita Mohan Chandra and Goswami Bhabesh Chandra1,2Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, INDIADepartment of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, INDIA<#LINE#>16/9/2012<#LINE#>21/9/<#LINE#>  Growth, fatty acid compositions and calorific value of a native freshwater oleaginous microalgae A.falcatus was studied in batch culture at light intensity 40 µ mol photons/m/s, temperature 25 ± 2 C and 16:8 h light and dark diurnal cycles. Improved growth and total lipid contents were determined with the culture grown under salinity up to 160 mM. The highest specific growth (µ=0.313 d-1) and least doubling time (T=2.21 days) with maximum increase in cell numbers (29.0 x 10 ml) were recorded in medium supplemented with 160 mM of NaCl compared to control medium (µ=0.209 d-1, T=3.32 days and 15.2 x 10 ml-1 respectively). Improved total lipid (55.3%), carbohydrate (14.5%) and protein (4.8%) contents were also determined in the culture under salinity compared to control medium (lipid 38.3%, carbohydrate 12.6% and protein 3.1% respectively). C16:0, C18:1 and C18:3 were found to be the major fatty acid components of the lipid content. Marginal increase in C18:1 (30.5%) was observed in culture grown under salinity stress. With maximum energy value of 27.9 ± 0.15 kJg-1, a close correlation (R = 0.949) between lipid content and calorific value was observed. With further augmentations of lipid content and improved fatty acids, the native microalga strain could be a potent candidate for biofuel production. <#LINE#> @ @ Borowitzka M. A. and Moheimani N. R., Sustainable biofuels from algae, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change., (2011) @No $ @ @ (doi: 10.1007/s11027-010-9271-9) 2.Hill J., Nelson E., Tilman D., Polasky S. and Tiffany D., Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and bioethanol fuels, PNAS, 30, 11206-11210 (2006) @No $ @ @ Brennan L. and Owende P., Biofuels from microalgae – A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 557-577 (2010) @No $ @ @ Piccolo T., Aquatic biofuels, GlobeFish-FIIU, (2008) @No $ @ @ (http://www.globefish.org/files/Aquaticbiofuels_638.pdf).  5.Walkar D. A., Biofuels – for better or worse?, Ann. Appl. 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Technol., 100, 261-268 (2009) @No $ @ @ Boussiba S. and Vonshak A., Astaxanthin accumulation in the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, Plant Cell Physiol., 32(7), 1077-1082 (1991) @No $ @ @ Kawai H., Motomura T. and Okuda K., Algal Culturing Techniques (Ed. Anderson R. A.), Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, USA, pp. 133-134 (2005) @No $ @ @ Levasseur M.P., Thomson A. and Harrison P.J., Physiological acclimation of marine phytoplankton to different nitrogen sources, J. Phycol., 29, 587–595 (1993) @No $ @ @ Lowry O. H., Rosebrough N. J., Farr A. L. and Randall R. J., Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265-275 (1951) @No $ @ @ Hedge J. E. and Hofreiter B. T. Methods of estimating starch and carbohydrate. In:  Carbohydrate Chemistry (Ed. Whistler R. L. and Be Miller J. N.), 17th Edition, Academic Press, New York, pp.163-201 (1962) @No $ @ @ Bligh E. G. and Dyer W. J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can. J. Biochem. 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<#LINE#>Mass Production of Tetrastichus howardii on House fly a Pupal Parasitoid of Leaf Roller-A Pest of Mulberry Plant<#LINE#>Vinod@Kumar,@SinghAmardev,Kiran@Malhotra<#LINE#>36-39<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-171.pdf<#LINE#>  Pest Management Lab. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, INDIA State Seriulture Development Department, Poonch, J&K, INDIA       State Seriulture Development Department, Udhampur, J&K, INDIA <#LINE#>19/9/2012<#LINE#>1/10/2012<#LINE#>  The findings of the experiment exhibited that mass production of Tetrastichus howardiion house fly pupa did not show any adverse effect for three generations on parasitization rate and progeny production.  <#LINE#> @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 39pulverulentalis (Hampson) on mulberry in Karnataka, Geobias New Reports,19, 73-79. (1997) @No $ @ @ Gupta S.L.,Check list of Indian Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Memoirs Ent. Soc., India, 14, 1- 87 (19943.Sharma B. and Tara J.S., Insect pests of mulberry plants (Morus sp) in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state, Indian J.l of Seri., 24, 7-11 (1985) @No $ @ @ 4.Dar M.A., Observation on the biology of Glyphodespyloalis Walker (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) a serious pestof mulberry, The collection of papers of the II International Silk Conference, China, 1-4 (1993) @No $ @ @ 5.Mavi G.S., Bhalla J.S. and Mann A.S.,Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) pest of mulberry – A new record in Punjab, J.of Seri., 4(1), 28-29 (1996) @No $ @ @ 6.Rangaswami G., Narasimhanna M.N., Kasiviswanathan K., Sastry C.R. and Jolly M.S.,FAO Sericulture Mannual- I Mulberry Cultivation, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. India,  1-150 (1976) @No $ @ @ 7.Manjunath D.,Pests of mulberry and their management, In: Advances in disease and pest management in sericulture - lead paper (Govindan, R., Ramakrishna Naika and Sannappa, B. eds.), Seri Scientific Publishers, Bangalore, 31-39 (2004) @No $ @ @ 8.Baitha A., Jalali S.K., Rabindra R.J., Venkatesan T., Rao N.S., Parasitizing efficiency of the pupal parasitoid, Tetrastichushowardii (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) at different exposure periods, J. of Biol. Contr.,18, 65-68 (2004) @No $ @ @ 9.Gomez A.K. and Gomez A.A.,Statistical procedures for Agricultural Research, Jhon Wiley and Sons, New York, 680 (1984) @No $ @ @ 10.Janet MenejisStudied on multiplication of Nesolynx thymus(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on pupa the housefly, Musa domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidea). Dissertation submitted to University of Mysore, Mysore, (1996) @No $ @ @ Ram Kishore, Pardip Kumar and D. Manhunath,Biology of Tetrastichus howardii, a parasitoid of Uzi fly, Exorista sorbillans Recent Advance of Uzi fly Research, 135-142(1993) @No $ @ @ 2.Sengupta K., Kumar P., Baig M. and Govindaiah, Handbook on Pest and Disease Control of Mulberry and Silkworm, United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and The Pacific, Thailand, 1-88 (1990) @No $ @ @ 3.Sharma B. and Tara J.S., Insect pests of mulberry plants (Morus sp) in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state, Indian J.l of Seri., 24, 7-11 (1985) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Stabilization of Local Drink "Tchakpalo" produced in Benin by addition of Essential Oil Extracted from Fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus<#LINE#>Christian@Konfo,Edwige@Ahoussi-Dahouenon,Philippe@Sessou,Boniface@Yehouenou,Sébastien@Djenontin,Comlan@deSouza,Dominique@Sohounhloue<#LINE#>40-49<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-175.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>20/9/2012<#LINE#>29/9/2012<#LINE#>  The study is a part of the valuation of the local beer tchakpalo. It was to evaluate the preservative effect of essential oil extracted from fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus for the stabilization of this drink. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The efficacy of this oil was measured against microrganisms that cause fermentation and adulteration of the drink (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium camembertii) and pathogenic microorganisms which could contaminate the product, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 by microdilution and agar diffusion methods. The yield of extraction of leaves essential oil of this plant was 1.70 ±0.02%. The major components of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus were geranial (41.3%), neral (33.0%) and myrcene (10.4%). The minimal inhibitory concentrations determined and the minimual bactericidal concentrations calculated for this oil allowed to value its antibiotical power. The essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus possessed antibiotical potency against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. It had fungicidal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.48 mg/mL, P. camembertii at 500   ppm, Aspergillus niger and F. oxysporum at 1100 ppm. The addition of this essential oil to Tchakpalo helped make this drink stable for a period of ten weeks. However, it should be noted that the conservative action of this oil is less pronounced than that of citric acid tested for the same purpose. Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus could be a potential substitute for synthetic chemical additives used in the preservation of beverages in general. Its use as biopreservative of the food deserves to be promoted. <#LINE#> @ @ FAO, Agriculture food and nutrition for Africa: a resource book for teachers of agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation, Rome, 135 (1997) @No $ @ @ Holzapfel W.H., Appropriate starter culture technologies for small-scale fermentation in developing countries, Int. J. 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Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential application in foods, A review, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, 223-253 (2004) @No $ @ @ Tatsadjieu  N., Dongmo P.M., Ngassoum M.B., F-X E., Mbofung C.M.F., Investigations on the essential oil of Lippia rugosa from Cameroun for its potential use as antifungal agent against Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries, Food control, 20 161-166 (2009) @No $ @ @ Sessou P., Farougou S., Alitonou G.,  Djenontin T. S., Yèhouénou B., Azokpota P.,Youssao I,. and Sohounhloué D., Chemical Composition and Antifungal activity of Essential oil of Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum from Benin against six Mycotoxigenic Fungi isolated from traditional cheese wagashi,I. Res. J. Biological Sci,.  (4), 22-27 (2012) @No $ @ @ Sessou P., Farougou S., Youssao I., and Sohounhloué D., In vitro Antifungal Activities of Essential oils extracted from fresh leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum gratissimum against foodborne pathogens for their use as traditional cheese Wagashi conservatives, ISCA-Res. J. Recent. Sci.,  (9), 67-73 (2012) @No $ @ @ Ohno T.N., Kita Y., Yamaoka S., Imamura T., Yamamoto S., Mutsufuji T.K.,  Kashima, J.I. Helicobacter, 207-212 (2003) @No $ @ @ Adam R.P., Identification of essential components by gas chromatography/quadruple mass spectroscopy, Allured Casol Stream (2001) @No $ @ @ Alitonou G. A., Avlessi F, Yehouenou B, Koudoro Y. A., Menut C., and Sohounhloue D., Chemical and Biological Investigation of leaves of Eucalyptus Torelliana Essential oils from Benin, ISCA-Res. J. Recent. Sci., (5) 6-12(2012) @No $ @ @ Avlessi F., Alitonou G.A., Djenontin T. S., Tchobo F., Yèhouénou B., Menut C. and Sohounhloué D., Chemical composition and Biological activities of the Essential oil extracted from the Fresh leaves of Chromolaena odorata (L. Robinson) growing in Benin, ISCA J. Biological Sci., (3), 7-13 (2012) @No $ @ @ Guiraud J., Galzy P., L’analyse microbiologique dans les industries alimentaires. Actualités Sciences et Techniques en Industrie Alimentaire, 140 p (1980) @No $ @ @ Samson A., Hoeskstra E., Frisvad J. C. and Filtenborg O., Introduction to foodborne fungi. Copyright 1995 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures ISBN 90-70351-27-7, 332 (1995) @No $ @ @ Koudoro Y.A., Alitonou G.A, Sossou-Dangou J., Yèhouénou B., Avlessi F., Menut C. and Sohounhloué D., Chemical Composition and biological activities of essential oil from Benin Diplolophium africanum Turez stem leaves, J. Soc. Ouest-Afr. Chim., 32, 1-8 (2011) @No $ @ @ Yehouenou B., Wotto V., Bankole H., Sessou P., Noudogbessi J.P., Sohounhloue D., Chemical study and antimicrobial activities of volatile extracts from fresh leaves of Crassocephalum rubens (Juss & Jack) S. Moore against food-borne pathogens, Scientific Study & Research11, 343 – 351 (2010) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 4920.Bajpai V.K., Rahman A. and Kang, S.C., Chemical composition and inhibitory parameters of essential oil and extracts of Nandina domestica. Thumb to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 125, 117-122 ( 2008) @No $ @ @ Bajpai K.V., Dung N.T., Kwon J.O. and Kang S.C., Analysis and the potential application of essential oil and leaf extracts of Silene Americana L. to control food spoilage and food-borne pathogens, J. Food Technol., 227, 1613-1620 (2008) @No $ @ @ Oussou K.R., Yolou S., Guessennd K.N., Kanko C., Ahibo C. and Casanova J., Etude Chimique et Activité Antidiarrheique des Huiles Essentielles de Deux Plantes Aromatiques de la Pharmacopée Ivoirienne, Eur. J. Sci. Res.,24, 94-103 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kpadonou K., Yayi L.E., Kpoviessi D.S., Gbaguidi F, Yèhouénou B., Quetin-Leclercq J., Figueredo G., Moudachirou M., Accrombessi G.C., Chemical variation of essential oil constituents of Ocimum gratissimum L. from Benin, and Impact on antimicrobial Properties and Toxicity against Artemia salina LEACH, Chem. Biodiversity, ,  139-150 (2012) @No $ @ @ AOAC, Official methods of analysis, 17th edition Arlington Washington D.C. 882-883 (1990) @No $ @ @ AOAC, Official methods of analysis. 18 h edition, Arlington, Bénin, 16p (1984) @No $ @ @ Dubois M., Gilles K., Hamilton J., Rebers P. and Smith F., Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances, Anal. Chemical, 28, 350-356 (1965) @No $ @ @ Watts B.M., Ylimaki G.L., Jeffery L.E. and Elias L.G., Méthodes de base pour l’évaluation sensorielle des aliments, Ottawa, Onct., CRDI, 145 (1991) @No $ @ @ AFNOR, Méthode de détermination de l’acuité gustative. Analyse sensorielle. NF V09-002 (1995) @No $ @ @ Chaumont J.P., Mandin, D., Sanda K., KobaK. K. and de SOUZA C., Activités antimicrobiennes de cinq huiles essentielles de lamiacées togolaises vis-à-vis de germes représentatifs de la microflore cutanée, Acta Bot. Gall., 148, 93-101 (2001) @No $ @ @ Koba K.S., Raynaud C., Mandin D., Millet J., Chaumont J.P., Activité antimicrobienne des huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon citratus L. (DC) Stapf., C. nardus L. Rendle et C. schoenanthus L. Spreng, J. Mycol  Méd.,13, 231-238 (2003) @No $ @ @ Aka S., N’guessan K., Yao K. and Dje K., Variabilité des propriétés physico-chimiques et dénombrement de la flore fermentaire du tchapalo, une bière traditionnelle de sorgho en Côte d’Ivoire, Afrique Science: Rev.Int. Sci. Technol.,, 1-11 (2008) @No $ @ @ Lyumugabe F., Kamaliza G., Bajyana E., Thonart P.H., Microbiological and physico-chemical characteristic of Rwandese traditional beer “Ikigage”, African Journal of Biotechnology 9, 4241-4246 (2010) @No $ @ @ Sawadogo-Lingani H., Lei, V., Diawara B., Nielsen D.S., Møller P. T., Akobsen, M., The biodiversity of predominant lactic acid bacteria in dolo and pito wort for the production of sorghum beer, J. Appl. Microbiol.,103, 765-777 (2007) @No $ @ @ Novellie L., Fermented porridges. In “Proceedings of the international symposium on Sorghum grain quality, Pantacheru, India, 67 (1982) @No $ @ @ Moll M., Bières et Coolers. Technique et Documentation Lavoisier ed., Paris, 45 (2007) @No $ @ @ Maoura N., MbaiguinamM.,Nguyen H.V., Gaillardin C. and Pourqui, J., Identification and typing of the yeast strains isolated from bili bili, a traditional sorghum beer of Chad, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 47, 646-656 (2006) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Possible Role of the Basal cells in Diagnostics of Oral Cancer<#LINE#>A.@Kausar,@PurkayasthaP.,S.@Giri<#LINE#>50-53<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-176.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Life Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, INDIA Department of ENT, Silchar Medical College, Ghungoor, Silchar 788014, Assam, INDIA <#LINE#>20/9/2012<#LINE#>18/10/2012<#LINE#>   In India, oral cancer (OSCC) account for 30-40% cancers at all sites. In North-eastern India, where this study was conducted, tobacco related oral cancer is very common. High Mortality due to cancer can be decreased significantly if it detected and treated at the initial stage of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess cellular morphology in a group of patients with oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia and oral cancer measured by means of basal cell frequency in exfoliated buccal cells. The study is the first report on the changes in basal cells associated with oral cancer. The data strongly support a positive correlation between the basal cell level and malignization (changes from pre-malignant stage to cancer). It is suggested that the evaluation of frequency of basal cells in exfoliated buccal cells may be an additional criterion for establishing oral cancer risk and the study of basal cells in buccal smears will increase the sensitivity and specificity of cytology which could impact in diagnostics and secondary prevention of oral cancer. <#LINE#> @ @ Hulka B.S., Wilcosky T.C. and Griffith J.D., Biological markers in epidemiology, Oxford Univ. Press, New York (USA), 38–75 (1990) @No $ @ @ Bonassi S., Neri M., Lando C., Ceppi M., Lin Y-P., Chang W. P., Holland N., Kirsch-Volders M., Zeiger E. and Fenech M., Effect of smoking habit on the frequency of micronuclei in human lymphocytes: results from the Human MicroNucleus project, Mutat. Res.,77, 1–12 (2003) @No $ @ @ Celik A. and Kanik A., Genotoxicity of occupational exposure to wood dust: micronucleus frequency and nuclear changes in exfoliated buccal cells, Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,47, 693–698 (2006) @No $ @ @ Kausar A., Giri S., Mazumdar M., Giri A., Roy P. and Dhar P., Micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities among betel quid chewers with or without sadagura, a unique smokeless tobacco preparation, in a population from North-East India, Mutat. Res.,677(1-2), 72–75 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mehrotra R., Gupta A., Singh M., and Ibrahim R., Application of cytology and molecular biology in diagnosing premalignant or malignant oral lesions, Mol. Cancer, , 11 (2006) @No $ @ @ Veiro J.A. and Cummins P.G., Imaging of skin epidermis from various origins using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Dermatology,189, 16–22 (1994) @No $ @ @ Thomas P., Hecker J., Faunt J. and Fenech M., Buccal micronucleus cytome biomarkers may be associated with Alzheimer's disease,  Mutagenesis , 22(6), 371–379 (2007) @No $ @ @ Belien J.A., Copper M.P., Braakhuis  B.J., Snow G.B. and Baak J.P., Standardization of counting micronuclei: definition of a protocol to measure genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, Carcinogenesis, 16, 2395-2400 (1995) @No $ @ @ Perrotte P., Matsumoto T., Inoue K., Kuniyasu H., Eve B.Y., Hicklin, D.J., Rainsky R. and Dinney C.P., Anti-epiermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 inhibits angiogenesis in human transitional cell carcinoma growing orthotopically in nue mice, Clin Cancer Res.,, 257-265 (1999) @No $ @ @ Lowe H. I.C., Watson C. T., Badal S., Ateh E. N., Toyang N.J. and Bryant J. Anti-angiogenic properties of the Jamaican ball moss, (Tillandsia recurvata L.), I.Res. J. Biological Sci.1(4), 73-76, (2012) @No $ @ @ Rich A.M., Nataatmadja M.I. and Reade P.C., Basal cell nuclear size in experimental oral mucosal carcinogenesis, Br. J. Cancer, 64, 96–98 (I991) 12.Drill V.A., Interrelationship between thyroid function and vitamin metabolism, Physial. Rev., 23, 355-379 (1943) @No $ @ @ 3.Brandwein-Gensler M., Teixeira M.S.; Lewis C.M., Lee B., Rolnitzky L., Hille J.J., Genden E., Urken M.L. and Wang B.Y., Oral squamous cell carcinoma: histologic risk assessment, but not margin status, is strongly predictive of local disease-free and overall survival, Am. J. Surg. Pathol., 29, 167–178 (2005) @No $ @ @ 4.Aweng E.R., Nur H., Mohd Nawi. M.A., Nurhanan Murni. Y., and Shamsul M. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds of VitexTrifolia Var,Simplicifolia Associated with Anticancer, ISCA J. BiologicalSci., 1(3), 65-68, (2012) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Gas Chromatographic and UV-VIS spectrometric analysis of Bisphenol-A degradation in garden soil collected from Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India<#LINE#>M.@Kamaraj,L.@Jansi,Sivaraj@Rajeshwari,Sama@Kavitha,@HasnaAbdulSalam,P.@Rajiv<#LINE#>54-60<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-179.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Karpagam University, Coimbatore-641021, Tamil Nadu, INDIA <#LINE#>24/9/2012<#LINE#>15/10/2012<#LINE#>  Degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) was studied under laboratory conditions in garden soil. The degradation of 100ppm BPA was carried out in sterile and non-sterile soil samples. It was found that BPA residue was does not progressively degrade with time. More than 65% of BPA was not degraded within 30 days treatment. The degradation was high in non-sterile sample than in sterile sample. Degradation pattern indicated that BPA was reduced by 5% in sterile soil sample, whereas 26.35% was observed in non sterile soil sample at the end of the experiment. The degradation in non sterile soil may be due to the effect of micro organisms and in sterile soil it may due to photochemical reactions. <#LINE#> @ @ Brussaard L., Behan-Pelletier V. M., Bignell D. E  et al., Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in soil, AMBIO 26, 563-570 (1997) @No $ @ @ Shivaramaiah H. M and Arulganesh, Degradation of quinalphos in soil, Green Farming, 2 (2), 94-96 (2008) @No $ @ @ World Health Organisation, Rapid assessment of sources of air, water and land pollution, WHO offset Publication, Geneva, No.62, 1131982) 4.Chen J., Huang X and Lee D., Bisphenol A removal by membrane bioreactor, Process   Biochemistry, 43, 451-456 (2008) @No $ @ @ 5.Kang  J.H and  Kondo F., Bisphenol A degradation in river water is different from that in seawater, Chemosphere, 60, 1288–1292 (2005) @No $ @ @ 6.Alexander H. C., Dill D. C., Smith L. W., Guiney P. D. and Dorn P., Bisphenol A: acute aquatic toxicity,Environ.Toxicol. Chem., 7 (1), 19–26 (1988) @No $ @ @ 7.Yamada K., Urase T., Matsuo T. and Suzuki N., Constituents of organic pollutions in leachates from different types of landfill sites and their fate in the treatment processes, Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment, 22 (1), 40–45 (1999) @No $ @ @ 8.Behnisch P. A., Fujii K., Shiozaki K., Kawakami I., and Sakai S.I., Estrogenic and dioxin-like potency in each step of a controlled landfill leachate treatment plant in Japan,Chemosphere, 43, 977–984 (2001) @No $ @ @ 9.Filho I.N., Muhlen C.V, Schossler P.V and Caramao E.B., Identification of some plasticizers compounds landfill leachate, . Chemosphere, 50, 657–663 (2003) @No $ @ @ 10.Yamamoto T., Yasuhara A., Shiraishi H and Nakasugi O., Bisphenol A in hazardous waste landfill leachates, Chemosphere, 42 (4), 415– 418 (2001) @No $ @ @ Rubin B. S and Soto A. M., Bisphenol A: perinatal exposure and body weight, Mol Cell Endocrinol., 304 (1-2), 55–62 (2009) @No $ @ @ 2.Brunete C.S.,Miguel E and Tadeo J.L., Determination of tetrabromobisphenol-A, tetrachlorobisphenol-A and bisphenol-A in soil by ultrasonic assisted extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 1216 (29), 5497–5503 (2009) @No $ @ @ 3.Masuda M., Yamasaki Y., Ueno S. and Inoue A., Isolation of bisphenol A-tolerant/ degrading Pseudomonas monteiliistrain N-502, Extremophiles, 11 (2), 355-362 (2007) @No $ @ @ 4.Munnecke D. M., Johnson H. W., Tal B. Barik, Microbial metabolism and enzymology of selected pesticides. In biodegradation and detoxification of environmental pollutants, Edited Chakrabarty A. M., CRC, Press Boca Raton, FL (1982) @No $ @ @ 5.Alexander M., Biodegradation of Chemicals of Environmental Concern, Science, 211 (4478) @No $ @ @ , 132-138 (1981) @No $ @ @ Katayama A and Matsumura F, Degradation of organochlorine pesticides particularly endosulfan by Trichoderma harzianum, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 12 (6), 1059-1065 (1993) @No $ @ @ Kullman S. W. and Matsumura F., Identification of a Novel Cytochrome P-450 Gene from the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Appl Environ Microbiol., 63 (7), 2741-2746 (1997) @No $ @ @ Shalini Singh, Dureja P. and Kumar S., Biodegradation of endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate in Indian soils, J Environ Sci Health B, 35 (3), 337-346 (2000) @No $ @ @ Dorn P. B., Chou C. and Gentempo J. J., Degradation of Bisphenol A in natural waters, Chemosphere, 16 (7), 1501-1507 (1987) @No $ @ @ Ike M., Jin C. S. and Fujita M., Biodegradation of bisphenol A in the aquatic environment, Water Science and Technology, 42 (7-8), 31-38 (2000) @No $ @ @ Klecka G. M., Gonsior S. J., West R. J., Goodwin P. A. and Markham D. A., Biodegradation of bisphenol A in aquatic environments: river die-away, Environ Toxicol Chem., 20 (12), 2725-2735 (2001) @No $ @ @ Kang J. H., Ri N. and Kondo F., Streptomyces sp. strain isolated from river has high bisphenol A degradability, Lett Appl Microbiol., 39 (2), 178-180 (2004) @No $ @ @ Kang J.H and Kondo F., Effects of bacterial counts on the biodegradation of bisphenol A in river water, Chemosphere, 49 (2), 493-498 (2002) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 6024.Kang J. H. and Kondo F., Bisphenol A degradation by bacteria isolated from river water, Archives of Environmental Contaminations and Toxicology, 43 (3), 265-269 (2002) @No $ @ @ Yin G. G., Kookana R. S. and Ru Y. J., Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment, Environ Int., 28 (6), 545-551 (2002) @No $ @ @ Awasthi N., Manikam N. and Kumar A., Biodegradation of endosulfan by a bacterial coculture, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59 (6), 928-934 (1997) @No $ @ @ Shivramaiah H. M., Organochlorine Pesticides in Agroecosystem: Monitoring Residues with Suitable Strategies for Their Management and Remediation, Department of Agricultural chemistry and soil science, University of Sydney Australia (1999) @No $ @ @ Dragun J., The Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute, Silver Spring, MD, 319–320 (1988) @No $ @ @ Burauel P., Wais A., Fuhr F., Soil-Bound Residues, The Lysimeter Concept, ACS Symposium Series, Edited Fuhr F., Hance R. J., Plimmer J. R., Nelson J. O., 699 (13), 177–188 (1997) @No $ @ @ Bettmann H. and Rehm H. J., Degradation of phenol by polymer entrapped microorganisms, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 20 (5), 285-290 (1984) @No $ @ @ Lallai A and  Mura G., pH variation during phenol biodegradation  in  mixed cultures  of  microorganisms,Water Research, 23 (11), 1335-1338 (1989) @No $ @ @ Sokal R.R. and Rohlf F.J., Biometry, second ed. WH Freeman and Co., New York (1981) @No $ @ @ Lobos J. H., Leib T. K. and Su T., Biodegradation of bisphenol A and other bisphenols by a gram-negative aerobic bacterium, Appl Environ Microbiol., 58 (6), 1823-1831 (1992) @No $ @ @ Spivack J., Leib T. K. and Lobus J. H., Novel pathway for bacterial metabolism of bisphenol A. Rearrangements and stilbene cleavage in bisphenol A metabolism, J Biol Chem., 269 (10), 7323- 7329 (1994) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients with Immunoblotting<#LINE#>S.@Bhattacharyya,@KhuranaS.,M.L.@Dubey<#LINE#>61-64<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-188.pdf<#LINE#>  Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA<#LINE#>8/10/2012<#LINE#>17/10/2012<#LINE#>  Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic illness affecting humans. Reactivation of latent infection in HIV infected patients can cause encephalitis. Diagnosing the disease rests on serological methods.  ELISA for IgG antibodies remains positive in most HIV-infected patients with toxoplasmosis while immunoblotting can predict the development of encephalitis. Immunodiagnosis by urine sample is easy and has been successfully tried in other parasitoses. So this study aimed at detection of antitoxoplasma antibodies by immunoblotting in sera and urine of HIV infected patients. In patients tested positive for antitoxoplasma IgG, the 97 kDa and 53 kDa antigenic bands were the most reactive in serum and urine respectively.These antigens can be purified and used for immunodiagnosis by ELISA and similar procedures to increase the specificity of diagnosis.   <#LINE#> @ @ Dubey J.P., Toxoplasmosis. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, eds. Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 9th Ed. New York: Arnold and Hodder, 303-318 (1998) @No $ @ @ Montoya J.G., Kovacs J.A. and Remington J.S., Toxoplasma gondii. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th Ed. Philadelphia. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 3170-3193 (2005) @No $ @ @ Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.          International Science Congress Association 64diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, J. Commun. Dis., 23(2), 154-6 (1991) @No $ @ @ 5.McCabe R.E. and Remington J.S., The Diagnosis and Treatment of Toxoplasmosis, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol, 2(2), 95-104 (1983) @No $ @ @ 6.Gamble H.R., Dubey J.P. and Lambillote D.N., Comparison of commercial ELISA with  the agglutination test  for detection of Toxoplasma infection in the domestic pig, Vet. Parasitol., 128(3), 177-81 (2005) @No $ @ @ 7.Joseph P., Calderon M.M. and Gilman R.H. et al., Optimisation and evaluation of a PCR  assay for detecting toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS, J.  Clin. Microbiol., 40(12), 4499-503 (2002) @No $ @ @ 8.Hafid J., Flori P., Raberin H. and Sung R.T.M., Comparison of PCR, Capture ELISA and   immunoblotting for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in infected mice, J. Med. Microbiol., 50, 1100-1104 (2001) @No $ @ @ 9.Raffi F., Aboulker J.P., Franck, J., Reliquet V., Huart A., Pelloux H., Derouin F., Dupouy-Camet J., Leport C. and Ambroise-Thomas P., Contribution of immunoblot to diagnosis of toxoplasma encephalitis: a prospective study of 186 AIDS patients.Program Abstr 4th Conf Retrovir Oppor Infect Conf Retrovir Oppor Infect 4th 1997 Wash DC. 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th: 128 (1997) @No $ @ @ 10.Ravinder, P.T., Parija, S.C., Rao K.S. Urinary Hydatid antigen detection by coagglutination, a cost-effective and rapid test for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in a rural or field setting, J. Clin. Microbiol., 38(8), 2972-74 (2000) @No $ @ @ Itoh M. and Ohta N. and Kanazawa T., Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with urine samples: a tool for surveillance of schistosomiasis japonica, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health., 34(3), 469-72 (2003) @No $ @ @ 2.Stroehle A., Scmid K., Heinzer I., Naguleswaran A. and Hemphill A., Performance of a Western Immunoblot assay to detect specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in human saliva, J. Parasitol., 91(3), 561-563 (2005) @No $ @ @ 3.Wong SY, Hajdu MP, Ramirez P, Thulliez P, McLeod R, Remington JS. Role of specific Immunoglobulin E in diagnosis of acute Toxoplasma infection and toxoplasmosis, J. Clin. Microbiol., 13(11), 2952-2959 (1993) @No $ @ @ 4.Marra C., Distinguishing Central Nervous System lymphoma from Toxoplasma encephalitis, Ann. Int. Med., 120(9), 812-813 (1994) @No $ @ @ 5.Holec L., ska-Sawicka EBH, Gasior A., Brillowska-Dabrowska A., Kur J., Use of MAG1 Recombinant Antigen for Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans, Clin. Vaccine. Immunol., 14(3), 220–225 (2007) @No $ @ @ 6.Raffi F., Franck J., Pelloux H., Derouin F., Reliquet V., Ambroise-Thomas P., Aboulker J.P., Leport C. and Duman H., Specific anti-toxoplasmic IgG antibody immunoblot profiles in patients with AIDS-associated Toxoplasmaencephalitis, Diagn. Microbiol. Inf. Dis., 34(1), 51-56 (1999) @No $ @ @ 7.Ribeiro  A.C.D., De Souza M.A. and Mineo J.R., Detection of Antibodies to the 97 kDa   component of Toxoplasmagondii in samples of human serum, Mem. Institut. Oswaldo Cruz., 97(7), 1009-1013 (2002) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Embryonic Developmental Stages in Cultured Rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus, Bloch 1787)<#LINE#>Tabugo@,M.@SharonRose,Sendaydiego@,P.@Judy,Requieron@,@ElaniA.,Dimalen@,D.@Marilu<#LINE#>65-70<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-189.pdf<#LINE#> 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City;Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro City, PHILIPPINES <#LINE#>9/10/2012<#LINE#>15/10/2012<#LINE#>  In the Philippines, the rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus, Bloch, 1787) has significant aquaculture potential because of its high demand and increasing value. Studies on breeding and behavioural patterns including aspects on larval rearing and juvenile production are available for rabbitfishes. However, there are relatively few studies on the early development especially, on the description of eggs and embryonic development hence, this study was conducted. The present study describes the embryonic development of Siganus guttatus. It highlights the changing spectrum of developmental processes that occur under desirable conditions. The ripe egg diameter is around 550 m and egg colour is transparent and filled with fat globules. In this study the process of embryonic development was divided into five (5) periods: zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula and segmentation until it reached the larval stage. Asynchronous pattern of cleavage starts after the 32 cell stage and become progressively more variable in the later stages. The different stages that are recognizable for each period were documented and time lapsed of each embryonic development was recorded. This study will serve as baseline information for future studies on rabbitfishes, useful for optimization of large scale culture to enhanced captive production.<#LINE#> @ @ Puvaneswari S., Marimuthu K., Karuppasamy R. and Haniffa M.A., Early embryonic and larval development of Indian catfish, Heteroneustes fossilis, EurAsian Journal of Bioscience, , 84-96 (2009) @No $ @ @ Khan M.M.R. and Mollah M.F.A., Embryonic and larval development of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries, 21, 91-97 1998) 3.Rachmansyah U. and Lante S.,Rabbitfish Siganus guttatus breeding and larval rearing trial, Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture, Indonesia, 39-40 (19974.Rask M., The effect of low pH on perch, Perca fluviatilis L.I. Effects of low pH on the development of eggs of perch, Ann. Zool. Fennici., 21, 9-13 (1984) @No $ @ @ 5.Peterson R.H., Daye P.G. and Metcalfe J.L., The effects of low pH on hatching of Atlantic salmon eggs, Roc. Int. Conf. Imp. Acid, 328, SNSF Project (1980) @No $ @ @ 6.Gilbert S.F., Developmental Biology. 6th ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers (2000) @No $ @ @ 7.Kimmel C.B., Ballard W.W., Kimmel S.R., Ullmann B. and Schilling T.F., Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish, Developmental Dynamics, 203, 253-310 1995) 8.Solnica-Krezel L. and Driever W. Microtubule arrays of the zebrafish yolk cell: organization and function during epiboly, Development, 120, 2443-2455 (1994) @No $ @ @ 9.Schmitz B., Papan C. and Campos-Ortega J.A. Neurulation in the anterior trunk region of the zebrafish: Brachydanio rerio, Roux’s Arch. Dev. Biol.,202, 250-259 (1993) @No $ @ @ 10.Hall T.E., Smith P. and Johnston I.A., Stages of embryonic development in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua,Journal of Morphology,259, 255-270 (2004) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Social Influence of Biological Viruses on Communities<#LINE#>Iqbal@Salwa,Raffat@SheikhKashif,@MuhammadShahabSiddiqui,Siddiq@Muhammad<#LINE#>71-75<#LINE#>11.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-190.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Computer Science and IT, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, PAKISTAN HIIT, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi, PAKISTAN<#LINE#>10/10/2012<#LINE#>18/10/2012<#LINE#>  Biological viruses are the world smallest microorganism that survives and dependant on other organisms. Biological viruses have impact on different communities like human, plant and animal. Viruses affect along with their hosts and have been recently classified using ontologies. The Biological Viruses Community Ontology (BVCO) contains different viral communities that allow investigating different biological viruses and its impact on those communities. The BVCO based on Core Ontology (Biological Viruses Ontology) which has the viruses definition and Species Ontology which contains the communities of living organism. This all-ontological information will help us to classify and analyze the impact of viruses on different communities. Viruses have badly and beneficial influences, as infectious diseases or a biological weapon, plant virus transmission process, marine nutrient and energy cycles, virus impacts continues to spread all over the world. The current study aims to define the good or bad impacts of virus on society. <#LINE#> @ @ Raffat S.K., Siddiqui M.S., Shaikh Z.A. and Memon A.R., Towards the development of Biological Viruses Community Ontology (BVCO), J. of Comp., 3(4), 125-129 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kung S.D. and Yang, S.F., The Discovery of the Causal Agent of the Tobacco Mosaic Disease, Discoveries in Plant Biology, The World Publishing Co., Ltd. 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<#LINE#>Protective Effects of Vitamin C on Haematological Parameters in Intoxicated Wistar Rats with Cadmium, Mercury and Combined Cadmium and Mercury<#LINE#>A.S.Y.@Hounkpatin,R.C.@Johnson,P.@Guédénon,E.@Domingo,C.G.@Alimba,@BokoM.,P.A.@Edorh<#LINE#>76-81<#LINE#>12.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-198.pdf<#LINE#>1,4Interfaculty Centre of Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 1463, Cotonou, BENIN Department of Geography and Planning, Processing Laboratory of Geographic Information and  Planning Analysis, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 939, Porto-Novo, BENIN Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, university of Lagos, NIGERIA Departement of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 526, Cotonou, BENIN<#LINE#>21/10/2012<#LINE#>31/10/2012<#LINE#>  Cadmium and mercury are reported as heavy metals that induce blood disorders and immunological effects. This study was performed to determine the haematological toxicity of cadmium, mercury and evaluated the protective antioxidant role of vitamin C. For this purpose, 65 rats were divided into 13 lots of 5 animals, grouped into 2 groups of 6 lots and one control group. Two different doses of each metal and their combination were administered orally for 28 consecutive days to 6 lots of 1 group. The first two lots (A, B) respectively were exposed to cadmium chloride, two other lots (C, D) were respectively received mercury chloride and the last two lots of this group (E, F) were respectively treated with the combination of these two metals. The second group of 6 lots (Ac, Bc, Cc, Dc, Ec, Fc) respectively have received over the previous doses of metals, a daily dose of Vitamin C during the same period. The control group (G) received the same volume of distilled water. At the end of exposure, the body weight of rats was weighed and whole blood was collected by retro-orbital sinus for analysis of haematological parameters. The results of this study showed a significant decrease (P 0.05) on white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular, hemoglobin concentration with high concentrations of mercury and the combination of high concentrations of cadmium and mercury. However, co-administration of mercury, cadmium and mercury and vitamin C had a protective effect on the potential harmful metals. <#LINE#> @ @ Jagadeessan G. and Pillai S.S., Hepatoprotective Effect of Taurine against Mercury Induced Toxicity in Rat, J. Environ. Biol., 28, 753-756 (2007) @No $ @ @ Akinyeye A.J. and Okorie T.G., Heavy Metal Studies of Industrial Effluent on Alaro Stream Sediment, I. Res. J. 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@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Desoxirrobonuclease Activity in Clinical Mycoplasma fermentans Isolate<#LINE#>Antonio@Rivera,Lilia@Cedillo,Hern@,Fern@ez,@o,Silvia@Giono<#LINE#>82-84<#LINE#>13.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-164.pdf<#LINE#>Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, MÉXICO <#LINE#>12/9/2012<#LINE#>18/9/2012<#LINE#>  Mycoplasmas are a heterogeneous group of the smallest organisms capable of self replication, some mycoplasmas cause respiratory or urogenital diseases in humans. However, mycoplasmas often chronically colonize our respiratory and urogenital tracts without apparent clinical significance. In this respect, wall free mycoplasmas are among the few prokaryotes that can grow silently in close interaction with mammalian cells for a long period of time. However, prolonged interactions with mycoplasmas of seemingly low virulence could, through a gradual and progressive course, significantly affect many biologic properties of mammalian cells. DNases are important constituents of mycoplasmal membranes and may be involved in the acquisition of host nucleic acids required for growth. The objective was detected DNase activity in clinical Mycoplasma fermentans isolate. Digestion products were analyzed by loading a Tris-borate agarose gel, absorbance and medium for DNase test. DNase activity was observed in strains tested and the levels of activity varied, Mycoplasma fermentans P140 showing greater activity. Results suggest DNase activities may be essential for growth and survival, this finding suggest that there is a mechanism of nucleotide acquisition. <#LINE#> @ @ Tsai S., Wear D.J., Shih J.W. and Lo S.C. Mycoplasmas and oncogenesis: persistent infection and multistage malignant transformation, Proct Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 10197-10201 (1995) @No $ @ @ Feng S.H., Tsai S., Rodriguez J., and Lo, S.C. Mycoplasmal infectious prevent apoptosis and induce malignant transformation of interleukin-3-dependent 32D hematopoietic cells. Mol Cell Biol, 19, 7995-8002 (1999) @No $ @ @ Iyama K., Zhang S. and Lo, S.C. Effects of mycoplasmal LAMPs on receptor in mammalian cells, Curr Microbiol, 43, 163-169 (2001) @No $ @ @ Liu W., and Shou C., Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma fermentans induce cell apoptosis and changes in expression profiles of 32D cells. Biol Res, 44, 383-391 (2011) @No $ @ @ Hung-Wei S., Tze L., Huang-I C., Keh-Ming W., Hung-Yu S., Shin-Feng T., Kwang-Jen H., Wensi S.H. and Wailap V.N. Genome sequence of the repetitive-sequence-rich Mycoplasma fermentans strain M64, J Bacteriol, 193, 4302-4303 (2011) @No $ @ @ Razin S., The mycoplasmas. Microbiol Rev, 42, 414-470 (1978) @No $ @ @ Razin S., Gottfried L. and Rottem S., Amino acid transport in mycoplasma, J Bacteriol, 95, 1685-1691 (1968) @No $ @ @ Bendjennat M., Blanchard A., Loutfi M., Montagnier L. and Bahraoui E., Role of Mycoplasma penetrans endonuclease P40 as a potential pathogenic determinant. Infect Immun, 67, 4456-4462 (1999) @No $ @ @ Minion F.C. and Coguen J.D., Identification and preliminary characterization of a membrane-bound endonuclease in Mycoplasma pulmonis,Infect Immun, 51, 352-354 (1986) @No $ @ @ Roganti F.S., and Rosenthal A.L. DNase of  Acholeplasma spp. J Bacteriol, 155, 802-805 (1983) @No $ @ @ Paddenberg R., Weber A., Wulf S. and Mannherz H.G. Mycoplasma nucleases able to induce internucleosomal DNA degradation in cultured cells possess many characteristics of eukaryotic apoptotic nucleases, Cell Death Differ, , 517-528 (1998) @No $ @ @ Cowen B.S., and Smith S.C. Nuclease activities of Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a function of culture age in different media. J Bacteriol, 109, 21-24 (1972) @No $ @ @ Campo L., Larocque P., La Malfa T., Blackburn W. and Watson H.L. Genotypic and phenotypic of analyses of Mycoplasma fermentans strains isolated from different host tissues, J Clin Microbiol, 36, 1371-1377 (1998) @No $ @ @ Rechnitzer H., Brzuszkiewicz E., Strittmatter A., Liesegang H., Lysnyansky I., Daniel R., Gottschalk G. and Rottem S., Genomic features and insights into biology of Mycoplasma fermentans,Microbiology, 157, 760-773 (2011) @No $ @ @  @No $
<#LINE#>Effect of Different Nutrient Sources on Biomass Production of Phylloplane Yeast Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary)<#LINE#>@JadhavD.M.,D.U.@Gawai<#LINE#>85-87<#LINE#>14.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-199.pdf<#LINE#> PG Department of Botany, NES Science College Nanded, MP, INDIA<#LINE#>23rd/10/2012<#LINE#>1/11/2012<#LINE#>  Effect of five different carbon sources namely glucose, maltose, sucrose, dextrose, starch and five different nitrogen sources viz, KNO, NaNO, (NH2 SO, NHCl, and Peptone  were evaluated for biomass production of four isolates of  Aureobasidium pullulans in submerged liquid culture. Of the five sugars tested maximum biomass of isolates of   A. pullulans were obtained in liquid medium containing dextrose as a carbon source, followed by glucose and sucrose. The isolates grown in maltose and starch produced less biomass as compared to other all carbon sources tested. Similarly the nitrogen sources like KNO, NaNO3 andPeptone showed maximum biomass production in submerged liquid culture as compared to other two nitrogen sources studied. Overall results showed that dextrose and KNO3 are the good carbon and nitrogen sources respectively.  <#LINE#> @ @ De Bary, Comparative morphology and biology of fungi, Mycetozo and Bacteria, P. 271-272, Oxford, Clardon Press (1887) @No $ @ @ Dickinson C.H. and Preece T.F. Microbiology of aerial plant surfaces, Academic Press, London, 293 (1976) @No $ @ @ Blackeman J.P., Ecological succession of leaf surface micro-organisms in relation to biological control, Am. Phytopathol. Soc. Sym., 3, 6-30 (1985) @No $ @ @ Cook W.B., An ecological life history of Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) Arnaud, Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 12, 1-45 (1959) @No $ @ @ Hermanides- Nijhof E.J., Aureobasidium and allied genera, Stud. Mycol., 15, 141-222 (1977) @No $ @ @ Herman J. Phaff, Willium T. Starmer, Yeast associated with plants, Insects and soil, In A.H. Rose J.S. Harrison, The yeasts, Vol I, The biology of yeasts second edition, Academic Press, 136 (1987) @No $ @ @ Andrews J.H., Harris R.F., Speaer R.N., Lau G.W. and Nordheim E.V., Morphogenesis and adhesion of Aureobasidium pullulans, Can J. Microbiol, 40, 6-17 (1994) @No $ @ @ Samson R.A., Hoekstra E.S. and Frisvad J.C., Introduction to food and airborne fungi, 7th Ed. Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, 150-177  (2004) @No $ @ @ Bilgrami K.S. and Verma R.N., Physiology of Fungi.Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 493 (1978) @No $ @ @ Zibilske L.M., Composting of organic wastes. In: Principles and application of soil Microbiology (ed. Sylvia, et al,). Prentice Hall, New Jersey U.S.A., 484 (1999) @No $ @ @ Narasimha G., Sridevi A., Buddolla V., Subhosh C.M. and Rajaseekhar R.B., Nutrient Effect on production of cellulolytic enzymes by  Aspergillus niger, African Journal of Biotechnology5(5), 472-476 (2006) @No $ @ @ Husian S.S. and Zamir K., Studies on nutrition of Fungi, Pak J. Bot.,3(2), 79-82 (1970) @No $ @ @ Bharati T., Kulkarni J.H., Krishnaraj P.U. and Alagawadi A.R., Effect of different carbon sources on the biopmass of Metarhizium anisopliae,Karnataka J Agri Sci., 20(2), 310-311 (2007) @No $ @ @ Jonathan S.G., The effect of different nutrient sources on biomass production of  Lepiota procera in submerged liquid cultures, African J. of Biotechnol.,5(12), 1246-1249 (2006) @No $ @ @ Campbell R.K., Elkenbary Barnes G.L., Artwright B.O. and Elkenbary R.D., Growth and sporulation of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in basal medium containing various carbon sources, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,41, 117-121 (1983) @No $ @ @ Kumara W.K.L. and Rawal R.D., Influence of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH on the growth of some Indian isolates of Colletotrichum gleosporidies causing anthracnose of papaya, Tropical Agri. Res and ext., 11, 7-12 (2008) @No $ @ @  @No $
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Microbial Lipases: Industrial Applications and Properties (A Review)<#LINE#>N.@Verma,@ThakurS.,A.K.@Bhatt<#LINE#>88-92<#LINE#>15.ISCA-IRJBS-2012-180.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, Manav Bharti University, Solan, HP – 173229, INDIADepartment of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, HP – 171005, INDIA<#LINE#>25/9/2012<#LINE#>1/10/2012<#LINE#>  Enzymes are considered nature’s catalysts. Lipases are versatile enzymes that are used widely.  In fact, over the last few years, there has been a progressive increase in the number of publications related to properties and industrial applications of lipase-catalyzed reactions. So by keeping in view the immense applications of lipase enzyme the present review is focused on properties such as pH and temperature kinetics, stability in organic solvents, effect of metal ions, lipase inhibitors, non-specific reversible inhibitors andvarious industrial applications including fat and oil processing, food industry, detergents, pulp and paper industry, oleochemical industry, environment management, tea processing, biosensors, diagnostic tools, cosmetics and perfumery and medical applications of lipase. <#LINE#> @ @ Sharma C.K. and Kanwar S.S., Purification of a Novel Thermophilic Lipase from B. licheniformis MTCC-10498, ISCA J. 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B., 22(5-6), 329-338 (2003) @No $ @ @ Kumar A. and Kanwar S.S., Synthesis of isopropyl ferulate using silica-immobilized lipase in an organic medium, Enzyme Res., 2011, 1-8 (2011) @No $ @ @ Patil K.J., Chopda M.Z. and Mahajan R.T., Lipase biodiversity, Indian J. Sci. Tech., 4(8), 971-982 (2011) @No $ @ @ Jaeger K.-E., Dijkstra B.W. and Reetz M.T., Bacterial biocatalysts: Molecular biology, three dimensional structures, and biotechnological applications of lipases, Annu. Rev. Microbiol.53, 315-351 (1999) @No $ @ @ Gupta R., Rathi P. and Bradoo S., Lipase mediated upgradation of dietary fats and oils, Crit. Rev. Food SciNutr., 43, 635-644, (2003) @No $ @ @ Clausen K., Enzymatic oil-degumming by a novel microbial phospholipase, Eur. J. Lipid SciTechnol., 103, 333-340 (2001) @No $ @ @ Ghosh P.K., Saxena T.K., Gupta R., Yadav R.P. and Davidson S., Microbial lipases: Production and applications. Sci. Prog.,79, 119–157 (1996) @No $ @ @ Saxena R.K., Ghosh P.K., Gupta R., Davidson W.S., Bradoo S. and Gulati R., Microbial lipases: Potential biocatalysts for the future industry, Curr. Sci.,77(1), 101–115, (1999) @No $ @ @ Reetz M.T., Lipases as practical biocatalysts, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 6(2), 145-150 (2002) @No $ @ @ Macedo G.A., Lozano M.M.S. and Pastore G.M., Enzymatic synthesis of short chain citronellyl esters by a new lipase from Rhizopus sp., Electron.J. Biotechnol., 6(1), 72-75 (2003) @No $ @ @ Bajpai D. and Tyagi V.K., Laundry detergents: An overview, J. Oleo. Sci., 56, 327-340 (2007) @No $ @ @ Weerasooriya M.K.B. and Kumarasinghe A.A.N., Isolation of alkaline lipase from rubber seed- Partial purification, characterization and its potential applications as a detergent additive, Indian J. Chem. Techn., 19, 244-249 (2012) @No $ @ @ Jeon J.H., Kim J.T., Kim Y.J., Kim H.K., Lee H.S., Kang S.G., Kim S.J., Lee J.H., Cloning and characterization of a new cold-active lipase from a deep-sea sediment metagenome,Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 81, 865-874 2009) 30.Bajpai P., Application of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry, Biotechnol. Prog., 15(2), 147-157 (1999) @No $ @ @ 1.Pandey A., Benjamin S., Soccol C.R., Nigam P., Krieger N. and Soccol V.T., The realm of microbial lipases in biotechnology,  Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 29(2), 119–131 (1999) @No $ @ @ 2.Lin J.F., Lin Q., Li J., Fei Z.A., Li X.R., Xu H., Qiao D.R. and Cao Y., Bacterial diversity of lipase-producing strains in different soils in southwest of China and characteristics of lipase, Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 6(16), 3797-3806 (2012) @No $ @ @ Buchon L., Laurent P., Gounot A.M., Guespin M.J.F., Temperature dependence of extracellular enzyme production by psychotrophic and psychrophilic bacteria, Biotechnol. 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Dermatol., 27, 519–522 (2000) @No $ @ @ 40.Simons J.W.F.A., Adams H., Cox R.C., Dekker N., Gotz F., Slotboom A.J. and Verheij H.M., The lipase from Staphylococcus aureus: Expression in Escherichia coli, large-scale purification and comparison of substrate specificity to Staphylococcus hyicus lipase, Eur J Biochem., 242, 760–769 (1996) @No $ @ @ 1.Metzger J.O. and Bornscheuer U., Lipids as renewable resources: Current state of chemical and biotechnological conversion and diversification, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 71, 13-22 (2006) @No $ @ @ 2.Maugard T., Rejasse B. and Legoy M.D., Synthesis of water-soluble retinol derivatives by enzymatic method, Biotechnol. Prog., 18, 424-428 (2002) @No $ @ @ 3.Annenkov G.A., Klepikov N.N., Martynova L.P. and Puzanov V.A., Wide range of the use of natural lipases and esterases to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Probl. Tuberk. Bolezn. Legk., 6, 52-56 (2004) @No $ @ @ Matsumae H., Furui M. and Shibatani T., Lipase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of 3-phenylglycidic acid ester, the key intermediate in the synthesis of diltiazem hydrochloride, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 75, 93-98 (1993) @No $ @ @  @No $