International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

Apicultural practice in Nigeria: an exploitative potential for rural dwellers development - A review

    , , ,

Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • 2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • 3Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • 4Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

Res. J. Agriculture & Forestry Sci., Volume 12, Issue (2), Pages 7-18, April,8 (2024)

Abstract

Awareness creation on the income generating activities of rural dwellers in developing countries like Nigeria has been a recent topic. Apiculture as an aspect of agriculture stands as an unexploited area of farming, which is capable of sustaining the rural dwellers in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Based on the importance of honeybee and its product, it appears a means of improving the standard of living among rural dwellers. However, most people resident in the rural areas are quite often discouraged from engaging in apiculture due to several observable challenges; such as the aggressiveness of the bees and pains emanating from bee venom/sting. The government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have an active role to play in tackling these challenges by educating rural dwellers on the importance and most efficient ways of keeping honeybees. This review concludes that, proper training, research and awareness creation on the principles and practice of apiculture should be encouraged to ensure a sustainable livelihood among rural dwellers in Nigeria and all over the world.

References

  1. Ajekigbe, J. M. (2007)., Financial Intermediation for Unlocking Potentials in Nigeria., Power Point Presentation. First Bank of Nigeria.
  2. Oyaniran, T. (2020)., Current State of Nigeria Agriculture and Agribusiness Sector., AfCFTA Workshop. Retrieved on 15th February, 2022
  3. Sarwar, M. (2014)., Understanding the Importance and Scope of Agricultural Education to the Society., International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences, 1(2): 2349–5219.
  4. Ratnadass, A., Thibaud, M., & Deguine, J. P. (2022)., Besides medical and veterinary entomology, research in agricultural entomology is also central to the one health concept., ESA. Annapolis: ESA, 1 p. Annual ESA International Branch Virtual Symposium. 5, s.l., États-Unis.
  5. Naveena, N. L., Subramanya, S. & Setty, S. (2022)., Guild structure of stored grain insects reflects food resource availability in tropical forest ecosystems., Journal of Stored Products Research, 96, 101953.
  6. Amssalu, A. B. (2003)., Multivariate morphometric analysis and behaviour of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in the southern regions of Ethiopia.,
  7. Labe, T. E. (2017)., Prospects and Challenges of Apiculture Business in Nigeria- A Review., Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, 9(2): 83 - 91.
  8. Akinade, T. G. (2019)., Prospects and Challenges of Beekeeping in Potiskum Local Government Area of Yobe State, Nigeria., International Journal of Innovative Agriculture & Biology Research, 7(2): 19 - 25.
  9. Beetsma, J., Kall, T., Mulde, V., & Summeijee, R. (2001)., Beekeeping in the tropics. Centre for tropical Agriculture (CTA)., Wageinager, Netherlands Pp. 1 - 89.
  10. Ahaotu, E. O. & Nwachukwu, E. A. (2014)., Honeybee Production and Marketing Systems, Constraints and Opportunities: In Micro Livestock Production in the Tropics., Jeolas Press, Owerri, Nigeria. Pp. 22 - 43.
  11. Ama-Ogbari, C. C. (2014)., Apiculture as an aspect of Nigeria’s Economic History., Knowledge Review. 30(1): 1 - 9.
  12. Carron, D. (2003)., Bees for Development., Bees Culture Journal, 21: 11 - 12.
  13. Azaiki, S. S. (2007)., Inequities in Nigerian politics: the Niger Delta, resource control, underdevelopment and youth restiveness., Y-Books.
  14. Ojeleye, B. (2003)., Honey production in Nigeria., In A three-day beekeeping and honey production training workshop conducted by Centre for Bee Research and Development (CEBRAD), Ibadan, Held at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
  15. Babatunde, R. O., Olorunsanya, E. O., Omotesho, O. A., & Alao, B. I. (2007)., Economics of Honey Production in Nigeria: Implications for Poverty Reduction and Rural Development., Global Approaches to Extension Practice, 3(2): 23 - 29.
  16. Verma, C. (1990)., Responding to deforestation: Productive conservation, the World Bank, and beekeeping in Rondonia, Brazil., Professional Geographer, 106 - 119.
  17. Ajao, A. M., & Oladimeji, Y. U. (2013)., Assessment of Contribution of Apicultural Practices to Household Income and Poverty Alleviation in Kwara State, Nigeria., International Journal of Science and Nature, 4(4): 687 - 698.
  18. Adedeji, N. K., & Joseph, O. O. (2016). An assessment of profitability of honey production in Edo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 4(6), viii+-442., undefined, undefined
  19. Ojo, S. O. (2004)., Improving Labour Productivity and Technical Efficiency in Food Crop Production. A Panacea for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria., Food Agriculture and Environment, 2(2): 227 - 231.
  20. Michener, C. D. (2007)., The Bees of the World Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Md, USA.,
  21. Bradbear, N. (2009)., Bees and their role in forest livelihoods: a guide to the services provided by bees and the sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing of their products., Non-wood Forest Products, (19).
  22. Wright, R., Mulder, P., & Reed, H. (2004)., Honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees and sweat bees., Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service.
  23. Arias, M. C., & Sheppard, W. S. (2005)., Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apinae: Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data., Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(1), 25-35.
  24. Ruttner, F. (2013)., Biogeography and taxonomy of honeybees., Springer Science & Business Media.
  25. Han, F., Wallberg, A., & Webster, M. T. (2012)., From where did the Western honeybee (Apismellifera) originate?., Ecology and Evolution, 2(8): 1949 - 1957.
  26. Ruttner, F. (1992)., Natural history of honey bees., Page 455, Ehrenwirth, Munich.
  27. Carroll, N., & Hunt, G. (2022)., Understanding the Honey Bee., 4-H Beekeeping Division 1, Purdue Extension, Purdue University.
  28. Suman, M. (2022)., Classification, Biology & Social Organization of Honey Bees., A lecture Notes retrieved on 22nd February, 2022
  29. Delaplane, K. S. (1997)., Practical Science Research helping beekeepers and colony manipulation for honey production., BeeWorld, 78 (1): 5 - 11.
  30. Ojeleye, B. (1999)., Foundation of Beekeeping in the Tropics., Centre for Bee Research and Development (CEBRAD) press, Ibadan, Nigeria, 225.
  31. Bhokray, K. (2016)., Artificial Bee Colony Optimization.,
  32. Fasasi, K. A., Malaka, S. L. O., & Amund, O. O. (2011)., Studies on the Life Cycle and Morphometrics of Honeybees, Apis Mellifera Adansonii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Mangrove Area of Lagos, Nigeria., Ife Journal of Science, 13(1): 103 - 109.
  33. Shi, W., Suersh, K. R., & Ingemar, F. (2003)., Colony development and queen rearing in Kenya honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata).,
  34. Silva, P. N., Goncalves, L. S., Francy, T. M.,&Dejong, D. (2006)., Rate of growth and development time of Africanized honeybee (Apismellifera) queens and workers during ontogenetic development., Brazilian Journal of morphological Sciences, 23(34): 325 - 332.
  35. Schmidt, J. O. (1997)., Bee products: Chemical composition and application., In Bee Products: Properties, Applications, and Apitherapy (pp. 15-26). Boston, MA: Springer US.
  36. Nainu, F., Masyita, A., Bahar, M. A., Raihan, M., Prova, S. R., Mitra, S., ... & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021)., Pharmaceutical prospects of bee products: Special focus on anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties., Antibiotics, 10(7), 822.
  37. Wehbe, R., Frangieh, J., Rima, M., El Obeid, D., Sabatier, J. M., & Fajloun, Z. (2019)., Bee venom: Overview of main compounds and bioactivities for therapeutic interests., Molecules, 24(16), 2997.
  38. Bertoncelj, J., Polak, T., Pucihar, T., Lilek, N., Kandolf, B. A.,&Korošec, M. (2018)., Carbohydrate composition of Slovenian bee pollens., International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 53: 1880 - 1888.
  39. Melliou, E., & Chinou, I. (2014)., Chemistry and bioactivities of royal jelly., Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 43: 26 - 290.
  40. Ares, A. M., Valverde, S., Bernal, J. L., Nozal, M. J., &Bernal, J. (2018)., Extraction and determination of bioactive compounds from bee pollen., Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 147: 110 - 124.
  41. Pohl, P., Dzimitrowicz, A., Greda, K., Jamroz, P., Lesniewicz, A., Szymczycha-Madeja, A., & Welna, M. (2020)., Element analysis of bee-collected pollen and bee bread by atomic and mass spectrometry – methodological development in addition to environmental and nutritional aspects., Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 128: 115922.
  42. Hernandez, Z. M. S., Abraham, J. M. R., Cerón, G. A., Ozuna, L. C., Gutiérrez, C. A. J., Segoviano, J. J. N.,& Avila Ramos, F. (2018)., Flavonoids, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of Guanajuato, Mexico., Food Science and Technology, 38 (2): 210 - 215.
  43. Park, H. G., Kim, B. Y., Park, M. J., Deng, Y., Choi, Y. S.,& Lee, K. S. (2019)., Antibacterial activity of major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apismellifera) royal jelly., Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 22: 737 - 741.
  44. Banzato, T. P., Gubiani, J. R., Bernardi, D. I., Nogueira, C. R., Monteiro, A. F., & Juliano, F. F. (2020)., Antiproliferative flavonoid dimers isolated from Brazilian red propolis., Journal of Natural Products, 83: 1784 - 1793.
  45. Zhou, W., Zhao, Y., Yan, Y., Mi, J., Lu, L., Luo, Q., Li, X., Zeng, X., & Cao, Y. (2020)., Antioxidant and immuno-modulatory activities in vitro of polysaccharides from bee collected pollen of Chinese wolfberry., International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 163: 190 - 199.
  46. Kumar, A. (2020)., Bee products and their uses., Times of Agriculture, (6), 53-56.
  47. Shout-Africa. (2011)., Nigeria: Beekeeping- The untapped agricultural gold in Nigeria., Proud African News and Entertainment Hub.
  48. Cramp, D. (2008)., A Practical Manual of Beekeeping: How to keep bees and develop your full potential as an apiarist., Hachette UK.
  49. Oyerinde, A. A., & Omara-Achong, T. E. (2021)., Comprehensive Value Chain Development of Natural Resources for Economic Diversification: The Apiculture Approach., Advances in Entomology, 9, 59 - 69.
  50. Ayansola, A. A. (2012)., An Appraisal of Apicultural Practices in Southwestern Nigeria., Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2): 79 - 84.
  51. Adediji, N. K., & Omoba, O. J. (2016)., An assessment of profitability of honey production in Edo State, Nigeria., African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 4(6): 442 - 445.
  52. Mujuni, A., Natukunda, K., & Kugonza, D. (2012)., Factors affecting the adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda., Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24: 8 - 10.
  53. Popo-ola, F. S., Adedeji, G A., & Aiyeloja, A. A. (2013)., , Beekeeping in addressing Green Economy in Nigeria: Opportunities and Threats.
  54. Nwankpa, N. N. (2017)., Agricultural Development in Nigeria: A Way Out of Hunger and Poverty., European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(4): 175 - 184.
  55. Ajamu, G. J., Matanmi, B. M., & Adekoya, A. E. (2016)., Effects of Childbearing on Rural Women Agricultural Activities in Irepodun Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria., Agrosearch, 16(2): 7 - 14.
  56. Ojo, I. H., Yusuf, H. A., & Sennuga, S. O. (2022)., Effect of training of women beekeepers on production of beehive products in Ogun State, Nigeria., Agrosearch, 21(1&2), 18 - 31.
  57. Ajabush, D. (2018)., Review of Economic and Ecological Importance of Bee and Bee Products in Ethiopia., Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, 2(2): 18 - 26.
  58. Biovision, (2007)., Nature conservation and income generation thanks to honey and wild silk in Mwea, Kenya., Biovision Factsheet. Zurich, Switzerland.
  59. Russell, R. (2008)., Beekeeping, poverty alleviation and conservation in Imadiala, Madagascar., Bees for Development, 84(2).
  60. Porter, P. (2018)., Advantages and Disadvantages of Honeybees., sciencing.com, an online article retrieved on 25th July, 2022.
  61. Shrestha, B. (2004)., Honeybees and Environment. Agriculture and Environment., Gender Equity and Environment Division. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, HMG, Nepal, India, p. 1 - 8.
  62. Goodwin, G. (2012)., Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand., Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication, No. 12/059.
  63. Admassu, A., Gizaw, E., Amsalu, B., & Debissa, L. (2008)., The effect of honeybee (Apismellifera L.) on seed production of allium cepa in the Ethiopian Rift Valley, Ethiopia., Ethiopian Journal of Animal Production, 8(1): 79 - 84.
  64. Addi, A., & Adgaba, N. (1999)., Effect of honeybee pollination on seed yield and oil content of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica)., In Proceedings of the first National Conference of Ethiopian Beekeepers Association (pp. 67-73).
  65. Gallai, N., Salles, J., Settle, J., & Vaissiere, B. (2009)., Economic Evaluation of the Vulnerability of World Agriculture Confronted with Pollinator Decline., Ecological Economics, 68: 810 - 821.
  66. Ellis, A., Myers, S., & Ricketts, T. (2015)., Do Pollinators Contribute to Nutritional Health?., PLoS ONE, 10(1): e114805.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114805
  67. Qosimov, A. S., Alimova, Q. O., & Aliyev, M. T. (2022)., Relevance and features of public service., American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Research, 2(5): 5 - 10.
  68. Denton, F. T., & Spencer, B. G. (2009)., What Is Retirement? A Review and Assessment of Alternative Concepts and Measures., Canadian Journal on Aging, 28 (1): 63 - 76.
  69. Ahmad, O. S., Alabi, O. O., & Daniel, P. O. (2016)., Resource-Use Efficiency of Honey Production in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna-State, Nigeria., Journal of Agricultural Studies, 4(1): 117 - 126.
  70. Folayan, J. A., & Bifarin, J. O. (2013)., Profitability Analysis of Honey Production in Edo North Local Government of Area of Edo State, Nigeria., Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2(2), 60 - 64.
  71. Absher, J. (2022)., Beekeeping Is All the Rage. These Programs Can Help Veterans Get Started., An online article retrieved 26th July, 2022
  72. Kishan Tej, M., Aruna, R., Mishra, G., & Srinivasan, M. R. (2017)., Beekeeping in India., Industrial entomology, 35-66.
  73. Bellik, Y., & Iguerouada, M. (2013)., Chapter 18: Honey in the Food Industry., In book: Honey in Traditional and Modern Medicine (Pp. 409 - 434). Taylor and Francis Group Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15608-19
  74. Can, Z., Yildiz, O., Sahin, H., Akyuz, T. E., Silici, S., & Kolayli, S. (2015)., An investigation of Turkish honeys: Their physico‐chemical properties, antioxidant capacities and phenolic profiles., Food Chemistry, 180: 133 - 141.
  75. Ismail, N. I., Kadir, M. R. A., & Zulkifli, R. M. (2015)., Isolation and identification of potential antineoplastic bioactive phenolic compounds in Malaysian honeys., Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5: 59 - 66.
  76. Anantharaju, P. G., Gowda, P. C., Vimalambike, M. G., &, Madhunapantula, S. V. (2016). An overview on the role of dietary phenolics for the treatment of cancers., Nutrition Journal, 15 (99): 1 - 16.
  77. Tafere, D. A. (2021)., Chemical Composition and uses of Honey: A Review., Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 4 (3): 194 - 201.
  78. Hagberg, C., Georgi, R., & Krier, C. (2005)., Complications of managing the airway., Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 19: 641 - 659.
  79. Sousa, J. M., de Souza, E. L., Marques, G., Meireles, B., de Magalhães Cordeiro, Â. T., Gullón, B., Pintado, M. M., & Magnani, M. (2016)., Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of mono-floral honeys produced by Meliponini in the Brazilian semiarid region., Food Research International, 84: 61 - 68.
  80. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: UNCTAD. (2006)., The African Honey Trade: Unlocking the Potential by Bees for Development., Troy, Monmouth, UK.
  81. Standifer, C. N. (2007)., Honey Bee Nutrition and Supplementary Feeding. Except Beekeeping from the United State.,
  82. Farooq Ahmad, F. A., Joshi, S. R., & Gurung, M. B. (2007)., Beekeeping and rural development.,
  83. Malaka, S. L. O., & Fasasi, K. A. (2005)., A review of beekeeping in Lagos and its environs., Nigerian Journal of Entomology, 22: 108 - 117.
  84. Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botias, C.,&Rotheray, E. L. (2015). Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science, 347(6229): 1255957 - 1255957., undefined, undefined
  85. Kostarelou-Damianidou, M., Thrasyvoulou, A., Tselios, D., & Bladenopoulos, K. (1995)., Brood and honey production of honeybee colonies requeening at various frequency., Journal of Apicultural Research, 34 (1): 9 - 14.
  86. AbdJalil, M. A., Kasmuri, A. R., & Hadi, H. (2017)., Stingless Bee Honey, the Natural Wound Healer: A Review., Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 30(2): 66 - 75.
  87. Khairunnisa, S. (2011)., Stingless Bee Potential., Kuala Lumpur, Utusan Malaysia.
  88. Rasmussen, C., & Cameron, S. A. (2010)., Global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence, vicariance, and long distance dispersal., Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 99: 206 - 232.
  89. Shackleton, S., Paumgarten, F., Kassa, H., Husselman, M., & Zida, M. (2011)., Opportunities for enhancing poor women’s socioeconomic empowerment in the value chains of three African non-timber forest products (NTFPs)., International Forestry Review, 13(2): 136 - 151.
  90. Fasasi, K. A. (2008)., Aspects of the Biology of Apis Mellifera Adansonii (1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apoidea) with Emphasis on Honey and Beeswax Production (Doctoral dissertation, University of Lagos (Nigeria)).,
  91. Fikadu, Z. (2020)., Pesticides use, practice and its effect on honeybee in Ethiopia: a review., International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 40: 473 - 481.
  92. Bonzini, S., Tremolada, P., Bernardinelli, I., Colombo, M., & Vighi, M. (2011)., Predicting pesticide fate in the hive (part 1), experimentally determined τ-fluvalinate residues in bees, honey and wax., Apidologie, 42, 378-390.
  93. Sanchez-Bayo, F., & Goka, K. (2014)., Pesticide residues and bees-a risk assessment., PLoSOne. 9: e94482.
  94. Mengistu, Z. M. and Beyene, J. T. (2014)., Beekeeping in Ethiopia, a case of agrochemical uses in west Gojjam zone., BeeWorld, 91: 8 - 11.
  95. Hladik, M. L., Vandever, M., & Smalling, K. L. (2016)., Exposure of native bees foraging in an agricultural landscape to current-use pesticides., Science of the Total Environment, 542, 469 - 477.
  96. Mullin, C. A., Frazier, M., Frazier, J. L., Ashcraft, S., Simonds, R., van Engelsdorp, D., &Pettis, J. S. (2010). High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee health. PLoS One, 5(3): e9754., undefined, undefined
  97. Jumarie, C., Aras, P., & Boily, M. (2017)., Mixtures of herbicides and metals affect the redox system of honey bees., Chemosphere, 168, 163 - 170.
  98. Mao, W., Schuler, M. A., & Berenbaum, M. R. (2017)., Disruption of quercetin metabolism by fungicide affects energy production in honey bees (Apismellifera)., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 2538 - 2543.
  99. Fisher, A., Coleman, C., Hoffmann, C., Fritz, B., & Rangel, J. (2017)., The synergistic effects of almond protection fungicides on honey bee (Hymenoptera: I) forager survival., Journal of Economic Entomology, 110, 802 - 808.
  100. Iverson, A., Hale, C., Richardson, L., Miller, O., & McArt, S. (2019)., Synergistic effects of three sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides on the toxicity of a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide to bumble bees., Apidologie, 50, 733 - 744.
  101. Johnson, R. M., Ellis, M. D., Mullin, C. A., & Frazier, M. (2010)., Pesticides and honey bee toxicity – USA., Apidologie, 41: 312 - 331.
  102. Askale, A., Malede, B., Yitayew, D., & Ayalew, N. (2017)., Major constraints and mitigation schemes for declining honey bee population in Ethiopia., Natural Science, 15: 27 - 33.
  103. Cardoza, Y. J., Harris, G. K., & Grozinger, C. M. (2012)., Effects of soil quality enhancement on pollinator-plant interactions., Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 1 - 8.
  104. Williamson, S. M., & Wright, G. A. (2013)., Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees., Journal of Experimental Biology, 216: 1799 - 1807.
  105. Guesh, G., Amssalu, B., Hailu, M., & Yayneshet, T. (2018)., Beekeeping management practices and gap analysis of beekeepers at different agro-ecological zones of Tigray region, northern Ethiopia., Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 10: 260 - 271.
  106. Lawal, A. A., Oyerinde, A. A., Asala, S. W., & Anjorin, T. S. (2020)., The incidence and management of pest affecting honeybees in Nigeria., Global Journal of Bio-science and Biotechnology, 9 (1): 40 - 44.
  107. Oyerinde, A. A., & Ande, A. T. (2009)., Distribution and impact of honey bee pests on colony development in Kwara State, Nigeria., Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 5: 85 - 88.
  108. Hristov, P., Shumkova, R., Palova, N., & Neov, B. (2020)., Factors Associated with Honey Bee Colony Losses: A Mini-Review., Journal of Veterinary Science, 7, 166: 1 - 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040166.
  109. Begna, D. (2014)., Occurrences and Distributions of Honeybee (Apismellifera Jemenetica) Varroa Mite (Varroa destructor) in Tigray Region Ethiopia., Journal of Fisheries and Livestock Production, 2: 126.
  110. Teferi, K. (2018)., Status of Beekeeping in Ethiopia- A Review., Dairy and Veterinary Sciences journal, 8(4): 555743.
  111. Teklu, G. (2017)., Enhancing Rural Food Security and Conserving Natural Environment through Improved Beekeeping in Asano Koto Watershed. Ethiopia., European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research, 5(1): 35 - 48.
  112. Tesfaye, B., Begna, D., & Eshetu, M. (2017)., Beekeeping practices, trends and constraints in Bale, South-eastern Ethiopia., Journal of Agricultural Extension and rural development, 9(4), 62-73.
  113. Picknoll, J. L., Poot, P., & Renton, M. (2021)., A new approach to inform restoration and management decisions for sustainable apiculture., Sustainability, 13(11), 6109.
  114. Tomlinson, S., Dixon, K. W., Didham, R. K., & Bradshaw, S. D. (2017)., Landscape context alters cost of living in honeybee metabolism and feeding., Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1848), 20162676.
  115. Kougioumoutzis, K., Kaloveloni, A., & Petanidou, T. (2022)., Assessing climate change impacts on Island bees: the Aegean Archipelago., Biology, 11(4), 552.
  116. Onabe, M. B., Ikutal, A., Edet, A. E., &Ubi, G. M. (2019)., Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change Effect on Honey Bee Productivity in Southern Nigeria., Annual Research & Review in Biology, 33(3): 1 - 9.
  117. Singh, G., Tiwari, D., & Yadav, S. P. (2016)., Income enhancement and employment generation through apiculture enterprise for rural youth in Punjab., Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 16(1): 112 - 115.
  118. Le Conte, Y., &Navajas, M. (2008)., Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases., Scientific and Technical Review (International Office of Epizootics), 27 (2): 499 - 510.
  119. Hoenstein, R, (2008)., The implications of climate change for western agriculture., Rwanda: Macdow press.
  120. Hassan, R. M., & Nhemachena, C. (2008)., Determinants of African farmers’ strategies for adapting to climate change: Multinomial choice analysis., African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2(1), 83-104.
  121. IPCC. (2004)., Agroforestry Practices as adaptation tools to climate change Effects., Exploration Journal of Research on Climate Change, 2(1): 170 - 176.
  122. Gbenga, E. (2005)., Maintenance Practices among beekeepers in Rural Communities: A case study of beekeepers in Anambra State., Akwa: Corporate printers, 34.
  123. Dimelu, M. U., & Nwuba, L. E. (2018)., Indigenous Climate Change Adaptation Strategies used by Honey Producers in Rural Communities of Enugu State., Journal of Agricultural Extension, 22(2): 180 - 192.
  124. Reddy, P., Verghese, A., & Rajan, V. V. (2012)., Potential impact of climate change on honeybees (Apis spp.) and their pollination services., Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 18, 121 - 127.
  125. Chigbo, C., Ahaotu, E. O., Edih, M. C., &Olueze, C. C. (2020)., Profitability of Honey Production in Idemili South local Government area of Anambra State, Nigeria., Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, 4 (12): 21 - 29.
  126. Gratzer, K., Wakjira, K., Fiedler, S., &Brodschneider, R. (2021)., Challenges and perspectives for beekeeping in Ethiopia. A review., Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41(46): 1 – 15.